SEC Communication in Everyday Life notes by Abhishek Kumar Jha

SYLLABUS

UNIT 1

Theory of Communication • Meaning, Features, Uses, Cycle, Feedback, Advantages • Barriers • 7 C’s
of Communication

UNIT 2

Listening Skills • Netiquettes • Audio-book Listening & Discussions • Note-taking

UNIT 3

Speaking Skills • Oral Presentation- Audio-Visual aids, Audience & Feedback, Delivery of
Presentation, Handling Questions • Group Discussion- Culture & History, Current Affairs, Society-
related • Public Speaking- Public Speech, Extempore • Interview- Personal, Conversational, Public

UNIT 4

Reading Skills • Close Reading • Skimming • Scanning

UNIT 5

Writing Skills • Summarising • Paraphrasing • Note-making • Essays- Expository Essay, Descriptive

Essay, Narrative Essay • Letter Writing- Formal Letter, Informal Letter • Reports- Incidence,
Newspaper, Organisational Report • Analysis & Interpretation- Textual • Intra & Inter-personal Skills -
Monologue, Dialogue

Overview:

Communication is an essential aspect of our everyday lives. It is the process of exchanging

information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals or groups. Effective communication
plays a vital role in building relationships, understanding others, and accomplishing tasks efficiently.

Types of Communication:

• Verbal Communication: This involves the use of spoken or written words to convey
messages. It includes face-to-face conversations, phone calls, emails, and
presentations.

• Nonverbal Communication: This includes body language, facial expressions,

gestures, posture, and eye contact. Nonverbal cues often complement verbal
communication and can convey emotions and attitudes.

• Visual Communication: This refers to conveying messages through visual aids such
as graphs, charts, diagrams, and images. It is commonly used in presentations,
advertisements, and infographics.

• Written Communication: This involves conveying information through written words.

It includes emails, memos, reports, letters, and text messages.

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Theory of Communication

The theory of communication encompasses various models and frameworks that help us understand
the process of communication, how messages are transmitted and received, and the factors that
influence effective communication.

Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication:

• Developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, this model is often referred to as the
"Transmission Model."

• The model includes the following elements: sender, message, channel, receiver, noise, and
feedback.

• According to this model, communication is a linear process where a sender encodes a

message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver, with noise potentially interfering
with the transmission. Feedback allows the sender to assess the effectiveness of the
message

Berlo's SMCR Model:

• Developed by David Berlo, this model expands upon the Shannon-Weaver model and
includes four components: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver (SMCR).

• The model emphasizes the importance of the source's ability to encode the message
effectively, the message's content and structure, the choice of communication
channel, and the receiver's ability to decode the message accurately.

Meaning: Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions
between individuals or groups. It involves the transmission and reception of messages through
various channels.

Features of Communication:

1. Sender and Receiver: Communication involves a sender who initiates the message and a
receiver who receives and interprets the message.

2. Message: The content or information being communicated.

3. Medium or Channel: The means by which the message is conveyed, such as verbal, written,
or nonverbal communication.

4. Encoding and Decoding: The sender encodes the message into a form that can be
understood by the receiver, and the receiver decodes the message to understand its
meaning.

5. Feedback: The response or reaction from the receiver to the sender's message, which helps
in evaluating the effectiveness of communication.

6. Context: The situation, environment, or circumstances in which the communication takes

place, influencing its meaning and interpretation.

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Uses of Communication:

1. Exchange of Information: Communication facilitates the sharing of facts, data, knowledge,

and updates.

2. Expressing Ideas and Thoughts: It enables individuals to express their opinions, thoughts,
and emotions to others.

3. Building Relationships: Communication plays a vital role in establishing and maintaining

interpersonal and professional relationships.

4. Decision Making: Effective communication is crucial for making informed decisions and
reaching consensus.

5. Persuasion and Influence: Communication can be used to persuade and influence others'
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Cycle of Communication: The communication process involves a cycle consisting of the following
elements:

1. Sender encodes a message.

2. Message is transmitted through a chosen medium.

3. Receiver decodes the message.

4. Receiver provides feedback to the sender.

5. The process repeats as the sender becomes the receiver and vice versa.

Feedback in Communication: Feedback is the response or reaction received by the sender from the
receiver. It helps in assessing the effectiveness of communication and ensures that the message has
been understood as intended. Feedback can be verbal, nonverbal, or written.

Advantages of Communication:

1. Enhanced Understanding: Communication helps in conveying ideas, information, and

emotions, leading to better understanding between individuals or groups.

2. Collaboration and Cooperation: Effective communication fosters teamwork, collaboration,

and cooperation, leading to increased productivity and success.

3. Building Relationships: Good communication is essential for building and maintaining

healthy relationships.

4. Personal and Professional Growth: Communication skills contribute to personal and

professional growth, enabling individuals to express themselves confidently and engage with
others effectively.

Barriers to Communication:

1. Language Barriers: Differences in language, dialects, or jargon may hinder effective

communication.

2. Physical Barriers: Distance, noise, poor acoustics, or visual obstructions can disrupt
communication.

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3. Emotional Barriers: Emotions, biases, prejudices, or personal issues may affect the clarity
and understanding of messages.

4. Cultural Barriers: Differences in cultural norms, values, and communication styles can create
misunderstandings.

5. Lack of Attention: Inattentiveness, distractions, or multitasking can impede effective

communication.

6. Perception and Understanding: Different interpretations, assumptions, or preconceived

notions may lead to miscommunication.

7 C's of Communication: The 7 C's provide a framework for effective communication:

1. Clarity: Communicate the message clearly and concisely, avoiding ambiguity or confusion.

2. Conciseness: Express ideas succinctly, using as few words as possible.

3. Completeness: Ensure that the message is complete, providing all necessary information.

4. Correctness: Use accurate grammar, vocabulary, and appropriate language.

5. Courtesy: Be polite, respectful, and considerate in your communication.

6. Consideration: Take into account the needs, interests, and perspectives of the receiver.

7. Concreteness: Use specific details, examples, and vivid language to make the message more
tangible and relatable.

Listening Skills:

Listening skills are essential for effective communication and understanding. Here are some tips to
improve your listening skills:

1. Give your full attention: When someone is speaking, focus on what they are saying and
avoid distractions. Maintain eye contact and avoid interrupting.

2. Be patient: Allow the speaker to finish their thoughts before responding or asking questions.
Avoid finishing their sentences or jumping to conclusions.

3. Avoid distractions: Minimize external distractions such as background noise or electronic

devices. Create a conducive environment for listening.

4. Practice active listening: Engage with the speaker by nodding, using verbal cues like "I see"
or "Hmm," and asking relevant questions. This shows that you are attentive and interested.

5. Avoid interrupting: Let the speaker complete their thoughts before asking questions or
providing your input. Interrupting can disrupt their flow and hinder effective communication.

6. Avoid making assumptions: Don't jump to conclusions or make assumptions about what the
speaker is saying. Instead, seek clarification if something is unclear or ask for additional
information.

7. Practice empathy: Try to understand the speaker's perspective and emotions. Put yourself in
their shoes to develop a deeper understanding of their message.

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Netiquettes:

Netiquette refers to the etiquette or manners for behaving appropriately on the internet. Here are
some netiquette guidelines to follow:

1. Use appropriate language: Avoid using offensive or abusive language when communicating
online. Be respectful and mindful of others' feelings.

2. Be concise: Keep your online communications clear and to the point. Avoid unnecessary
rambling or using excessive jargon.

3. Respect others' opinions: Be open-minded and respectful of differing opinions. Engage in

healthy discussions and avoid personal attacks.

4. Use proper grammar and punctuation: Ensure your online communications are easy to
understand by using correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling. This helps to convey your
message effectively.

5. Use appropriate tone and emojis: Tone can be easily misinterpreted online, so use emojis or
other indicators to convey your intended tone or emotions. Avoid using excessive
capitalization, which can be seen as shouting.

6. Respect privacy: Do not share personal information about others without their consent. Be
mindful of privacy concerns and protect your own personal information as well.

7. Follow platform-specific guidelines: Different platforms may have specific rules and
guidelines for user behavior. Familiarize yourself with these guidelines and adhere to them.

Audio-book Listening & Discussions:

Listening to audio books can be an enjoyable and enriching experience. Here are some tips for
making the most of audio-book listening and engaging in discussions:

1. Choose books wisely: Select books that align with your interests or the topics you want to
explore. This will enhance your engagement and enjoyment.

2. Find a comfortable listening environment: Choose a quiet place where you can focus on the
audio book without distractions. Consider using headphones for a more immersive
experience.

3. Take notes: Jot down key points, interesting quotes, or any thoughts or questions that arise
while listening. This can aid in comprehension and serve as a reference for discussions later.

4. Join book clubs or discussion groups: Engage in online or in-person book clubs or discussion
groups focused on the audio books you've listened to. Share your thoughts, insights, and
questions with fellow participants.

5. Participate actively: Contribute to discussions by sharing your perspectives, asking

questions, and listening to others' viewpoints. Engaging in conversations can deepen your
understanding and provide new insights.

6. Reflect on the content: Take time to reflect on the ideas and themes presented in the audio
book. Consider how they relate to your own experiences or broader societal issues.

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Note-taking:

Effective note-taking is an important skill for retaining information and organizing your thoughts.
Here are some tips for effective note-taking:

1. Be selective: Focus on capturing key points, main ideas, and supporting details rather than
trying to write down every word. Listen actively and identify the most important information.

2. Use abbreviations and symbols: Develop a system of abbreviations and symbols to speed up
your note-taking process. For example, use arrows for cause-and-effect relationships or
asterisks for emphasis.

3. Organize your notes: Use headings, subheadings, bullet points, or numbering to structure
your notes. This makes it easier to review and find specific information later.

4. Use visual aids: Incorporate diagrams, charts, or mind maps to represent relationships
between ideas visually. This can enhance understanding and make your notes more
memorable.

5. Review and summarize: After the lecture, audio book, or discussion, take time to review
your notes. Summarize the main points and identify any areas that need further clarification
or research.

6. Use technology: Consider using note-taking apps or digital tools that allow you to organize,
search, and access your notes easily. This can be especially helpful when dealing with a large
volume of information.

7. Customize your style: Experiment with different note-taking techniques and find a style that
works best for you. Everyone has different preferences, so adapt your approach accordingly.

Speaking Skills:

Speaking skills are crucial for effective communication and conveying ideas confidently.

Oral Presentation:

1. Audio-Visual Aids: Utilize visual aids such as PowerPoint presentations, graphs, images, or
videos to enhance your oral presentation. Visuals can help clarify complex ideas and engage
the audience.

2. Audience and Feedback: Consider the needs and expectations of your audience. Adapt your
presentation style and content accordingly. After the presentation, seek feedback from the
audience to evaluate your performance and make improvements.

3. Delivery of Presentation: Pay attention to your tone of voice, pace, and body language.
Speak clearly and confidently, maintain eye contact, and use appropriate gestures to engage
the audience and convey your message effectively.

4. Handling Questions: Prepare yourself to handle questions from the audience. Listen
attentively, clarify any ambiguities, and provide thoughtful and concise responses. If you're
unsure of an answer, it's acceptable to admit it and offer to follow up later.

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Group Discussion:

1. Culture and History: Engage in group discussions on cultural and historical topics, exploring
different perspectives and analyzing their impact on society. Foster an inclusive environment
that encourages open dialogue and respectful exchange of ideas.

2. Current Affairs: Discuss current events and news topics to develop critical thinking and
awareness of the world around you. Stay updated on current affairs to contribute
meaningfully to the discussion.

3. Society-related Discussions: Explore social issues, challenges, and solutions through group
discussions. Discuss topics such as gender equality, environmental sustainability, or
education reforms, and encourage diverse viewpoints and constructive debate.

Public Speaking:

1. Public Speech: Public speaking involves delivering a prepared speech to inform, persuade, or
inspire an audience. Structure your speech effectively, use rhetorical devices, and employ
storytelling techniques to captivate the audience.

2. Extempore: Extempore speaking refers to delivering a speech spontaneously, without prior

preparation. Enhance your extempore skills by practicing impromptu speaking, organizing
your thoughts quickly, and delivering coherent and persuasive arguments on the spot.

Interviews:

1. Personal Interview: Prepare for personal interviews by researching the organization or

institution, understanding the job requirements, and reflecting on your own experiences,
skills, and strengths. Practice articulating your achievements and presenting yourself
confidently.

2. Conversational Interview: Conversational interviews aim to assess your communication

skills, interpersonal abilities, and compatibility with the organization's culture. Engage in a
relaxed and natural conversation while showcasing your expertise and qualifications.

3. Public Interview: Public interviews involve speaking to an audience or panel in a formal

setting. Prepare well, anticipate potential questions, and maintain composure and clarity
while addressing the panel and audience.

Reading Skills:

Reading skills are essential for comprehension and extracting information from written texts. Here
are three important reading techniques:

1. Close Reading: Close reading is a detailed and analytical approach to reading, focusing on
understanding the deeper meaning and nuances of a text. Here are key points related to
close reading:

• Read the text carefully, paying attention to the language, tone, and literary devices used.

• Analyze the structure, themes, and central ideas of the text.

• Highlight or annotate important points, passages, or unfamiliar terms.

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• Ask questions and make connections between different parts of the text.

• Reflect on the author's intentions and the implications of the text.

• Consider the historical, cultural, or social context that may influence the text.

Close reading is particularly useful for literary analysis, academic reading, or when encountering
complex or challenging texts.

2. Skimming: Skimming is a rapid reading technique used to get a general overview of a text. It
helps identify the main ideas, key points, and the overall structure of the text. Here are some
tips for effective skimming:

• Read the title, headings, subheadings, and topic sentences to gain a sense of the content.

• Focus on the first and last paragraphs of each section or chapter to grasp the main ideas.

• Pay attention to bolded or italicized text, bullet points, or emphasized keywords.

• Move your eyes quickly across the page, skipping less relevant details.

• Skimming is useful when you need to quickly review multiple texts, find specific information,
or determine if a text is relevant to your needs.

3. Scanning: Scanning is a technique used to locate specific information or details in a text. It

involves quickly moving your eyes over the text in a systematic manner. Here's how to scan
effectively:

• Have a specific search query or keyword in mind.

• Focus on headings, keywords, or specific phrases related to your search.

• Move your eyes horizontally or vertically across the page, looking for the target information.

• Use visual cues, such as bullet points, numbered lists, or highlighted text, to locate relevant
details.

• Scanning is helpful when you want to find specific facts, figures, or information in a text
without reading it in its entirety.

By developing and practicing these reading techniques, you can enhance your reading efficiency,
comprehension, and ability to extract information effectively.

Writing Skills:

Developing strong writing skills is important for effectively communicating ideas, expressing
thoughts, and conveying information. Here are key points related to various writing skills:

1. Summarizing: Summarizing involves condensing the main points, ideas, or arguments of a

text into a concise and coherent form. When summarizing, keep the following in mind:

• Focus on the most important information and key ideas.

• Use your own words to express the author's main points.

• Maintain the overall structure and logical flow of the original text.

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• Omit irrelevant details and examples.

• Be objective and avoid adding personal opinions or biases.

2. Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing is the process of rephrasing a text or passage in your own words
while retaining the original meaning. When paraphrasing:

• Read the original text carefully to grasp the author's intended message.

• Use synonyms, change sentence structure, and rephrase the content without altering the
meaning.

• Cite the original source if necessary to avoid plagiarism.

3. Note-making: Note-making involves summarizing and organizing information from various

sources. Here are some tips for effective note-making:

• Identify key ideas, main points, and supporting details.

• Use abbreviations, symbols, and bullet points to keep notes concise.

• Use headings, subheadings, and numbering to maintain organization.

• Highlight or underline important information for quick reference.

4. Essays: Different types of essays serve different purposes and require different approaches.
Here are a few common types:

1. Expository Essay: An expository essay aims to explain or inform the reader about a particular
topic or subject. It presents facts, evidence, and a logical analysis of the topic. The essay
typically follows a clear and organized structure, with an introduction, body paragraphs that
present supporting evidence and arguments, and a conclusion that summarizes the main
points.

2. Descriptive Essay: A descriptive essay uses vivid language and sensory details to create a
vivid picture or impression of a person, place, object, or event. The essay appeals to the
reader's senses and aims to evoke a sensory experience. It often follows a chronological or
spatial organization to provide a clear description.

3. Narrative Essay: A narrative essay tells a story or recounts a personal experience. It often
includes elements such as characters, a plot, dialogue, and a narrative arc. The essay can be
written in a first-person or third-person point of view and aims to engage the reader
emotionally while conveying a specific message or lesson.

5. Letter Writing: Letter writing involves composing messages for specific purposes and
audiences. Two common types are:

1. Formal Letter: A formal letter follows a specific structure and is used for official or
professional communication. It typically includes a formal greeting, a clear purpose or
subject line, a well-organized body with relevant details or explanations, and a formal
closing. Formal letters are used for job applications, business inquiries, complaint letters, or
official correspondence.

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2. Informal Letter: An informal letter is a more casual form of communication used for personal
correspondence. It often adopts a conversational tone and includes personal anecdotes,
updates, or expressions of emotions. Informal letters can have a friendly greeting and closing
and are used for writing to friends, family, or acquaintances.

6. Reports: Reports are written documents that present information and findings about a
particular topic or issue. Some common types of reports include:

1. Incidence Report: An incidence report provides a detailed account of a specific incident or

event. It includes factual information, such as the date, time, location, and people involved.
The report describes the incident, its causes, consequences, and any recommended actions
or solutions.

2. Newspaper Report: A newspaper report, also known as a news article, presents news or
information in a concise and objective manner. It follows the inverted pyramid structure,
with the most important information presented first, followed by supporting details.
Newspaper reports focus on the 5Ws and H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How) to
deliver essential news to readers.

3. Organizational Report: An organizational report provides an overview and analysis of the

activities, progress, or performance of an organization or company. It may include financial
data, market analysis, project updates, or strategic recommendations. Organizational reports
aim to inform stakeholders, management, or decision-makers about the organization's
operations and achievements.

7. Analysis and Interpretation: Textual analysis involves examining and interpreting a written
text, such as a literary work, poem, or scholarly article. It focuses on understanding the
meaning, themes, symbols, and literary devices used in the text. Textual analysis requires
close reading, critical thinking, and the ability to analyze and interpret the author's
intentions, style, and message.

8. Intra and Inter-personal Skills: Intra-personal skills involve self-expression and reflection,
while inter-personal skills involve communication and interaction with others. Two common
forms of writing related to these skills are:

1. Monologue: A monologue is a form of self-expression where an individual speaks or writes

uninterrupted, sharing their thoughts, opinions, or emotions. It is a one-sided
communication where the focus is on expressing one's own ideas.

2. Dialogue: Dialogue involves a conversation or exchange between two or more individuals. It

requires effective listening and speaking skills. Dialogue allows for the exchange of ideas,
perspectives, and information between individuals, fostering mutual understanding and
collaborative problem-solving

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Developing writing skills requires practice, feedback, and continuous improvement. Pay attention to
clarity, coherence, grammar, and proper formatting in your writing.

Formats:

Essays:

1. Expository Essay:

• Introduction: Present the topic and provide background information. State the thesis
statement or main argument.

• Body Paragraphs: Present supporting evidence, examples, and analysis to explain

the topic or support the thesis. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point.

• Conclusion: Summarize the main points and restate the thesis. Provide a concluding
thought or a call to action if appropriate.

2. Descriptive Essay:

• Introduction: Introduce the topic and provide a clear thesis statement that describes
the main impression or idea you will convey.

• Body Paragraphs: Use sensory details, vivid language, and figurative language to
describe the subject. Organize the paragraphs based on different aspects or
characteristics.

• Conclusion: Recap the main points and reinforce the overall impression. Leave a
lasting image or final thought for the reader.

3. Narrative Essay:

• Introduction: Set the scene and provide background information. Introduce the
characters and the main conflict or event.

• Body Paragraphs: Narrate the events in a chronological order. Include dialogue,

descriptions, and sensory details to engage the reader.

• Conclusion: Reflect on the significance of the narrative, draw conclusions, and

provide a resolution or moral lesson if applicable.

Letter Writing:

1. Formal Letter:

• Sender's Address: Your address, aligned to the right.

• Date: Date of writing the letter.

• Receiver's Address: The recipient's name, designation, and address, aligned to the
left.

• Salutation: Formal greeting to address the recipient.

• Body: Clearly state the purpose of the letter in a concise and organized manner.

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• Closing: Formal closing phrase (e.g., "Yours sincerely") followed by your name and
designation.

• Enclosures: List any enclosed documents if applicable.

2. Informal Letter:

• Sender's Address: Your address, aligned to the right.

• Date: Date of writing the letter.

• Receiver's Address: The recipient's name and address, aligned to the left.

• Salutation: Casual greeting to address the recipient.

• Body: Write in a conversational tone, sharing personal experiences, thoughts, or

updates.

• Closing: Casual closing phrase (e.g., "Take care") followed by your name.

Reports:

1. Incidence Report:

• Title: Clearly state the title of the report.

• Introduction: Provide background information and context about the incident.

• Description: Describe the incident, including the date, time, location, and people
involved.

• Analysis: Analyze the causes, impact, and consequences of the incident.

• Recommendations: Suggest actions or measures to prevent future incidents.

• Conclusion: Summarize the key findings and conclude the report.

2. Newspaper Report:

• Headline: Catchy and informative headline summarizing the news.

• Byline: Name of the journalist or writer.

• Lead: Present the most important details and main event in the opening paragraph.

• Body: Provide additional information, quotes, and background details in subsequent

paragraphs.

• Conclusion: Summarize the key points and provide any follow-up information.

3. Organizational Report:

• Title: Clearly state the title of the report.

• Introduction: Provide an overview of the organization and the purpose of the report.

• Methodology: Describe the research methods or data collection process used.

• Findings: Present the findings, analysis, and interpretation of the data.

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• Recommendations: Offer actionable recommendations based on the findings.

• Conclusion: Summarize the key findings and conclude the report.

Analysis & Interpretation - Textual:

1. Introduction: Provide a brief overview of the text and its context.

2. Analysis: Analyze the text's structure, language, themes, and literary devices used.

3. Interpretation: Offer your interpretation of the text's meaning, subtext, and possible
symbolism.

4. Supporting Evidence: Use examples, quotes, or specific references from the text to support
your analysis and interpretation.

5. Conclusion: Summarize your analysis and interpretation, highlighting the significance of the
text.

ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMINATION!!

Regards:

Abhishek Kumar Jha

Insta: @abhishek_kumar_official_

YouTube: @abhishekkumrdu

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