1

Ruang Umur Perkembangan bayi / kanak- Tanda Tanda Penyakit Kanak-

kanak mengikut umur Kanak Berkeperluan Khas
Austistic Spectrum Disorder
(ASD)

Physica 0-1 tahun

l Terdapat kekakuan otot yang
Tinggi dan berat badan
tidak normal
bertambah dengan pesat

Mampu mengangkat kepala,

mencapai objek serta duduk

Mampu menggengam objek

1-2
boleh berjalan sendiri tanpa
bantuan

boleh memanjat dengan

bantuan
dapat menendang dan
membaling bola

2-3 tahun Dapat imbangkan badan

dengan stabil

Mampu melompat dan berlari

Mampu naik tangga

menggunakan kedua-dua kaki

3-4 tahun
Mampu menangkap bola
dengan kedua-dua tangan

Dapat melukis bentuk-bentuk

mudah

Dapat menyesuaikan diri dan

meneroka pelbagai permukaan
di taman permainan
4-5
Catches and throws a ball with Difficulty with running and
more coordination. playing sports.

Runs faster and better.
Skips or gallops.
5-6
Draws recognizable pictures.
Dresses and undresses
independently.
Jumps rope.
Rides a bike with training
wheels.
Gets better at running, jumping,
and throwing.
Area Age Age Related Milestone
Cognitive 0-1
Recognizes familiar faces.
Responds to sound and touch.
Begins to explore objects with
hands and mouth.
1-2
Recognizes common objects and
pictures.
Sorts objects by shape and color.
Starts saying simple words.
Understands simple instructions.
3
Challenges with activities that
require coordination, such as
catching a ball.
Increased reliance on assistive
devices for mobility.
Challenges with independent
mobility.
Difficulty with tasks that
involve both fine and gross
motor skills.
Limited participation in
physical activities compared to
peers.
Special Needs Type Chosen
Symptoms /Signs
Disease: Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD)
Limited or lack of response to
social cues, such as a lack of eye
contact or response to facial
expressions.
Limited interest in engaging with
others, including caregivers.
Challenges with communication,
such as delayed or absent
babbling.
Limited or absent speech
development.
Lack of interest in playing with
peers or engaging in imaginative
play.
Repetitive behaviors or
movements, such as hand-

2-3
Names familiar colors.
Uses more words and simple
sentences.
Enjoys simple picture books
3-4
Understands the concept of
counting.
Engages in pretend play.
Solves simple puzzles.
Recognizes and names familiar
objects.
Draws simple shapes and lines.
Recognizes and matches basic
colors.
4-5
Understands basic concepts of time
(morning, night, today, tomorrow).
Identifies and names letters and
numbers.
5-6
Begins to understand basic math
concepts.
Recognizes some words.
Solves more complex problems.
Understands cause and effect.
Begins to read and write
4
flapping.
Limited social interaction and
difficulty forming connections with
others.
Challenges with understanding
and using verbal and nonverbal
communication.
Intense focus on specific objects or
topics of interest.
Difficulty with pretend play or
engaging in imaginative activities.
Challenges with adapting to
changes in routine or
surroundings.
Limited interest in or awareness of
others' emotions.
Limited ability to engage in
reciprocal conversations.
Repetitive behaviors or insistence
on sameness in routines.
Challenges with understanding
and expressing emotions.
Limited interest in forming
friendships or challenges in
maintaining them.
Challenges in adapting to new
social situations.
Limited flexibility in thinking or
understanding abstract concepts.
 5

independently.

Area Age Age Related Milestone Appropriate Activities

Emotional 0-1
Forms attachments to caregivers. Hold and hug the baby to make
them feel safe.
Begins to show preference for
familiar people. Show the baby their reflection in a
mirror.
Smiles and responds to facial
expressions. Make funny faces and let them
imitate.

1-2
Experiences a range of emotions. Look at pictures showing happy or
sad faces.
Begins to engage in parallel play. Ask, "How does this face feel?"
and copy the expressions.
Memberontak apabila tidak
memenuhi kehendak
Read simple books about
Mula menggunakan perkataan emotions.
mudah untuk mengekspresikan diri Talk about how characters might
feel in the story.
Dapat mengekspresikan perasaan
yang mudah seperti sedih, gembira
dan marah
 6

2-3
Shows empathy. Make cards with happy, sad, and
other faces.
Expresses a wider range of
emotions. Talk about each feeling and when
we feel that way.
Demonstrates pride in
accomplishments. Use puppets to act out feelings.

Shows preference for certain Ask the child to show how they
playmates. feel using puppets.

3-4
Begins to play cooperatively with Play a game acting out happy or
other children. sad without talking.

Begins to understand the concept of Guess each other's feelings

sharing. through actions.

Expresses complex emotions Draw or write about feelings each

through play day.

4-5
Forms friendships and engages in Provide a variety of toys and
group play. activities for shared play.

Understands and follows basic rules. Play outdoor games like tag or
hide-and-seek with clear rules.

5-6
Shows increased independence and
decision-making. Provide materials for a creative
project and let them decide what
Shows increased consideration for to make.
others' feelings.
Engage in role-playing scenarios
that involve different emotions.

Area Age Age Related Milestone Appropriate Activities

Language 0-1
Cries, coos, and babbles.
Responds to familiar voices.
Begins to imitate sounds.
Sing simple lullabies, nursery
rhymes for babies.
Read age-appropriate books to the
baby using different tones and
voices.

Make simple sounds like clapping,

snapping, or blowing kisses.

1-2

Uses single words and simple
phrases.
Follows simple instructions.
2-3
Points to body parts when named.
Engages in simple conversations.
3-4
Asks and answers questions.
Uses more complex sentences.
4-5
Speaks clearly and uses correct
grammar.
Tells simple stories.
5-6
Understands and follows more
complex instructions.
Develops an interest in reading and
storytelling
Writes or attempts to write letters
and numbers
Reads simple words and sentences.
7
Sing simple songs with repetitive
lyrics.
Use action songs with clear
instructions (e.g., "Head,
Shoulders, Knees, and Toes").
Sing a song that names different
body parts while pointing to each
one.
Pretend to have a phone
conversation with a toy phone.
Use story cubes with images on
each side.
Roll the cubes and ask the child to
create a story based on the
pictures.
Ask the child to draw a picture and
describe it using as many details as
possible.
Look for examples of correct
grammar in books or stories and
practice them together.
Use puppets to act out simple
stories.
Involve the child in cooking
activities with multi-step
instructions.
Establish a regular story time
routine before bedtime.
Provide worksheets with large
letters for tracing and let them
practice.
After reading a short story, ask the
child to retell it in their own
words.

Area Age Age Related Milestone
Moral 0-1
Spiritual Establishing a sense of security
towards caregivers.
1-2
Displaying basic signs of empathy,
such as comforting others or
showing concern.
Beginning to understand and
respond to simple emotional cues in
others.
Engaging in parallel play with other
children.
Demonstrating basic sharing
behaviours,
2-3
Beginning to understand simple rules
and routines at home and in play
settings.
Responding to gentle guidance and
limits set by caregivers.
Imitating the moral behavior of
caregivers and adults.
Developing a sense of right and
wrong through observation and
guidance.
3-4
Displaying signs of an emerging
conscience, understanding basic
moral principles.
Demonstrating guilt when having
done something perceived as wrong.
Engaging in cooperative play with
peers, sharing toys and taking turns.
Beginning to understand the concept
of teamwork.
8
Appropriate Activities
Allow the child to have a comfort
object, like a favorite stuffed
animal or blanket.
Read books or stories that
highlight characters expressing
empathy.
Act out different emotions for the
child to guess.
Provide activities where children
can play side by side without
direct interaction such as drawing.
During snack time, model and
encourage sharing with peers.
Introduce games with
straightforward rules, like "Simon
Says."
Engage in role-playing scenarios
where the child practices
responding to guidance.
Model moral behavior through
actions and verbal communication.
Read stories with moral themes
and discuss the characters’
actions.
Talk with the child about situations
where they might feel guilty.
Encourage group activities like
building a fort or putting together
a puzzle.

4-5
Expressing a growing sense of
fairness and justice.
Showing concern for the well-being
of others and offering assistance.
Beginning to articulate simple moral
reasons for actions.
Understanding that certain
behaviors are right or wrong based
on societal norms.
5-6
Demonstrating a more deep
understanding of others' feelings.
Offering comfort and support to
others in distress.
Adopting family and cultural values.
Beginning to make choices based on
personal moral reasoning.
Recognizing and understanding the
consequences of one's actions.
Demonstrating a growing sense of
responsibility for one's behavior.
Area Age Age Related Milestone
Individual 0-1
Differences Show different personality traits.
Have unique likes and dislikes for
things like light and sound.
Forming special bonds with
caregivers in their own ways.
1-2
9
Discuss concepts of fairness during
play and daily activities.
Provide opportunities for the child
to help others, such as picking up
toys or sharing.
Talk with the child about different
choices and their impact on
others.
Assign simple responsibilities like
feeding a pet or setting the table.
Discuss and act out appropriate
ways to comfort someone feeling
sad or upset.
Explore cultural celebrations and
practices together.
After reading stories or watching
movies, discuss the moral lessons
learned.
Introduce age-appropriate chores
and tasks.
Appropriate Activities
Create cards with different
emotions and discuss when each
emotion might be felt.
Take a nature walk and pay
attention to different sounds and
natural light.
Identify a hobby or activity that
the child enjoys doing with a
caregiver.

Start liking certain activities, toys,
or foods.
Some talk a lot, while others may
not be as chatty.
Toddlers explore differently as
some are cautious, others
adventurous.
2-3
Kids play differently as some will
play alone, others together.
Some focus easily, others get
distracted quickly.
Children show independence in
their own ways.
3-4
Unique traits like being shy or
outgoing become clear.
Kids have preferences for how they
like to learn.
How kids express and handle
emotions varies.
4-5
Develop specific likes and may have
hobbies.
Kids make friends differently.
Use different ways to solve
problems.
5-6
10
Create simple choice games where
the child can choose between two
options, such as picking a favorite
color or animal.
Play a game where the child gives
a thumbs up for things they like
and a thumbs down for things they
don't.
Create a simple obstacle course
with both cautious and
adventurous elements.
Provide building blocks, LEGO sets,
or art materials for solo creative
play.
Set up short art projects that can
be completed in a brief time.
Introduce a simple journal where
children can draw or write about
their day.
Encourage each child to bring a
small item that represents them.
Set up learning stations with
different activities (reading,
drawing, hands-on tasks).
Provide various art supplies for
children to create art expressing
different emotions.
Take the child to different places
like parks, museums, or nature
trails to explore various interests.
Arrange playdates with groups of
children to encourage diverse
interactions.
Play board games that involve
strategy and decision-making.
 11

Kids have clear ways they like to
learn such as seeing, hearing, or
doing.
Kids get better at interacting with
others.
Some keep trying to do something,
others may give up easily.
Create visual charts or diagrams
for lessons.
Sit in a circle and create a story
together.
Work on puzzles with increasing
difficulties.

RUJUKAN

Sadowska, M., Sarecka-Hujar, B., & Kopyta, I. (2020). Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on

Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment

Options. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 16(16), 1505–1518.

https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s235165

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