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Class - XII (Frequntly Asked Topics)
Class - XII (Frequntly Asked Topics)
CHEMISTRY
[FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION IN BOARDS]
1. Give reason 2. Distinguish test 3. Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’ or ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’
4. Complete the following chemical equation. 5. Name reactions
[PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY]
Solutions -:
Note -: To solve numerical questions of the topic first see that solute needs the value of i, or not.
Solute for which value of van’t hoff factor should be considered -:
Salts (e.g. -: NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4 etc.)
Carboxylic acids (e.g. -: CH3COOH, C6H5COOH etc.)
10. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower its
freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1)
11. 30 g of urea is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour
pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg.
12. 0.3 g of acetic acid (M = 60 g mol-1) dissolved in 30 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to
0.45o C. Calculate the percentage association of acid if it forms a dimer in the solution.
[Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1]
13. If benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol-1) is associated into a dimer when dissolved in benzene and the osmotic
pressure of a solution of 6.1 g of benzoic acid in 100 mL benzene is 6.5 atm at 27o C, then what is the
percentage association of benzoic acid?
[Given: R = 8.314 L atm K-1 mol-1]
14. When 19.5 g of F-CH2-COOH (Molar mass = 78 g mol-1) is dissolved in 500 g of water, the depression in
freezing point is observed to be 1o C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of F-CH2-COOH.
[Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1]
15. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.32 x 10 -2 g of K2SO4 in 2L of solution
at 25o C, assuming that K2SO4 is completely dissociated.
[Given R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1, Molar mass K2SO4 = 174 g mol-1]
16. When 25.6 g of sulphur was dissolved in 1000 g of benzene, the freezing point lowered by 0.512 K.
Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
[Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1]
17. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 1.9 g of MgCl2 (M = 95 g mol-1) was dissolved in 50 g of
water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes complete ionisation.
[Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1]
18. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g of non-volatile solute in 95 g of water. It has a vapour pressure of
23.375 mm Hg at 25o C. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
[Vapour pressure of pure water at 25o C is 23.75 mm Hg]
19. A solution contains 5.85 g NaCl (Molar mass = 58.5 g mol-1) per litre of solution. It has an osmotic pressure
of 4.75 atm at 27o C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl in this solution.
[Given: R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1]
20. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of
10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
[Given: Molar mass of Glucose = 180 g mol-1, Molar mass of Sucrose = 342 g mol-1]
21. A 4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M = 342 g mol-1) in water has a freezing point 271.15 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180 g mol-1) in water.
Electrochemistry -:
respectively.
12. The limiting molar conductivities of NH4+ and Cl− ions are 73.8 S cm2 mol-1 and 76.2 S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
The conductivity of 0.1 M NH4 Cl is 1.29 x 10-2 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of
dissociation.
13. Conductivity of 2 x 10-3 M methanoic acid is 8 x 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of
dissociation if ᴧom for methanoic acid is 404 S cm2 mol-1.
14. Calculate the degree of dissociation (𝛂) of CH3COOH if ᴧm and ᴧom of CH3COOH are 48 S cm2 mol-1 and 400
S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
15. Calculate the degree of dissociation (𝛂) of acetic acid if its molar conductivity (ᴧm ) is 390.05 S cm2 mol-1.
[Given: λoH+ = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λoCH3COO− = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1]
16. On the basis of E o values, O2 gas should be liberated at anode but it is Cl2 gas which is liberated in the
electrolysis of aqueous NaCl.
17. Conductivity of CH3COOH decreases on dilution.
18. On diluting two electrolytes ‘A’ and ‘B’, the ᴧm of ‘A’ increases 25 times while that of ‘B’ increases by 1.5
times. Which of the two electrolytes is strong? Justify your answer graphically.
19. Mercury cell delivers a constant potential during its life time.
20. Write the chemistry of recharging the lead storage battery, highlighting all the materials that are involved
during recharging.
21. Define Fuel cell and write its two advantages.
Chemical Kinetics -:
3. Compare the following equations with straight line equation i.e. y = mx + c and find the
(i) x-axis (ii) y-axis (iii) slope (m) (iv) intercept (c)
and for (b), (c) and (d) find order of reaction also.
(a) ᴧm = ᴧom - Ac½
(b) [R] = -kt + [R]o and [A] = -kt + [A]o
(c) ln[R] = -kt + ln[R]o and ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]o
[R] kt [A] kt
(d) log [R]o = and log [A]o =
2.303 2.303
−Ea 1 −Ea 1
(e) ln k = R T + ln A and log k = 2.303R T + log A
4. From the following chemical equations identify order of the reaction:
(a) Enzyme catalysed reaction
(b) Reactions which occur on metal surfaces
(c) Decomposition of gaseous ammonia on hot platinum surface
1130 K
(d) 2NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
Pt Catalyst
(e) Natural and artificial radioactive decay of unstable nuclei
(f) Decomposition of N2O5
(g) Decomposition of N2O
(h) Hydrolysis of ester (ethyl acetate)
(i) Hydrolysis of cane sugar
5. Write the factors which affect the rate of reaction. (Any 3)
6. A first order reaction has a rate constant 1 x 10 -3 per sec. How long will 5g of this reactant take to reduce to
3g? [Given: log 3 = 0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990]
7. A first order reaction has a rate constant 2 x 10 -3 s-1. How long will 6g of this reactant take to reduce to 2g?
8. The half life for radioactive decay of 14C is 6930 years. An archaeological artefact containing wood had only
75% of the 14C found in a living tree. Find the age of the sample.
[Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021, log 10 = 1]
9. A first order reduction takes 30 minutes for 75% decomposition. Calculate 𝐭½ ?
10. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 40 minutes. Calculate the time required for the completion of
90% of reaction.
11. A first order reaction is 40% complete in 80 minutes. Calculate the value of rate constant (k). In what
time will the reaction be 90% completed?
12. A first order reaction takes 77.78 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the time required for 30%
completion of this reaction.
[Given: log 10 = 1, log 7 = 0.8450]
13. A chemical reaction 2N2O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) in gas phase was carried out in a closed vessel. The
concentration of NO2 was found to increase by 5 x 10-3 mol L-1 in 10 seconds. Calculate -:
(a) the rate of formation of NO2 (b) rate of consumption of N2O5.
14. In the given reaction:
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
The rate of formation of NH3 is 3.6 x 10-4 mol L-1 s-1. Calculate the
(a) Rate of reaction (b) Rate of disappearance of H2 (g).
15. The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2
at a constant volume:
Experiment Time/s-1 Total pressure/atm
1 0 0.4
2 100 0.7
Calculate the rate constant.
16. The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of C 2H5Cl at a constant volume:
C2H5Cl (g) → C2H4 (g) + HCl (g)
Experiment Time (s-1) Total pressure (atm)
1 0 0.4
2 100 0.6
Calculate the rate constant.
17. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 30 minutes at 300 K and in 10 minutes at 320 K. Calculate the
activation energy (Ea) for the reaction.
[Given: R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1, log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021]
18. The rate of a reaction doubles when temperature changes from 27o C to 37o C. Calculate energy of activation
for the reaction.
[Given: R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1, log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021]
19. The rate constant for a first order reaction increases from 4 x 10 -2 to 24 x 10-2 when the temperature changes
from 300 K to 350 K. Calculate the energy of activation (Ea).
[ORGANIC CHEMISTRY]
1. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards S N1 and SN2 reaction -:
(a) 2-Bromopentane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane
(b) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane,
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
(c) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane
2. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of boiling point -:
(a) Bromomethane, Bromoform, Chloromethane, Dibromomethane
(b) 1-Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane
3. Write the mechanism for the following reactions -:
aq. NaOH
(a) CH3-CH2-Br → CH3-CH2-OH + NaBr
aq. NaOH
(b) (CH3)3C-Br → (CH3)3C-OH + NaBr
4. Give reason -:
(a) Chloroform is stored in dark coloured bottles.
(b) Although allyl halide and benzyl halide are 1 o halides, but shows high reactivity towards SN1 reaction.
(c) When propene reacts with HBr major product is 2-Bromopropane but when it reacts with HBr in the
presence of peroxide, 1-Bromopropnae is the major product.
(d) When Chloropropane reacts with aq. NaOH major product is propanol but when it reacts with alc. KOH
propene is the main product.
(e) Although alkyl halides are polar but immiscible in water.
The dipole moment of chloromethane is more than that of fluoromethane.
5. Complete the following chemical equations -:
𝑎𝑞. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(a) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑎𝑞. 𝐾𝑂𝐻
(b) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑎𝑙𝑐. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(c) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑎𝑙𝑐. 𝐾𝑂𝐻
(d) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑁
(e) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐾𝐶𝑁
(f) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑁
(g) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐾𝑁𝑂2
(h) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂2
(i) CH3-CH2-Cl →
1. Give reason -:
(a) Carboxylic acid is stronger acid than phenol.
(b) Carboxylic carbon is less electrophilic than carbonyl carbon of aldehydes and ketones.
(c) Propanal is more reactive than Propanone towards addition of HCN.
(d) α-hydrogen atoms of aldehydes and ketones are acidic in nature.
(e) Carboxyl group in benzoic acid is meta directing.
(f) Sodium bisulphite is used for the purification of aldehydes and ketones.
(g) Carboxylic acids do not give characteristic reaction
(h) Oxidation of aldehydes are easier than ketones.
(i) Oxidation of propanal is easier than propanone.
(j) Propanone is treated with dilute Ba(OH)2.
(k) Acetophenone is treated with Zn(Hg)/Conc. HCl.
(l) Benzoyl chloride is hydrogenated in presence of Pd/BaSO4.
(m) pKa value of 4-Nitrobenzoic acid is lower than that of benzoic acid.
(n) Why carboxylic acid does not give nucleophilic addition reaction like aldehydes and ketones.
(o) Write the products formed when (CH3)3C-CHO reacts with the following reagents:
(i) CH3COCH3 in the presence of dilute NaOH
(ii) HCN
(iii) Conc. NaOH
(p) Draw the structure of the semicarbazone of ethanal.
(q) Draw the structure of the 2,4-DNP derivative of ethanal.
(r) Why pKa of F-CH2-COOH is lower than that of Cl-CH2-COOH.
2. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction -:
(a) Ethanal, Propanal, Butanone, Propanone
(b) Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, Acetophenone, Acetone [Reactivity towards HCN]
(c) CH3COCH3, CH3CHO, HCHO, C6H5COCH3 [Increasing order]
(d) CH3COCH3, C6H5-CO-C6H5, CH3CHO [Increasing order]
3. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of acidic strength -:
(a) O2N-CH2-COOH, F-CH2-COOH, CN-CH2-COOH [Increasing order of acidity]
(b) 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, Benzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid [Increasing order of acidity]
(c) (CH3)2CH-COOH, CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH [Increasing order of acidity]
(d) p-Nitrophenol, phenol, ethanol [Increasing order of acidity]
(e) (Cl)2CHCOOH, Cl-CH2-COOH, CCl3-COOH [Increasing order of acidity]
Amines -:
Distinguish Test -:
Questions -:
Conversion questions -:
1. Ethanal to But-2-en-1-al
2. Propanoic acid to 2-Chloropropanoic acid
3. Phenol to picric acid
4. Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
5. Phenol to anisole
6. Propene to Propan-1-ol
7. Acetophenone to Benzoic acid
8. Ethylbenzene to Benzoic acid
9. Bromobenzene to Benzoic acid
10. Toluene to Benzoic acid
11. Benzaldehyde to 1-phenylethanol
12. Phenol and Cyclohexanol
13. Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde
14. Propan-1-ol to 2-Bromopropanoic acid
15. Acetaldehyde to But-2-enal
16. Nitrobenzene to Aniline
17. Ethanamide to Methanamine
18. Ethanenitrile to Ethanamine
19. Benzoyl chloride to Benzaldehyde
20. Ethanal to 3-hydroxy butanal
21. Ethanoic acid to 2-chloroethanoic acid
22. Propanal to propane
23. Ethanoic acid to Ethanamide
24. Benzoic acid to aniline
25. Aniline to p-bromoaniline
26. Sodium phenoxide to o-hydroxybenzoic acid
27. Acetone to propene
28. Phenol to chlorobenzene
29. Phenol to o-hydroxybenzaldehyde
30. Methanol to Ethanol
31. Phenol to Phenyl ethanoate
32. Ethanal to propan-2-ol
33. Aniline to Phenol
34. Prop-1-ene to Propan-1-ol
35. Anisole to 2-methoxytoluene
36. Nitrobenzne to aniline
37. Ethanoic acid to methanamine
38. Aniline to N-phenylethanamide
39. Ethanenitrile to propanone
40. Benzoic acid to benzene
41. Cumene to phenol
42. 1-chlorobutane to 1-iodobutane
43. But-1-ene to 1-iodobutane
44. Bromoethane to Propanamine
45. Anisole to phenol
Complete the following chemical equations and identify ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’ -:
PCl5 (i) H2 (i) CH3MgBr
1. CH3COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
(ii) Pd−BaSO4 (ii) H3O+
LiAlH4
2. CH3COCl →
PCl5 AgCN
3. CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 → ‘A’ → ‘B’
ethanol HBr
4. CH3CH2CH2Cl + KOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Mg H2O
5. C4H7Br{Cyclic} → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Dry ether
H2NCONHNH2
6. C6H5CHO →
CuCN H2O NH3
7. C6H5N2+ Cl− → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
H+ ∆
Fe NaNO2 + HCl C2H5OH
8. C6H5NO2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
HCl 0oC
NH3 Br2 + NaOH NaNO2 + HCl
9. C6H5COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
∆ 0oC
KCN LiAlH4 HNO2
10. CH3CH2Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
0oC
Conc. NaOH
11. C6H5CHO →
∆
12. C6H5OCH3 + HBr →
Br2 (aq)
13. C6H5NH2 →
(i) HBF4
14. C6H5N2+ Cl− →
(ii) NaNO2 /Cu,∆
CH3CH2OH
15. C6H5N2+ Cl− →
KCN LiAlH4 HNO2
16. CH3CH2Cl → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
0o C
NH3 (i) LiAlH4 C6H5SO2 Cl
17. CH3COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ →
∆ (ii) H2O
Conc. NaOH
18. 2C6H5CHO →
(i) KMnO4 , KOH
19. C6H5CH2CH3 →
(ii) H+
H2
20. C6H5COCl →
Pd−BaSO4
HNO3+ H2SO4
21. C6H5CHO →
273−278 K
NaOH+CaO
22. C6H11COONa →
∆
NH2OH
23. CH3CHO →
Sn+HCl Br2 water
24. C6H5NO2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Br2 + alc. KOH CH3COCl
25. CH3CH2CONH2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Pyridine
26. 2CH3COCl + (CH3)2Cd →
Zn (Hg)
27. CH3CH2CHO →
Conc HCl
(a) AlH−(i−Bu)2 H2N−OH
28. CH3CN → ‘A’ → ‘B’
(b) H2O H+
(i) HBr
29. CH3-CH=CH2 →
(ii) aq.KOH
Conc. H2SO4
30. C6H5Cl →
∆
HCl
31. p-Hydroxy Benzyl alcohol →
∆
Cu
32. (CH3)3C-OH →
573 K
H2O Mg alc. KOH HBr Na
33. ‘E’ ← ‘D’ → CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Dry ether Dry ether
CrO3 H2N−NH−CONH2
34. C6H11OH → ‘A’ → ‘B’
NaCN/HCl
35. C6H5CHO →
36. (C6H5CH2)2Cd + 2CH3COCl →
(i) Br2/Red P4
37. CH3CH(CH3)COOH →
(ii) H2O
H+
38. C6H5CH=CH2 + H2O →
39. C6H5OC2H5 + HI →
(CH3CO)2O
40. C6H5NH2 →
Pyridine
(CH3)2 NH
41. C6H5SO2Cl →
CH3CH2OH
42. C6H5N2+ Cl− →
Mg (i) CO2 PCl5
43. C6H5Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Dry ether (ii) H3 O+
SnCl2/HCl dil. NaOH ∆
44. CH3CN → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
H 3 O+
(CH3CO)2O
45. Salicylic acid →
H+
HI
46. CH3CH(CH3)-O-CH2-CH3 →
PCC
47. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-OH →
48. (CH3)3C-O-CH3 + HI →
(i) B2 H6
49. CH3-CH=CH2 →
(ii) 3H2O2/ OH−
(i) aq. NaOH
50. C6H5OH →
(ii) CO2,H+
Br2+ aq.KOH NaNO2 + HCl KI
51. C6H5-CONH2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
(0−5)o C
KCN LiAlH4 CHCl3+ alc. KOH
52. CH3-Cl → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
∆
CH3COCl Zn−Hg (i) KMnO4 /KOH
53. C6H6 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Anhy AlCl3 Conc.HCl (ii) H3O+
NaOI
54. C6H5COCH3 →
(i) DIBAL−H
55. CH3-CH=CH-CH2CN →
(ii) H2O
SOCl2
56. C6H11OH →
Peroxide
57. C6H5-CH2-CH=CH2 + HBr →
KCN LiAlH4 HNO2
58. CH3Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
273 K
NH3 Br2 + KOH CHCl3+ NaOH
59. CH3COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
∆
H+
60. Cyclohexanone + H2N-OH →
61. 2C6H5CHO + Conc. NaOH →
Cl2/ P
62. CH3COOH →
?
63. C6H5-COCl → C6H5-CHO
?
64. CH3-COONa → CH4
HCN
65. CH3CHO →
(i) CO2
66. C6H5MgBr →
(ii) H3O+
LiAlH4
67. CH3-CN →
CH3 COCl Br2 H+
68. C6H5NH2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Pyridine CH3COOH
CHCl3+ KOH
69. C6H5NH2 →
HNO3 + H2SO4
70. C6H5NHCOCH3 →
[INORGANIC CHEMISTRY]
1. Give reason -:
(a) Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements.
(b) Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solution.
(c) Ti3+ is coloured whereas Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution.
(d) Cr2+ is strong reducing agent.
(e) Write two similarities between chemistry of lanthanoids and actinoids.
(f) Cu2+ salts are coloured while Zn2+ salts are colourless.
(g) Transition metals form complex compounds.
o o
(h) The EMn 2+ /Mn value for manganese is highly negative whereas EMn3+ /Mn2+ is highly positive.
4. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in the presence of KNO3 as an oxidising agent, it gives a dark green compound
(A). compound (A) disproportionate in acidic solution to give purple compound (B). An alkaline solution of
compound (B) oxidises KI to compound (C) whereas acidified solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to (D).
Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
5. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow coloured compound (A) is obtained
which on acidification with dilute sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl
forms a orange coloured crystalline compound (C).
(a) Write the formulae of compound (A), (B) and (C).
(b) Write one use of compound (C).
Coordination compounds -: