Jis Z2343 1 (PT)

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JIS JAPANESE
I NDUSTRIAL
STANDARD
Translated and Published by
Japanese Standards Association
JIS Z 2343-1 :2001
Non-destructive testing-
Penetrant testing-
Part 1 : General principles-
Method for liquid penetrant testing
and classification of the penetrant
indication
~~~~ ~
ICs 19.100
Descriptors : non-destructive testing, penetration tests
Reference number : JIS Z 2343-1 : 2001 (E)
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Z 2343-1 : 2001
Foreword
This translation has been made based on the original Japanese Industrial
Standard established by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry
through deliberations at the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
in accordance with the Industrial Standardization Law. Consequently,
JIS Z 2343 : 1992 was withdrawn and replaced with JIS Z 2343-1to
JIS Z 2343-4.
For the purpose of conformity to the International Standard, JIS Z
2343-1: 2001 has been prepared based on the first edition of EN 571-1
(ISO/DIS 3452-1)Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-Part 1 :
General principles published in 1997.
JIS Z 2343 consists of the following parts with the title of “Non-destructive
testing-Penetrant testing”.
JIS Z 2343-1 Part 1:General principles-Method for liquid penetrant
testing and classification of the penetrant indication
JIS Z 2343-2 Part 2 :Testing of penetrant materials
JIS Z 2343-3 Part 3 :Reference test blocks
JIS Z 2343-4 Part 4 :Equipment
Date of Establishment: 2001-04-20

Date of Public Notice in Official Gazette: 2001-04-20
Investigated by: Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
Divisional Council on Iron and Steel
JIS Z 2343-1 :2001, First English edition published in 2002-01
Translated and published by: Japanese Standards Association

4-1-24, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-8440 JAPAN
In the event of any doubts arising as to the contents,

the original JIS is to be the final authority.
O JSA 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in Japan
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Z 2343-1 : 2001
Contents
Page
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
1 Scope .................................................................................................................... 1
Normative references ........................................................................................ 1

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3 Definitions .......................................................................................................... 2
4 Safety precautions ............................................................................................. 2
5 General requirements ....................................................................................... 2

5.1 General items ................................................................................................... 2
5.2 Description of the method .............................................................................. 3
5.3 Process sequence .............................................................................................. 3
5.4 Equipment ......................................................................................................... 3
5.5 Effectiveness ..................................................................................................... 3
6 Products, sensitivity and designation ............................................................ 4

6.1 Product family .................................................................................................. 4
6.2 Testing products ..............................................................................................
6.3 Sensitivity .........................................................................................................
6.4 Designation .......................................................................................................
7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) t o be tested .............

7.1 General ..............................................................................................................
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products ..............................................
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under
examination ......................................................................................................
8 Test procedure .................................................................................................... 5

8.1 Written test procedure .................................................................................... 5
8.2 Preparation and precleaning ......................................................................... 5
8.2.1 Mechanical precleaning ................................................................................ 6
Z 2343-1 :2001
8.2.2 Chemical precleaning .................................................................................... 6
8.2.3 Drying ........................................................... ................................................... 6
8.3 Application of penetrant ................................................................................. 6
8.3.1 Methods of application .................................................................................. 6
8.3.2 Temperature ................................................................................................... 6
8.3.3 Penetration time ............................................................................................ 6

8.4 Excess penetrant removal .............................................................................. 7
8.4.1 General ............................................................................................................ 7
8.4.2 Water ............................................................................................................... 7
8.4.3 Solvents ........................................................................................................... 7

8.4.4 Emulsifier ........................................................................................................ 7
8.4.4.1 Hydrophilic (water-dilutable) .................................................................... 7
8.4.4.2 Lipophilic (oil-based) ................................................................................... 7
8.4.5 Water and organic solvent ........................................................................... 7

8.4.6 Excess penetrant removal check ................................................................. 7
8.4.7 Drying .............................................................................................................. 8
8.5 Application of developer ................................................................................. 8
8.5.1 General ............................................................................................................ 8
8.5.2 Dry powder ...................................................................................................... 8
8.5.3 Water soluble developer ............................................................................... 8
8.5.4 Water-suspendable developer ...................................................................... 8
8.5.5 Solvent-based developer ............................................................................... 9
8.5.6 Water or solvent based for special application (e.g. peelable
developer) ........................................................................................................ 9
8.5.7 Development time .......................................................................................... 9
8.6 Inspection .......................................................................................................... 9
8.6.1 General ............................................................................................................ 9
8.6.2 Viewing conditions ......................................................................................... 9
8.6.2.1 Fluorescent penetrants ............................................................................... 9
8.6.2.2 Colour contrast penetrants ........................................................................ 10
8.7 Recording ........................................................................................................... 10
(ii)
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Z 2343-1 : 2001
8.8 Postcleaning and protection ........................................................................... 10

8.8.1 Postcleaning .................................................................................................... 10
8.8.2 Protection ........................................................................................................ 10
8.9 Retesting ........................................................................................................... 10
9 Test report and its form ................................................................................... 10

9.1 Test report ........................................................................................................ 10
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9.2 Form ................................................................................................................... 11
10 Classification of indications and discontinuities ......................................... 11

10.1 Classification of indications ........................................................................... 11
10.2 Classification of discontinuities .................................................................... 12
11 Marking ............................................................................................................... 13
Annex A (normative) Main stages of the penetrant examination ................. 14
Annex B (informative) Example of a test report ................................................. 15
(iii)
' JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD JIS Z 2343-1 : 2001
Non-destructive testing-
Penetrant testing-
Part 1 :General principles-
Method for liquid penetrant testing and
classification of the penetrant indication
Introduction JIS Z 2343-1 : 2000 has been prepared based on the first edition of
EN 571-1 (ISO/DIS 3452-1) Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-Part í :
General principles published in 1997 without modifying the technical contents, but
some parts (classification of indications and discontinuities, marking, etc.) which are
not stated in the European Standard are added without modifying the contents of
the former Japanese Industrial Standard. Annex A is normative and cited from the
European Standard.
1 Scope This Standard specifies a method of penetrant testing used t o detect

discontinuities, e.g. cracks, laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open t o
the surface of the material in manufacturing process or in service and products to
be tested (hereafter referred to as "test objects"), and specifies classification of pen-
etrant indication by discontinuities. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but
can also be performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test
media and they are not excessively porous. Examples of which are castings, forgings,
welds, ceramics, etc.
This Standard is not intended to be used for acceptance criteria and gives no in-
formation relating t o the suitability of individual test systems for specific applica-
tions nor requirements for test equipment.
The term "discontinuity" is used here in the sense that no evaluation concerning
acceptability or non-acceptability is included. Methods for determining and moni-
toring the essential properties of penetrant testing products t o be used are specified
in JIS Z 2343-2 and JIS Z 2343-3.
2 Normative references The following standards contain.provisions which, through

reference in this Standard, constitute provisions of this Standard. If the indication
of the year of coming into effect is given to these referred standards, only the edi-
tion of indicated year constitutes the provision of this Standard but the revision and
amendment made thereafter are not applied. The normative references without the
indication of the year of coming into effect (or the year of publication) apply limiting
only t o the most recent edition (including the amendment).
JIS G 0431 Qualification and certification of non-destructive testing (NDT)per-
sonnel for steel products
Remarks : Provisions cited from IS0 11484 : 1994 Steel tubes for pressure pur-
poses-Qualification and certification of non-destructive testing (NDT)
personnel are equivalent t o the corresponding parts of the said stan-
dard.
JIS W 0905 Aerospace. nondestructive inspection personnel qualification and cer-
tification
JIS Z 2300 Glossary of terms used in nondestructive testing
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Z 2343-1 : 2001
JIS Z 2305 Non-destructive testing-Qualification and certification of personnel

Remarks : Provisions cited from IS0 9712 : 1999 Non-destructive testing-Qua&
fication and certification of personnel are equivalent to the corre-
sponding parts of the said standard.
JIS Z 2343-2 Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-Part 2 :Testing of pen-
etrant materials
Remarks : I S 0 3452-2 : 2000 Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-
Part 2 :Testing o f penetrant materials is identical with the said
standard.
JIS Z 2343-3 Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-Part 3 :Reference test
blocks
Remarks : Provisions cited from I S 0 3452-3 : 1998 Non-destructive testing-
Penetrant testing-Part 3 :Reference test blocks are equivalent t o
the corresponding part of the said standard.
JIS Z 2343-4 Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-Part 4 :Equipment
Remarks : IS0 3452-4 : 1998 Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing-
Part 4 :Equipment is identical with the said standard.
I S 0 3059 Non-destructive testing-Penetrant testing and magnetic particle test-
ing-Viewing conditions
3 Definitions For the purposes of this Standard the definitions of JIS Z 2300
apply.
4 Safety precautions As penetrant inspection techniques often require the use

of harmful, flammable and/or volatile materials, certain precautions shall be taken.
Prolonged or repeated contact of these materials with the skin or any mucous
membrane should be avoided.
Working areas shall be adequately ventilated and sited away from sources of heat,
sparks and naked flames in accordance with legal regulations, Industrial safety and
health Law and Fire service Law.
The penetrant testing products and equipment shall be used with care and al-
ways in compliance with the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
When using UV-A sources, care shall be taken t o ensure that unfiltered radia-
tion from the UV-A source does not directly reach the eyes of the operators. Whether
it forms a n integral part of the lamp or is a separate component, the UV-A filter
shall always be maintained in good condition.
There are legislation and regulation regarding health, safety, pollution and stor-
age, etc.
5 General requirements
5.1 General items General requirements shall be as follows:

a> At the time of selecting the test method, considering the kind and size of discon-
tinuity anticipated, usage, surface roughness, dimensions and quantity of test ob-
jects, and properties of the test medium to be used, the test method to be applied
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Z 2343-1 : 2001
shall be selected from those classified in the specification of Table 1, and the details
of the operation shall be predetermined based on the procedure of 8.
b) The test shall be performed by competent inspectors or under the supervision
of competent inspectors. If the qualification of inspectors is required, the in-
spectors shall be qualified by JIS Z 2305, JIS G 0431 or JIS W 0905,and shall
be qualified in accordance with the other objective qualification test systems.
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c) When the combination of penetrants to be applied for test is used, the penetrants
shall be used in accordance with recommendation of manufacturer. When any
other combination of penetrants which is not recommended by the manufactur-
ers is used, its application shall be verified before it is used.
d) Unless the parties concerned agree, any test of florescent type penetrant shall
not be performed after any test of color contrast penetrant is performed.
5.2 Description of the method Prior to penetrant testing the surface to be in-
spected shall be cleaned and dried. Then suitable penetrants are applied to the test
area and enter into discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate penetra-
tion time has elapsed the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the de-
veloper applied. This absorbs the pen'etrant that has entered and remains in the
discontinuities and may give a clearly visible enhanced indication of the discontinu-
ity.
Should complementary NDT be required the penetrant inspection shall be per-
formed first unless agreed upon between the contracting parties so as not to intro-
duce contaminants into open discontinuities. If penetrant inspection is used following
another NDT technique, the surface shall be cleaned carefully to remove contami-
nants before application.
5.3 Process sequence The sequence of operations is illustrated for the general
case in Annex A (normative). Testing generally proceeds through the following stages.
a) Preparation and precleaning (see 8.2)
b) Application of penetrant (see 8.3)
c) Excess penetrant removal (see 8.4)

d) Application of developer (see 8.5)
e) Inspection (see 8.6)
f) Recording (see 8.7)
g) Postcleaning and protection (see 8.8)
5.4 Equipment The equipment for carrying out penetrant testing depends on the
number, size and shape of the parts t o be tested. For the requirements of equip-
ment, see JIS Z 2343-4.
5.5 Effectiveness The effectiveness of the penetrant testing depends upon many
factors such as.
a) Types of penetrant materials and testing equipment
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Z 2343-1: 2001
b) Surface preparation and condition
c) Material under examination and expected discontinuities

d) Temperature of the test surface
e) Penetration and development time
f) Viewing conditions,
g) etc.
6 Products, sensitivity and designation
6.1 Product family Various test systems exist in penetrant testing as shown in
Table 1. A product family is understood as a combination of the following penetrant
testing materials: Penetrant, excess penetrant remover and developer. When type
tested in accordance with JIS Z 2343-2the penetrant and excess penetrant remover
shall be from one manufacturer.
6.2 Testing products The testing products are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Testing products
Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer
Type Designation Method Designation Form Designation
I Fluorescent penetrant Water Dry powder

II Colour contrast Lipophilic emulsifier Water soluble
penetrant 1 Oil-based emulsifier Water suspendable
III Dual purpose 2 Rinsing with
(fluorescent colour running water Solvent-based (non-
contrast penetrant) aqueous wet)
Solvent (liquid)
Water or solvent based
Hydrophilic emulsifier for special application
1 Optional prerinse (e.g. peelable developer)
(water)
2 Emulsifier (water-
diluted)
3 Final rinse (water)
Water and solvent
NOTE : For specific cases, it is necessary to use penetrant testing product complying with particular
requirements with regard to flammability, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other
contaminants, see JIS Z 2343-2.
6.3 Sensitivity The sensitivity level of a product family shall be determined us-
ing reference block as described in JIS Z 2343-3. The assessed level always refers
to the method used for type testing of the approved product family.
6.4 Designation The approved product family to be used for penetrant testing is
given a designation comprising the type, the method and the form for the testing
products and a figure which indicates the sensitivity level achieved by testing with
the type 1 reference block as described in JIS Z 2343-3.
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Designation of an approved product family comprising for a fluorescent penetrant

(I), water as excess penetrant remover (A) and a dry powder developer (a) and a
system sensitivity of level 2 is the following penetrant testing system when using
JIS Z 2343-1 and JIS Z 2343-2 giving the example:
Product family: JIS Z 2343-1-IAa-2
7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested
7.1 General The penetrant testing products shall be compatible with the mate-
rial to be tested and the use for which the part is designed.
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products The penetrant testing ma-

terials shall be compatible with each other.
Penetrant materials from different manufacturers shall not be mixed during the
initial filling of the facility. Dragout losses shall not be replaced using penetrant
materials from different manufacturers.
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under exami-

nation
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In most cases the compatibility of products can be assessed prior to use by means
of the corrosion test detailed in JIS Z 2343-2.
The chemical or physical properties of some non-metallics can be adversely af-
fected by penetrant testing materials, their compatibility has to be established
before inspecting parts manufactured from, and assemblies that include, such
mat eri als.
In situations where contamination might occur it is essential to ensure that the
penetrant testing materials do not have a deleterious effect on fuels, lubricants,
hydraulic fluids, etc.
For parts associated with peroxide rocket fuel, explosive stores (these include
all items containing explosive propellant, initiating or pyrotechnic materials),
oxygen equipment or nuclear applications the compatibility of penetrant test-
ing materials shall require special consideration.
If, after postcleaning, penetrant testing materials remain on the parts there is
a possibility of corrosion, e.g. of stress corrosion or of corrosion fatigue.
8 Test procedure
8.1 Written test procedure When contractually required a written test proce-
dure shall be prepared and approved prior to the examination.
8.2 Preparation and precleaning Contaminants, e.g. scale, rust, oil, grease or
paint shall be removed, if necessary using mechanical or chemical methods or a com-
bination of these methods. Precleaning shall ensure that the test surface is free
from residues and that it allows the penetrant to enter any discontinuity. The cleaned
area shall be large enough t o prevent interference from areas adjacent to the actual
test surface.
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Z 2343-1 :2001
8.2.1 Mechanical precleaning Scale, slag, rust, etc., shall be removed using suit-
able methods such as brushing, rubbing, abrasion, blasting, high pressure water blast-
ing, etc. These methods remove contaminants from the surface and generally are
incapable of removing contaminants from within surface discontinuities. In all cases
and in particular in the case of shot blasting, care shall be taken t o ensure that the
discontinuities are not masked by plastic deformation or clogging from abrasive
materials. If necessary, to ensure that discontinuities are open to the surface sub-
sequent etching treatment shall be carried out, followed by adequate rinsing and
drying.
8.2.2 Chemical precleaning Chemical precleaning shall be carried out using suit-
able chemical cleaning agents, t o remove residues such as grease, oil, paint or etch-
ing materials.
Residues from chemical precleaning processes can react with penetrant and greatly
reduce its sensitivity. Acids and chromates in particular can greatly reduce the fluo-
rescence of fluorescent penetrants and the colour of the colour contrast penetrant.
Therefore, chemical agents shall be removed from the surface under examination,
after the cleaning process, using suitable cleaning methods which may include wa-
ter rinsing.
8.2.3 Drying As the final stage of precleaning, the parts to be tested shall be thor-
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oughly dried, so that neither water nor solvent remains in the discontinuities.
8.3 Application of penetrant
8.3.1 Methods of application The penetrant can be applied to the part to be

tested by spraying, brushing, flooding, dipping or immersion.
Care shall be taken t o ensure that the test surface remains completely wetted
throughout the entire penetration time.
8.3.2 Temperature In order t o minimize moisture entering discontinuities, the

temperature of the test surface shall generally be within the range from 10 OC to
50 O C . In special cases temperatures as low as 5 OC may be used.
For temperatures below 10 OC or above 50 OC only penetrant product families and
procedures approved in accordance with JIS Z 2343-2for this purpose shall be used.
NOTE : Especially in the low temperature range there is a danger of water
condensing in the discontinuities and on the surfaces, and this wa-
ter will prevent the penetrant from entering the discontinuities.
8.3.3 Penetration time The appropriate penetration time depends on the prop-
erties of the penetrant, the application temperature, the material of the part to be
tested and the discontinuities to be detected.
The penetration time can vary from 5 min to 60 min. The penetration time should
be a t least as long as the time used for the determination of sensitivity (see 6.3) if
not the actual penetration time shall be recorded in the written test procedure. In
no case shall the penetrant be allowed to dry during the penetration time.
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Z 2343-1: 2001
8.4 Excess penetrant removal
8.4.1 General The application of the remover medium shall be such that no pen-
etrant is removed from the discontinuities.
8.4.2 Water The excess penetrant shall be removed using a suitable rinsing tech-
nique.
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Examples: Spray rinsing or wiping with a damp cloth Care shall be

taken to minimize the effect of mechanical action caused by the
rinsing method. The temperature of the water shall not exceed
50 OC.
8.4.3 Solvents Generally, the excess penetrant shall be removed first by using a
clean lint-free cloth (or paper). Subsequent cleaning with a clean lint-free cloth (or
paper) lightly moistened with solvent shall then be carried out. Any other removal
technique shall be approved by the contracting parties particularly when solvent re-
mover is sprayed directly on t o the part to be tested.
8.4.4 Emulsifier
8.4.4.1 Hydrophilic (water-dilutable) To allow the post-emulsifiable penetrant

to be removed from the test surface, it shall be rendered water rinsable by applica-
tion of an emulsifier. Before the application of the emulsifier, a water wash should
be performed in order t o remove the bulk of the excess penetrant from the test sur-
face and t o facilitate a uniform action of the hydrophilic emulsifier which will be
applied subsequently.
The emulsifier shall be applied by immersion or by foam equipment. The con-
centration and the contact time of the emulsifier shall be evaluated by the user through
pre-tests according to the manufacturer's instruction. The predetermined emulsi-
fier contact time shall not be exceeded. After emulsification, a final wash shall be
carried out as described in 8.4.2.
8.4.4.2 Lipophilic (oil-based) To allow the post emulsifiable penetrant t o be re-

moved from the test surface, it shall be rendered water-rinsable by application of an
emulsifier. This can be done by immersion or flooding. The emulsifier contact time
shall be evaluated by the user through pre-tests according to the manufacturer's
instruction.
This time shall be sufficient to allow only the excess penetrant to be removed
from the test surface during the subsequent water wash. The emulsifying time shall
not be exceeded. Immediately after emulsification, a water wash shall be carried
out as described in 8.4.2.
8.4.5 Water and organic solvent First the excess water washable penetrant shall
be removed with water (see 8.4.2). Subsequent cleaning with a clean lint-free cloth
or paper, lightly moistened, with organic solvent shall be then carried out.
8.4.6 Excess penetrant removal check During excess penetrant removal the
test surface shall be visually checked for penetrant residues. For fluorescent pen-
etrants, this shall be carried out under a UV-A source. The minimum UV-A irradi-
ance a t the test surface shall not be less than 3 W/m2 (300 pW/cm2).
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Z 2343-1 2001
When facing excessive background on parts after excess penetrant removal has
been carried out, the decision on future action shall be taken by a suitably qualified
person certified in 5.1 b).
8.4.7 Drying In order to facilitate rapid drying of excess water, any droplets and
puddles of water shall be removed from the part.
Except when using water-based developer the test surface shall be dried as quickly
as possible after excess penetrant removal, using one of the following methods.
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a) Wiping with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or paper

b) Evaporation at ambient temperature after hot water drip
c) Evaporation at elevated temperature
d) Forced air circulation
e) A combination of the methods listed under a) t o d)
If compressed air is used, particular care shall be taken to ensure that it is water-
and oil-free and impinging pressure on the surface of the part is kept as low as possible.
The method of drying the part t o be tested shall be carried out in a way ensuring
that the penetrant entrapped in the discontinuities does not dry.
The surface temperature shall not exceed 50 "C during drying unless otherwise
approved.
8.5 Application of developer
8.5.1 General The developer shall be maintained in a uniform condition during

use and shall be evenly applied to the test surface.
The application of the developer shall be carried out as soon as possible after the
removal of excess penetrant.
8.5.2 Dry powder Dry powder may only be used with fluorescent penetrants. The
developer shall be uniformly applied to the test surface by one of the following tech-
niques: dust storm, electrostatic spraying, flock gun or fluidized bed or immersion.
The test surface shall be thinly covered; local agglomerations are not permitted.
8.5.3 Water soluble developer A thin uniform application of the developer shall
be carried out by immersion or by spraying with suitable equipment in accordance with
the approved procedure. Immersion time and temperature of the developer shall be
evaluated by the user through pre-tests according t o the manufacturer's instruction.
The immersion time should be as short as possible to ensure an optimum result.
The part shall be dried by evaporation and/or by the use of a forced air circula-
tion oven.
8.5.4 Water-suspendable developer A thin uniform application of the developer

shall be carried out by immersion in agitated suspension or by spraying with suit-
able equipment in accordance with the approved procedure. Immersion time and
temperature of the developer shall be evaluated by the user through pre-tests ac-
cording to the manufacturer's instruction. The immersion time be as short as pos-
sible to ensure optimum results.
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Z 2343-1 : 2001
The part shall be dried by evaporation and/or by the use of a forced air circula-
tion oven.
8.5.5 Solvent-based developer The developer shall be applied by spraying uni-

formly. The spray shall be such that the developer arrives slightly wet on the sur-
face, giving a thin, uniform layer. ,
8.5.6 Water or solvent based for special application (e.g. peelable developer)
When an indication that needs t o be recorded is shown with the penetrant inspec-
tion process the following procedure shall be used:
a) Wipe-off developer with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or paper.
b) Apply the same penetrant by any convenient means, then follow exactly the same
process as initially used, up t o application of the developer.
c) After excess penetrant removal and drying of the part, apply the peelable de-
veloper as recommended by the manufacturer.
d) When the recommended development time has elapsed, carefully peel off the
developer coating. Indication(s) appear(s) on the face of the coating which was
in direct contact with the part.
8.5.7 Development time The development time should be between 10 min and
30 min, longer times may be agreed between the contracting parties. The develop-
ment time begins.
a) Immediately after application when a dry developer is applied.
b) Immediately after drying when a wet developer is applied.
8.6 Inspection
8.6.1 General Generally, it is advisable t o carry out the first examination just
after the application of the developer or as soon as the developer is dry. This facili-
tates a better interpretation of indications.
The final inspection shall be carried out when the development time has elapsed.
Aids for visual examination, such as magnification instruments or contrast spec-
tacles, can be used.
NOTE : The diameter, width or intensity of the indication provide limited
information.
8.6.2 Viewing conditions
8.6.2.1 Fluorescent penetrants Photochromatic spectacles shall not be worn.

Sufficient time shall be allowed for the operator’s eyes t o become dark adapted,
in the inspection booth, usually a t least 5 min.
UV radiation shall not be directed in the operator’s eyes. All surfaces which can
be viewed by the operators shall not fluoresce.
No paper or cloth which fluoresces under U V light shall be in sight of the opera-
tor.
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A UV-A background lighting may be provided, if necessary, to allow the operator

to move freely inside the booth.
The test surface shall be viewed under a UV-A radiation source, in accordance
with I S 0 3059. The UV-A irradiance at the surface inspected shall not be less than
10 W/m2 (1O00 pW/cm2).
The statements above shall apply to inspections in darkened rooms where the
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visible light is limited to a maximum of 20 lx.
8.6.2.2 Colour contrast penetrants The test surface shall be inspected under
daylight or under artificial white light with an illuminance of not less than 500 lx
on the surface of the tested part. The viewing conditions shall be such that glare
and reflections are avoided.
Recording Recording may be done by any of the following methods.

Written description
Sketch
Adhesive tape
Peelable developer
Photograph
Photocopy
Video
Postcleaning and protection
8.8.1 Postcleaning After final inspection, postcleaning of the part is necessary

only in those cases where the penetrant testing products could interfere with subse-
quent processing or service requirements.
8.8.2 Protection If required a suitable corrosion protection shall be applied.
8.9 Retesting If retesting is necessary, e.g. because no ,unambiguous evaluation

of indications is possible, the entire test procedure, starting with the precleaning,
shall be repeated.
If necessary, more favourable test conditions shall be chosen for this procedure.
The use of a different type of penetrant or a penetrant of the same type from a dif-
ferent supplier is not allowed unless a thorough cleaning has been carried out t o
remove penetrant residues remaining in the discontinuities.
9 Test report and its form
9.1 Test report The test report shall contain the following information with ref-
erence to this Standard.
a) Information on the part tested
- Designation
- Dimensions
11
Z 2343-1 : 2001
- Material
- Surface condition
- Production stage
b) Scope of testing
c) Designation of the penetrant system used, as specified in subclause 6.4, giving
the manufacturer’s name and product designation as well as the batch number
d) Test prodecure number
e) Deviations from the written procedure
f) Test results (description of discontinuities detected)
g) Test location, date of testing, name of the operator

h) Name, certification and signature of the test supervisor
9.2 Form The layout of a form that can be used for the test report is given in
Annex B (informative). It shall include all the details relating t o the method which
are important for the evaluation of the test results, and additional information re-
lating t o the parts t o be tested, although this data should be modified, as appropri-.
ate, depending on the type of part. If another form is used it shall contain all the
information detailed in items 9.1 from a) t o h).
The test report may be omitted if a test procedure fulfilling the requirements of
subclause 8.1 is submitted, containing the information mentioned in sub-clause 9.1
from a) to d) and if the information under e ) t o h) are documented in an appropri-
ate manner.
10 Classification of indications and discontinuities
10.1 Classification of indications
10.1.1 The procedures of classification of indications The indications shall

be classified according t o the following procedures.
a) Indications shall be classified after indications have been detected and confirmed
not t o be false indication according t o the methods as given in 8.
b) If repair or modification is required, indications shall be classified before and
after such repair or modification.
10.1.2 Classification of indications Indications shall be classified according t o

the shape and conditions, as follows.
a) Independent indications Individual independent indications shall be clas-
sified into the following 3 kinds.
1) Indications due to cracks Indications of flaw that have been confirmed
t o be cracks according t o 8.6.
2) Linear indications Indications that are not due t o cracks, the length of
which is not less than three times of the width.
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12
Z 2343-1 : 2001
3) Circular indications Indications t h a t are not due t o cracks, which do

not belong t o linear indications.
b) Continuous indications Indications where more than one indication is lo-
cated almost on a straight line continually, and the distance between adjacent
indications is not more than 2 mm. The length of indications shall be, unless
otherwise specified, the sum of the lengths of individual indications and dis-
tance between adjacent indications.
c) Scattered indications Indications where more than one indication are scat-
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tered in a specified area.
10.1.3 If classification of cracks, linear discontinuities or circular discontinuities

cannot be carried out with the information from the indications, follow the methods
below.
10.2 Classification of discontinuities Discontinuities shall be classified by the

following procedures.
a) Discontinuities shall be classified after indications have been classified accord-
ing t o 10.1.
b) After indications are removed, discontinuities appearing on the surface of test
object shall be observed, and the dimensions shall be measured and recorded.
If discontinuities are not easily seen, suitable methods such as a magnifying
lens or etching shall be used.
10.3 Discontinuities shall be classified according to the shape and conditions as

follows.
Independent discontinuities Individual independent discontinuities shall be
classified into the following 3 kinds.
1) Cracks Discontinuities that have been confirmed to be cracks.
2) Linear discontinuities Discontinuities that are not due t o cracks, the
length of which is not less than three times of the width.
3) Circular discontinuities Discontinuities that are not due to cracks, which
do not belong t o linear discontinuities.
Continuous discontinuities Discontinuities where cracks, linear discontinuities
and circular discontinuities are continually located almost on a straight line,
and where they are judged as a single continuous discontinuity according to the
relationship between the distance of adjacent discontinuities and the length of
individual. The length of discontinuities shall be, unless otherwise specified,
the sum of the lengths of individual discontinuities and distance between adja-
cent discontinuities.
Scattered discontinuities Discontinuities where one or more discontinuities
are scattered in a specified area. The scattered discontinuities shall be assessed
according to the kind of discontinuities, the number of discontinuities, and the
sum of the individual lengths.
13
Z 2343-1 : 2001
11 Marking After test objects have been tested and accepted, if they require mark-
ing, they shall be marked as follows. The method of marking shall be so selected
that subsequent handling will not erase or discolor the marking.
a) In the case of 100 % inspection
1) By stamping, etching, or coloring (burnt carmine), the symbol “P” shall be
marked on the test object.
2) Where the test object is difficult t o be marked with the symbol “P”, it shall
be marked by coloring in burnt carmine.
3) Where the test object is difficult to be marked with the above-mentioned
methods, the method described in the test record shall be used.
b) In case of sampling inspection All the test objects of the accepted lot shall
be marked with the symbol ‘‘(I?’’,
or coloring (yellow only), applying the specifi-
cation of a) as appropriate.
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14
Z 2343-1: 2001
Annex A (normative)
Main stages of the penetrant examination
This Annex is part of the provision, and describes the supplement t o the main
text of this Standard.
L Preparation and precleaning
II
Apply water-washable Apply post-emulsifiable Apply solvent removable
penetrant and allow penetrant and allow penetrant and allow
Apply solvent remover

solvent
Water spray rinse Apply lipophilic

emulsifier and
+
Apply hydrophilic
emulsifier and
allow contact time I Wipe clean I
I I
I Excess penetrant remover check I
I
Apply aqueous Apply non-aqueous

developer
Apply dry powder I Allow to dry I
I Development time I
1 Protect if required)
~~
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15.
Z 2343-1: 2001
Annex B (informative)
Example of a test report
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This Annex is not part of the provision, and describes information only.
Example of a test report
Test report
Company name: Reference No.:
Departments: Subreference No.:
Penetrant testing
Test report no.: - Sheet -of -sheets
Project: Parts:
Commissioned by: Manufacturing no.:
Commission order no.: Drawing no.:
Part to be tested: further details, e.g.:
Weld plan no.: Test follow-up plan no.:
Dimensions: Weld no.: Sheet no.:
Unit no.: Part no.:
Material: Cast no.: Model no.:
Surface condition:
Heat treatment condition:
Pretreatment:
Test instruction: (e.g. specification, test direction, delivery condition)
Scope of testing:
Penetrant system
Designation: (further details, e.g. free from corrosive constituents,
in accordance with JIS Z 2343-2)
Manufacturer:
Product designation
Penetrant: Batch no.:
Excess penetrant remover: Batch no.:
Developer: Batch no.:
Procedure
Test temperature: Excess penetrant removal (further
details, e.g. anticorrosive agents):
Precleaning: Emulsifjmg time:
Drying: Drying:
Penetration time: Development time:
Postcleaning:
Deviations from the test instructions:
Deviations from JIS Z 2343-1:
Test results: (e.g. for discontinuities: details of location, types, distributions,
sizes and number; sketch)
Test location: Test date: Operator’s name:
Evaluation acceptable: non acceptable:
(in accordance with test instructions):
Remarks:
Test supervisor: Certification: Date: Signature:
or
Commissionerlexpert: Date: Signature:
or
Test house: Date: Signa tur e:
Errata for JIS (English edition) are printed in Standardization Journal, published monthly
by the Japanese Standards Association, and also provided to subscribers of JIS (English
edition) in Monthly Information.
Errata will be provided upon request, please contact:

StandardizationPromotion Department, Japanese Standards Association
4-1-24,Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-8440JAPAN
TEL. 03-3583-8002 FAX. 03-3583-0462
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JIS Z 2343-1 :2001

Date of Establishment: 2001-04-20

JIS Z 2343-1 :2001, First English edition published in 2002-01

Translated and published by: Japanese Standards Association

In the event of any doubts arising as to the contents,

Normative references ........................................................................................ 1

4 Safety precautions ............................................................................................. 2

5 General requirements ....................................................................................... 2

6 Products, sensitivity and designation ............................................................ 4

7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) t o be tested .............

8 Test procedure .................................................................................................... 5

8.2.2 Chemical precleaning .................................................................................... 6

8.2.3 Drying ........................................................... ................................................... 6

8.3 Application of penetrant ................................................................................. 6

8.3.1 Methods of application .................................................................................. 6

8.3.2 Temperature ................................................................................................... 6

8.3.3 Penetration time ............................................................................................ 6

8.4.3 Solvents ........................................................................................................... 7

8.4.5 Water and organic solvent ........................................................................... 7

8.8 Postcleaning and protection ........................................................................... 10

9 Test report and its form ................................................................................... 10

10 Classification of indications and discontinuities ......................................... 11

Annex A (normative) Main stages of the penetrant examination ................. 14

Annex B (informative) Example of a test report ................................................. 15

1 Scope This Standard specifies a method of penetrant testing used t o detect

2 Normative references The following standards contain.provisions which, through

JIS Z 2305 Non-destructive testing-Qualification and certification of personnel

4 Safety precautions As penetrant inspection techniques often require the use

5.1 General items General requirements shall be as follows:

c) Excess penetrant removal (see 8.4)

g) Postcleaning and protection (see 8.8)

b) Surface preparation and condition

c) Material under examination and expected discontinuities

6 Products, sensitivity and designation

6.2 Testing products The testing products are given in Table 1.

Table 1 Testing products

Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer

Type Designation Method Designation Form Designation

I Fluorescent penetrant Water Dry powder

Designation of an approved product family comprising for a fluorescent penetrant

7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested

7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products The penetrant testing ma-

7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under exami-

8.3 Application of penetrant

8.3.1 Methods of application The penetrant can be applied to the part to be

8.3.2 Temperature In order t o minimize moisture entering discontinuities, the

8.4 Excess penetrant removal

Examples: Spray rinsing or wiping with a damp cloth Care shall be

8.4.4.1 Hydrophilic (water-dilutable) To allow the post-emulsifiable penetrant

8.4.4.2 Lipophilic (oil-based) To allow the post emulsifiable penetrant t o be re-

a) Wiping with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or paper

8.5 Application of developer

8.5.1 General The developer shall be maintained in a uniform condition during

8.5.4 Water-suspendable developer A thin uniform application of the developer

8.5.5 Solvent-based developer The developer shall be applied by spraying uni-

8.6.2 Viewing conditions