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Scientific Revolution - Sigmund Freud example: childhood memories, phone

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I. Sigmund Freud

 An Austrian Physician and

Neurologist
 founder of Psychoanalysis Unconscious Mind
 Proposed the first complete A region of the mind that
theory of personality. includes unacceptable thoughts,
 Thinks that a person’s thoughts wishes, feelings, and memories
and behaviors emerge from
tension generated by unconscious No awareness of these
motives and unresolved childhood thoughts, wishes, etc. but these
conflicts. exert influence over our conscious
thoughts and behavior
 Latency Incubation
 Hydrophobia
 Lethargy  Freud believed that dreams were
 Language Difficulties “The royal road to the
 Talking Therapy unconsciousness”, that behind
the surface image (manifest
content) lied the true hidden
meaning (latent content)
II. PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Freudian Slip - an error in
A set of theories and speech that occurred because of
therapeutic techniques related to an unconscious wish or subdued
the study of the unconscious mind, preoccupation to something
which together form a method of (example: A boy accidentally
treatment for mental-health calling her girlfriend with a
disorders. different girl’s name)
 Freudian technique of exploring
Clinical study of treating the unconscious mind by having
diseases of the mind the person relax and say
(Psychopathology) through a dialogue whatever comes to mind no matter
between the patient and the how trivial or embarrassing
psychoanalyst.

Conscious Mind

All the thoughts, feelings,

and sensations that you are aware of
at this particular moment represent
the conscious level

Preconscious Mind

A region of the mind holding

information that is not conscious
but is easily retrievable into
conscious awareness. Personality is formed through
conflicts among three fundamental
Holds thoughts and memories
structures of the human mind: the
not in one’s current awareness but
id, ego, and superego.
Structural Model of Mind
 Freud (1923) later developed a
more structural model of the
mind comprising the entities id,
ego, and superego (what Freud
called “the psychic apparatus”).
 These are not physical areas
within the brain, but rather
hypothetical conceptualizations
of important mental functions.
Id
- the part of personality that
consists of unconscious
energy from basic aggressive
and sexual drives.
- Holds all of humankind’s most
basic and primal instincts.
- the impulsive, unconscious
that seek immediate
satisfaction.
Ego
- mediates the demands of the
id without going against the
restraints of the superego.
Superego
- which develops around age
four or five, incorporates
the morals of society.
- allows the mind to control
its impulses that are looked
down upon morally.
- conscience of the mind
because it has the ability to
distinguish between reality
as well as what is right or
wrong.
Two Categories:
 Conscience contains ideals and
morals that exist within society
that prevent people from acting
out based on their internal
desires.
 Ideal self contains images of
how people ought to behave
according to societies ideals.
Psychosexual Stages
To be psychologically healthy, we
must successfully complete each
stage. Mental abnormality can occur
if a stage is not completed
successfully and the person becomes
‘fixated’ in a particular stage.
This particular theory shows how
adult personality is determined by
childhood experiences.
Dream Analysis
 Freud (1900) considered dreams
to be the royal road to the
unconscious as it is in dreams
that the ego's defenses are
lowered so that some of the
repressed material comes through
to awareness, albeit in
distorted form.
 Dreams perform important
functions for the unconscious
mind and serve as valuable clues
to how the unconscious mind
operates.
Defense Mechanism Ex.: A married woman who is sexually
attracted to a co-worker accuses him
‘Not being denial, just very of flirting with her.
selective about the reality I
accept.

Mechanism: Repression

Puts anxiety-producing Mechanism: Rationalization

thoughts, feelings, and memories
into the unconscious mind. The basis Displaces real, anxiety-
for all other defense mechanisms. provoking explanations with more
comforting justifications for one’s
Ex.: Three years after being actions. Reasoning away anxiety-
hospitalized for back surgery, the producing thoughts.
person can remember only vague
details about the event Ex.: A student who got rejected by a
prestigious university says that he
is glad, because he would be able to
enjoy his teenage life at a smaller,
Mechanism: Denial less competitive college.
Lets an anxious person refuse
to admit that something unpleasant
is happening Mechanism: Displacement

Ex.: An alcoholic fails to

acknowledge that he is addicted to Shifts an unacceptable
alcohol. impulse toward a more acceptable or
less threatening object or person.

Ex.: Angered by a neighbor's

Mechanism: Regression unsolicited comment, a mother spanks
Allows an anxious person to her son for accidentally spilling
retreat to a more comfortable, his milk.
infantile stage of life.

Ex.: After her parents' divorce, a Mechanism: Sublimation

ten-year-old girl refuses to sleep
alone in her room, crawling into bed A form of displacement in
with her mother. which sexual urges are channeled
into nonsexual activities that are
valued by society.
Mechanism: Reaction Formation Ex.: A graduate student works
Replacing an unacceptable tirelessly on her thesis while her
wish with its opposite husband is away on a business trip.

Ex.: Boys go out of their way to

tease and torment their crushes. Mechanism: Undoing

Unconsciously neutralizing an
Mechanism: Projection anxiety causing action by doing a
second action that undoes the first.
Reducing anxiety by
attributing unacceptable impulses or Ex.: A woman who gets a tax refund
problems about yourself to someone by cheating on her taxes makes a
else larger than usual donatioadn to the
church collection on the following
Sunday.