Psikologi Pendidikan dan

Perkembangan
Aplikasi Psikologi Pendidikan (KPP4023)
Tajul Rosli bin Shuib
Jabatan Pengajian Pendidikan
Objektif
1. Pengertian psikologi pendidikan dan psikologi perkembangan
2. Sejarah perkembangan aliran-aliran dalam psikologi termasuk
Psikologi Islam dan sumbangannya ke atas perkembangan psikologi
pendidikan
3. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembelajaran
4. Kepentingan belajar psikologi pendidikan terhadap guru
Pengenalan
1. Psikologi pendidikan dan
perkembangan

• Psikologi: Psych + Logos (Greek purba).

• The scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it
influences behavior, or the influence of a particular person’s
character on their behavior – Cambridge International Dictionary of
English
• Some include animals.
• Perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and
interpersonal relationships.
• Include problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of
mental health problems.
• The scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Santrock,
2004).
…samb.

Cognitive

Behavior

Affective
…samb.

Psikologi Perkembangan (Develomental Psychology)

Mainly focusing on the development of the human mind through the
life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people
come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these
processes change as they age.

Psikologi Pendidikan (Educational Psychology)

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in
educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the
psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as
organizations.
…and many others.
2. Sejarah perkembangan
aliran-aliran dalam psikologi

• Sejak zaman awal Greek (384-322SM)

• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
• Interactionism, Cartesian (Rene Descartes*
1595-1650);
…dualistic theories that hold that mind and body,
though separate and distinct substances, causally
interact.
• Interactionists: mental event can be the cause of a
physical action.
*Ahli falsafah dan Matematik Perancis.
…samb.1

• Empiricism (John Locke, 1632-1704 & George Berkeley, 1685-1753)– all concepts:
• Originate in experience,
• About or applicable to things that can be experienced, or
• Rationally acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only
through experience.
• Tabula rasa (Locke)
• Individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all
knowledge comes from experience (process of association) or perception.
…samb.2

Structuralism
• Emerged as the first school of thought in psychology.
• Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychology lab.
• The first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental
processes into the most basic components (structure).
• Understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as
introspection.
• Sought to analyze the adult mind (defined as the sum total of experience
from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components
and then to find the way in which these components fit together in
complex forms.
…samb.2

Functionalism
• Emerged from thinkers (evolutionist Charles Darwin & William James)
Others: Edward Thorndike, John Dewey, Mary Whiton Calkins, Harvey Carr, Hermann Ebbinghaus & John Angell

• Sought to explain mental processes in a more systematic and accurate

manner.
• Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists
focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior (function).
• Also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on
education.
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Sejarah Psikologi Pendidikan

• Aliran Behaviorisme, Amerika Utara (J.B. Watson, 1878-1958)
Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, Hull dan lain-lain

• Memberi penekanan kepada pengkajian tingkah laku yang

nyata (Overt Behaviour).
• Dikenali sebagai associationism, perkaitan mental antara dua
peristiwa atau di antara dua idea yang membawa kepada
terjadinya pembelajaran.
• Menguji haiwan seperti tikus, kucing dan anjing dalam
kajiannya.
…samb.5

Sejarah Psikologi Pendidikan

• Psikologi Gestalt
• Gestalt psychology is a school of thought
that looks at the human mind and
behavior as a whole.
• Instead, our minds tend to perceive
objects as part of a greater whole and as
elements of more complex systems.
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Sejarah Psikologi Pendidikan

• Aliran Humanistik (Abraham Maslow & Carl
Rodgers)
• Individu bertanggungjawab ke atas tindakannya.
• Emphasizes looking at the whole individual and
stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy,
and self-actualization.
• Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people
fulfill their potential and maximize their
well-being.
…samb.7

Sejarah Psikologi Pendidikan

Kognitivisme
Gestalt, Piaget, Vygotsky, Gagne, Bruner, Ausubel dan lain-lain.

•Mengkaji pemikiran, persepsi dan penanggapan, kognisi,

metakognisi, kemahiran berfikir kritis dan kreatif,
kemahiran belajar, motivasi dan lain-lain.
•A theoretical approach to understanding the mind,
which argues that mental function can be understood
by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and
that such functions can be described as information
processing models.
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Sejarah Psikologi Pendidikan

Konstruktivisme
Von Glaserfeld, Piaget, Vygotsky, Confrey, Ceymour Peppert dan lain-lain.
• Constructivism is a theory that posits that humans are meaning
makers in their lives and essentially construct their own realities
• Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge
rather than just passively take in information.
• As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences,
they build their own representations and incorporate new
information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).
…samb.9

Sejarah Psikologi Pendidikan

Konstruktivisme
Von Glaserfeld, Piaget, Vygotsky, Confrey, Ceymour Peppert dan lain-lain.
• Constructivism is a theory that posits that humans are meaning
makers in their lives and essentially construct their own realities
• Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge
rather than just passively take in information.
• As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences,
they build their own representations and incorporate new
information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).
…samb.9

Tokoh Psikologi Islam

•Al-Ghazali
•Malik Badri
3. Faktor-faktor mempengaruhi
pembelajaran

Fisiologikal

Kaedah
Psikologikal
pengajaran

Persekitaran
4. Kepentingan Psikologi
Pendidikan

•Pengetahuan tentang pelajar dan pembelajaran.

•Dapat memahami perbezaan individu.
•Dapat membimbing murid dengan lebih berkesan.
•Dapat mewujudkan suasana pembelajaran yang
kondusif.
•Dapat memilih strategi dan metod pembelajaran
yang bersesuaian dengan murid.
Rumusan
Sekian