†hvMv‡hvM BDwbU

Communication
8
f‚wgKv
aiæb, mKv‡j gv‡qi Wv‡K Avcbvi Nyg fv½j| gv‡qi mv‡_ Avcbvi †hvMv‡hvM nj| bv¯Ív †L‡q wUD‡Uvwiqvj
†m›Uv‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ wi·vPvj‡Ki mv‡_ fvov PzwK‡q wi·vq D‡V em‡jb| GLv‡b wi·vIqvjvi mv‡_ Avcbvi
†hvMv‡hvM nj| wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m †cuŠ‡Q wUDU‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM nj| Avgiv †hLv‡bB _vwKbv †Kb, hvnv wKQz
Kwi bv †Kb, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †Kvb KvR Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ Kiv m¤¢e
nq bv| e¨emvq RM‡ZI †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³| AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM Qvov e¨emv
Kiv m¤¢e bq|

GB BDwb‡U †hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv, cwiwa, D‡Ïk¨, ¸iæZ¡, bxwZgvjv, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Ges Kvh©vejx BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| G QvovI, G BDwb‡U Z_¨-cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wel‡qi Dc‡i Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡e| Zvn‡j Avmyb, BDwb‡Ui cÖwZwU cvV †kl K‡i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bvbv welq m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-1 : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv, cÖwµqv I ¸iæZ¡
cvV-2 : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f`
cvV-3 : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©vejx
cvV-4 : e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡M AvBwmwU
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.1 †hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv, cÖwµqv I ¸iæZ¡

Concept, Process and Importance of Communication
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv (Concept of Communication)

BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡Z e‡jwQ, gv‡qi Wv‡K Avcbvi Nyg fv½j| GLv‡b gv‡qi mv‡_ Avcbvi fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb nj|
wi·vPvj‡Ki mv‡_ wUD‡Uvwiqvj †m›Uv‡i GK gvBj iv¯Ív wi·vq hvIqvi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb nj| Avevi wUDUi
Avcbv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ZvwË¡K welq we¯ÍvwiZ welq eywS‡q w`‡jb| GLv‡b wUDU‡ii mv‡_ Avcbvi †hvMv‡hvM aviYvi
Av`vb-cÖ`vb nj| myZivs mnR K_vq fve, aviYv I Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev wewbgq‡K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e
ej‡Z †M‡j ej‡Z n‡e †h, e¨vcK A‡_© †hvMv‡hvM nj D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb wel‡q fve,
aviYv, gZvgZ, Z_¨, wb‡`©kbv BZ¨vw`i wewbgq| †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxlx bvbv ai‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb|
Avmyb †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB:
wbDg¨vb I mvgvi-Gi g‡Z Ô†hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ Z_¨, fve, AwfgZ ev Av‡eM-AbyfywZi
wewbgqÕ| KzÄ Ges Dwqwi‡Pi g‡Z, †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv ‡cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi, †h Z_¨ Øviv
cÖvcK ‡Kvb wKQz AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b ïay Z‡_¨i Dci †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
e¨w³i cvkvcvwk wKQz msMVbI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Av‡gwiKvb e¨e¯’vcbv mwgwZ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi wb‡¤œv³ msÁv w`‡q‡Q: Ô†hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Ggb me AvPiYB Avgiv ey‡S _vwK hv †Kvb A_© ev fv‡ei
wewbgq NUvqÕ| G msÁvwU A‡bK e¨vcK| †Kbbv GwU‡Z AvPi‡Yi welqwUI ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, we‡kl †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K Ab¨
R‡bi wbKU Z_¨, fve, aviYv, msev` ev gZvgZ †cÖi‡Yi cÖwµqvB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| GwU †gŠwLK n‡Z cv‡i, wjwLZ
n‡Z cv‡i, AvKvi-Bw½‡Z n‡Z cv‡i Avevi cÖhyw³i gva¨‡gI n‡Z cv‡i| G cv‡V e¨emv‡qi welqwU cÖvavb¨ w`‡q
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv I ¸iæ‡Z¡i welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
e¨em‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mswkøó c‡ÿi e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ fve, aviYv I Z‡_¨i wewfbœ cÖKvi Av`vb-
cÖ`vb‡K e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| e¨emv‡qi mvwe©K mdjZv myôz †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DciB wbf©i K‡i| Gevi Avmyb
Avgiv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv (Communication Process)

†h †Kvb cÖwµqv BbcyU w`‡q ïiæ nq Ges AvDUcyU w`‡q †kl nq| †hvMv‡hv‡MI GKwU wba©vwiZ cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q|
mvaviYfv‡e †h c×wZ‡Z evZ©v cvVv‡bv nq Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e‡j| G cÖwµqvq `yÕwU cÿ _v‡K: †cÖiK I
cÖvcK| †cÖiK evZ©v (message) †cÖiY K‡i Ges cÖvcK evZ©v MÖn‡Yi ci wbR¯^ gZvg‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖwZDËi †`q,
hv‡K ejv nq ÔwdWe¨vKÕ (feedback)|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-148

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

MESSAGE
S R
FEEDBACK

Gevi ejyb‡Zv, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq BbcyU I AvDUcyU Kx? GKwU B‡Ui fvUvi BbcyU nj ÔgvwUÕ, Avi AvDUcyU nj
cvKv BU| BbcyU I AvDUcyU cy‡ivcywi wfbœ| Gevi cÖ‡kœi DËi e‡j w`w”Q| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi BbcyU-AvDUcyU
GKB - †hwU nj evZ©v ev Message| Avgiv mK‡jB kãwUi mv‡_ cwiwPZ| Message kãwUi mv‡_ cwiwPZ bv
n‡jI SMS Gi mv‡_ cwiwPZ| †Kbbv cÖwZwbqZ †gvevB‡j SMS Kwi| SMS-Gi c~Yv© ½ iƒc nj Short Message
Service| Gevi Avmyb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB|
mnR K_vq Z_¨, msev` ev aviYv †cÖiY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i MÖnY ch©šÍ †h cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq, Zv‡KB †hvMv‡hvM
cÖwµqv ejv nq| G wel‡q bvbv †jLK bvbv ai‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| wb‡P †m¸‡jv †`Iqv nj:
Aa¨vcK Koontz & Weihrich e‡j‡Qb, ‡h wbe©vwPZ P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g †cÖiK Zvi evZ©v cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q †cÖiY K‡i
Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM cªwµqv e‡j (Communication Process involves the sender who transmits a massage through
a selected channel to the receiver)| Kreitner-Gi g‡Z, “Comminication process is a chain made up of
identifiable links. This chain includes sender, encoding, message, reciever, decoding and feedback.” A_©vr
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv KwZcq wel‡qi mv‡_ GKwU wkK†ji g‡Zv m¤úK©h³ y | Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †cÖiK, ‡cÖiK KZ©„K
‡cÖwiZe¨ welq Abyaveb (Gb†KvwWs), †cÖiY‡hvM¨ evZ©v (†g‡mR), evZ©v †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ P¨v‡bj ev gva¨g, cÖvcK,
cÖvcK KZ©„K cÖvß evZ©v ey‡S †bIqv (wW‡KvwWs) I cÖvcK KZ©„K cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †cÖi‡Ki wbKU cybivq evZ©v †cÖiY
(wdWe¨vK)| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq KZ¸‡jv c`‡ÿc i‡q‡Q|

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Dcv`vb (Elements of Communication Process)

†h †Kvb cÖwµqvi KwZcq Dcv`vb _v‡K| †hvMv‡hvM †h‡nZz GKwU cÖwµqv, †m‡nZz GiI KwZcq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q|
Zvn‡j Avmyb †m¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|
wb‡P †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Zz‡j aiv nj:
1. †cÖiK (Sender) t whwb evZ©v, aviYv ev Z_¨ A‡b¨i wbKU cvVvb, Zv‡K †cÖiK ejv nq| wZwb wPšÍvfvebv K‡i
cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q Kx †cÖiY Ki‡eb Zv w¯’i K‡ib| †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡KB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ïiæ nq|
2. †cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv (Encoding) t Z_¨‡K †cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bvB n‡jv Gb‡KvwWs (encoding)|
‡cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bvi ci fve, aviYv ev Z_¨ †cªi‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq|
3. evZ©v (Message) t evZ©v n‡jv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖvY ev g~j welq| evZ©v Qvov †hvMv‡hvM nq bv| †hvMv‡hvM mv_©K
n‡Z n‡j evZ©v ev msev` cwic~Y© n‡Z n‡e Ges Dc¯’vcb Ggb n‡e †hb cÖvcK mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi
evZ©vwU Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z welqwU cÖvcK I †cÖi‡Ki wbKU GKB A_© enb K‡i| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©
n‡e|

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-149

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4. gva¨g (Channel) t Z_¨, msev` ev aviYv GKwU P¨v‡bj ev gva¨g w`‡q †cÖiK †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q †cÖiY Kiv
nq| GwU wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i, gy‡L-gy‡L n‡Z cv‡i A_ev h‡š¿i gva¨‡gI n‡Z cv‡i| gva¨g n‡jv cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q
msev` †cuŠQv‡bvi c_ ev Dcvq| †hgb mivmwi gy‡LvgyLx evZ©v †cªiY Kiv hvq wKsev †Uwj‡dvb I †gvevBj Øviv
ev wPwV, †UwjMÖvg, †UwjwcÖ›Uvi, d¨v· Øviv wjwLZfv‡eI evZ©v †cÖiY Kiv hvq| Avevi wUwf, †iwWI I cÎ-
cwÎKvi gva¨‡gI †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| †cÖiK ¯^xq myweav g‡Zv djcÖm~ P¨v‡bj ev gva¨g †e‡Q wb‡e| P¨v‡bj
h_v‡cvhy³ bv n‡j evZ©v h‡Zv fv‡jvB †nvK bv †Kb Zv e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
5. cÖvcK (Receiver) t hv‡K D‡Ïk K‡i msev` †cÖwiZ nq wZwb n‡jb cÖvcK| msev` cvIqv gvÎB wZwb Zv
wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q †bb ev decode K‡ib| cÖvc‡Ki wbKUB msev` †cÖiY Kiv nq| Zvi nv‡Z msev`
†cuŠQv‡bv gvÎB GKgyLx†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv mgvß nq|
6. MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv (Decoding) t msev` cvevi ci cÖvcK Zv ‡evSvi †Póv K‡ib| GRb¨ wZwb MÖnY‡hvM¨
K‡i, wb‡Ri K‡i, ¯^xq a¨vb-aviYvi Av‡jv‡K cÖvß evZ©v Avcb g‡b mvwR‡q †bb| A_©vr cy‡iv e¨vcviwU wZwb
Abyave‡bi †Póv K‡ib| GwU‡K ejv nq cÖvcK KZ©„K © wW‡KvwWs Kiv|
7. djveZ©b (Feedback) t †cÖi‡Ki evZ©v cÖvcK †c‡q‡Qb wKbv, A_© ey‡S‡Qb wKbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v
wb‡q‡Qb wKbv Rvbvi Rb¨ djveZ©b cÖ‡qvRb| djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Abyaveb, Z_¨ †cÖiY I MÖnY m¤ú‡K©
cÖvc‡Ki g‡bvfve m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq, ‡evSv hvq Ges wbwðZ nIqv hvq| G Qvov djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvcK wK
ai‡bi c`‡ÿc wb‡”Q ZvI †evSv hvq|M„nxZ Z_¨ cy‡ivcywi AvZ¥¯’ Kivi ci wZwb wPšÍv K‡ib, †cÖiK‡K wK
Rvbv‡eb| Ônu¨vÕ ev ÔbvÕ ev evZ©v ms‡kvab Kivi Aby‡iva K‡i †cÖi‡Ki Kv‡Q wZwb Zvi cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡ib,
hv‡K ejv nq djveZ©b| djveZ©b Kivi ci wØgyLx †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq| cÖwZwµqv Rvbv‡bvi g‡a¨
w`‡q †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e„ËvKv‡i Ny‡i _v‡K| djveZ©b Qvov †cÖiK eyS‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi msev` cÖvcK †c‡q‡Q
wKbv, †c‡jI h_vh_ e¨e¯’v wb‡q‡Q wKbv|
8. †Mvj‡hvM (Noise) t ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi †h †Kvb ¯Í‡i wewfbœ Kvi‡Y mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i hv‡K ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi
fvlvq Ô‡Mvj‡hvMÕ ejv nq| kã, Ab¨‡`i K_vevZ©v, Av‡kcv‡ki AvIqvR BZ¨vw` ‡hvMv‡hv‡MÔ‡Mvj‡hvMÕ m„wó
K‡i| †Mvj‡hvM †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv‡K AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Mvj‡hvM
Øviv msev` MÖnY ev †cÖi‡Y mgm¨vi m„wó bv nq|

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Communication)

gvbeRxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †hgb †hvMv‡hvM Avek¨K, †Zgwb e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨I †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb|
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ h_v¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q †`qv nq| †m Kvi‡Y e¨w³Rxeb, e¨emv I mgvR Rxeb,
ag©xq Ges RvZxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
wb‡P †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1. jÿ¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ï‡k¨i K_v wewfbœ cÿ‡K Rvwb‡q †`Iqv nq|
G‡Z mevB D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mw¤§wjZfv‡e KvR K‡i Ges d‡j Kvg¨ djvdj wbðZ Kiv hvq|
2. cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb t e¨e¯’vcbvi Dc‡ii ¯‘‡i †h cwiKíbv †bIqv nq Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Aa¯Íb Kgx©‡`i
gv‡S weZiY Kiv nq| Avi G weZi‡Yi Kvh©wU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kiv nq| h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM e¨ZxZ
cÖwZôvb cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
3. mgš^qmvab t cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi me©¯‡Í ii wb‡qvwRZ Kgx© Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡h©i
g‡a¨ myôz mgš^qmva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v|
4. wb‡`©kbv t D”P ch©v‡qi e¨e¯’vcK‡`i‡K bvbv cÖKvi wb‡`©kbv ga¨¯Íi I wbgœ¯‡Í ii Kgx©‡`i wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z
nq| KviY †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †Kvb wb‡`©k wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †cÖiY m¤¢e bq|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-150

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

5. ‰eÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvq f~wgKv t eZ©gvb hy‡M cÖwZôv‡b ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| ‰eÁvwbK
e¨e¯’vcbv Kgx©‡`i gvbexq w`‡Ki cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K| †hgb, Kgx©‡`i †cÖlYv cÖ`vb, wPË we‡bv`b,
‡Ljva~jv, wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb Ges KviLvbvi Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| G‡Z
cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`bkxjZv †e‡o hvq| h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM we`¨gvb _vK‡j ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbv djcÖm~ nq|
6. Kgx©‡`i `ÿZv e„w× t myôz †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kgx©iv Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I Zv m¤úv`‡bi DËg c×wZ I
cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡M †_‡KB AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Kgx©‡`i Kvh©`ÿZv, Kv‡h©i cwigvY I ¸YMZgvb e„w×
cvq|
7. g‡bvej e„w× t wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨e¯’vcbv I Kgx©‡`i mv‡_ msMV‡bi m¤úK© wbweo nq| msMV‡bi
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b Zv‡`i Kv‡h©i ¸iæZ¡ Ges Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Zv‡`i g‡bvej e„w× cvq|
8. †bZ…Z¡`vb t cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb‡K †bZv wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| me‡ÿ‡ÎB `ÿ †bZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I myôz
†hvMv‡hvM Qvov †bZ…Z¡ e¨_© n‡Z eva¨| wZwb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zvi civgk© I wb‡`©k Aaxb¯Í‡`i g‡a¨ cÖPvi
K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
9. Kg©mš‘wó weavb t wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡`i m‡e©v”P Kg©mš‘wó weavb Kiv hvq| KviY, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨‡g gvwjK ev e¨e¯’vcbvi B”Qv, AvKv•ÿv, Kg©c×wZ BZ¨vw` Kgx©iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Kgx©‡`i g‡a¨ DËg
gvbweK m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| Df‡qi m‡e©v”P ¯^v_© msiÿY m¤¢e nq| d‡j Kv‡h©i cÖwZ AvMÖn I AvbyMZ¨ e„w×mn
Kgx©‡`i Kg©mšy‘wó e„w× cvq|
10. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× t Kgx©‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w× cvq|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kgx©iv Zv‡`i Afve-Awf‡hvM e¨e¯’vcK‡`i‡K Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| d‡j e¨e¯’vcK I Kgx©‡`i
g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbweo nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avcbvi GKwU LvZvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc:
e¨em‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mswkøó c‡ÿi e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ fve, aviYv I Z‡_¨i wewfbœ cÖKvi
Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| mnR K_vq: fve, aviYv I Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb ev wewbgq‡K †hvMv‡hvM
e‡j| wbDg¨vb I mvgvi-Gi g‡Z, †hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ Z_¨, fve, AwfgZ ev Av‡eM-
AbyfywZi wewbgq| Av‡gwiKvb e¨e¯’vcbv mwgwZi g‡Z, †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Ggb me AvPiYB Avgiv ey‡S _vwK hv
†Kvb A_© ev fv‡ei wewbgq NUvq| KzÄ Ges Dwqwi‡Pi g‡Z, †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv ‡cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU
Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi, †h Z_¨ Øviv cÖvcK ‡Kvb welq AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1

√) wPý w`b-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK& (√
1. e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) Z_¨ wewbgq
M) Av`vb-cÖ`vb N) e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM
2. e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ †Kvbw&U?
K) Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb L) cwiKíbv
M) msMVb N) wbqš¿Y

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-151

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. cÖvß msev‡`i cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ`vb‡K Kx e‡j?

K) msev` L) djvdj
M) AewnZKiY N) fvlY
4. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ_g Dcv`vb wK?
K) †cÖiK L) gva¨g
M) msev` N) cÖvcK
5. cÖvß msev‡`i cÖZz¨‡Ëi cÖ`vb‡K Kx e‡j?
K) msev` L) djveZ©b
M) AewnZKiY N) fvlY
6. hvi gva¨‡g Z_¨, aviYv, msev` †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq ....
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
M) djveZ©b N) meKÕwU

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-152

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

cvV-8.2 †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Communication
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †kÖYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• wewfbœ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav Ges Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f`
Types of Communication
e¨w³ Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ivóª Ges AvšÍRv© wZK ch©v‡q Z_¨ ev fve wewbgq I wm×všÍMnÖ ‡Y †hvMv‡hvM GKwU
AZ¨vek¨K Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| e¨w³, cÖwZôvb ev e¨enviKvixi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †hvM‡hv‡Mi e¨w³ I †ÿÎ
wba©vwiZ nq Ges Z_¨ I msev` Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ cÖKvi
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
(K) AvbyôvwbKZvi wfwˇZ †hvMv‡hvM (Classification on the basis of formality): AvbyôvwbKZvi wfwˇZ
†hvMv‡hvM‡K wb‡¤œv³ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM (Formal communication): cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwôZ P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g Ges Awdwmqvj
wbqgvbyhvqx ¯’vwcZ †hvMv‡hvM‡K AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
cÖvwZôvwbK D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb| K‡_vcK_b, wi‡cvU©, †g‡gv‡iÛvg, ey‡jwUb BZ¨vw`
AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g|
2. AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM (Informal communication): cÖwZwôZ wbqg-Kvbyb cÖwZcvjb e¨wZ‡i‡K
cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ c‡ÿi g‡a¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
mvaviYZ †Kw›U‡b, K¬v‡e, hvZvqvZKvjxb Mvwo‡Z wKsev Ab¨ †Kv_vI Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q G
RvZxq †hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq| AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cvkvcvwk AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡
i‡q‡Q|
(L) cÖwZôv‡bi cwi‡ekwfwËK †hvMv‡hvM (Organisational environment-based communication): cÖwZôv‡bi
cwi‡e‡ki wfwˇZ †hvMv‡hvM‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM (Internal communication): GKB cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i wewfbœ c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Z_¨ ev
fv‡ei wewbgq‡K Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡`i g‡a¨ G
RvZxq †hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq| Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KvЇK MwZkxj iv‡L| cÖvwZôvwbK
Kg©Kv‡Ði `ÿZv Ges mvdj¨ Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj|
2. evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM (External communication): cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †h
†hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq Zv‡K ewn¯’t‡hvMv‡hvM ev evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b
Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb, miKvi, †`bv`vi, cvIbv`vi, MÖvnK, e¨vsKvi, exgvKvix, †kqvi†nvìvi cÖf„wZ wewfbœ
c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ c‡ÿi mv‡_ †h †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq, ZvB-B n‡jv evwn¨K
†hvMv‡hvM|
(M) Z_¨ cÖev‡ni wfwˇZ †hvMv‡hvM (Communication on the basis of flow of message): Z_¨ cÖev‡ni
wfwˇZ †hvMv‡hvM‡K wb‡¤œv³ Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-153

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM (Downward communication): msMV‡bi Dc‡ii ¯Í‡ii Kg©iZ wbe©vnx‡`i wbKU
†_‡K evZ©v wb‡Pi ¯Í‡i Kg©iZ e¨w³‡`i wbKU †cÖwiZ n‡j Zv‡K wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| G RvZxq †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq DaŸ©Zb KZ…c © ÿ Aa¯Íb‡`i wbKU cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡`k-wb‡`©k, Kg©m~wP
BZ¨vw` †cÖiY K‡i|
2. DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM (Upward communication): Aa¯Íb Kg©xiv DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi †cÖwiZ evZ©vi
djveZ©b wn‡m‡e, Afve-Awf‡hvM Ávc‡bi j‡ÿ, cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© A_ev Av‡`k-wb‡`©k cvIqvi Rb¨
DaŸ©Zb wbe©vnx‡`i mv‡_ †h †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
3. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM (Horizontal communication): †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡b DaŸ©Zb †_‡K Aa¯Íb Ges
Aa¯Íb †_‡K DaŸ©Z‡bi g‡a¨B †hvMv‡hvM mxgve× _v‡K bv| mgc‡` AwawôZ Ges mgch©v‡qi e¨w³ I
KZ…c© ‡ÿi g‡a¨I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| mgch©v‡qi ev mgc‡` AwawôZ e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ
†hvM‡hvM‡K mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
4. †KŠwYK †hvMv‡hvM (Diagonal communication): †KŠwYK †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM
†hLv‡b Z‡_¨i cÖevn LvovLvwo wKsev mgvšÍivj †Kv‡bvfv‡e bv n‡q AuvKveuvKv fv‡e n‡q _v‡K| G RvZxq
†hvMv‡hvM Lye †ewk e¨eüZ nq bv| Z‡e Riæix cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wKsev `ªæZ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev msev` Av`vb-
cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î G RvZxq †hvMv‡hvM LyeB Kvh©Ki| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, wnmve wefv‡Mi
K¨vwkqv‡ii wbKU †_‡K hw` cÖkvmb wefv‡Mi g¨v‡bRvi K¨vk msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Rvb‡Z Pvb Ges
K¨vwkqvi hw` h_vh_ P¨v‡b‡j Z_¨ bv cvwV‡q cÖkvm‡bi wbKU mivmwi Z_¨ †cÖiY K‡i, Zvn‡j Giƒc Z_¨
cÖevn‡K †KŠwYK †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
(N) Kvh©wfwËK †hvMv‡hvM (Communication on the basis of function): cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefv‡M bvbvwea Kvh©
m¤úvw`Z nq| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wefvM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wewfbœ Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z wM‡q †h †hvMv‡hvM Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o, Zv‡KB Kvh©wfwËK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Kvh©wfwËK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwˇZ †hvMv‡hvM‡K wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKfv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq :
1. mvsMVwbK †hvMv‡hvM (Organizational communication): cÖvwZôvwbK `wjjcÎ cÖYqb, D‡Ïk¨/jÿ¨
wba©viY, cwjwm cÖYqb, wb‡`©k cÖ`vb I wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb BZ¨vw` mvsMVwbK cÖ‡qvR‡b msNwUZ †hvMv‡hvM
n‡jv mvsMVwbK †hvMv‡hvM|
2. ˆbwgwËK ev iæwUb †hvMv‡hvM (Routine communication): †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbqZ
†hme Z_¨vw` wewbgq nq, †m¸‡jv iæwUb †hvMv‡hvM| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv wPwVcÎ †jLv, †Uwj‡dvb
Kiv, dvBj IqvK©, wb‡`©k cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`|
3. we‡klvwqZ wefvMxq †hvMv‡hvM (Specialized departmental communication): cÖwZôv‡bi AšÍMZ ©
wefvM¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i wbR¯^ wjwLZ ¯§viK, wi‡cvU© I wPwVc·K weklvwqZ †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
4. Dbœqbg~jK †hvMv‡hvM (Development-oriented communication): e¨emv‡qi DbœwZi Rb¨ †h me
wel‡q AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K Dbœqg~jK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|

‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi c×wZ (Methods of Communication)

1. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Witten Communication)t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evZ©v hLb wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM me‡P‡q dj`vqK c×wZ| KviY GwU weK…Z nq bv, wbqš¿Y mnR nq Ges
†iKW© _v‡K| ZvB GwU `xN©¯’vqx †idv‡iÝ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| wjwLZ ‡hvMv‡hvM AvBbMZ wbivcËv cÖ`vb
K‡i|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav (Advantages of Written Communication)t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î
A‡bK myweav i‡q‡Q| Avmyb †m¸‡jv †R‡b wbBÑ

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-154

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

1. ¯’vqx †iKW© t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM GKwU ¯’vqx †iKW©| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †h †Kvb mg‡q, †h †Kvb wel‡q AZx‡Z wK
†hvMv‡hvM n‡qwQj Zv †iKW© †_‡K Lyu‡R †ei K‡i †`Lv hvq| Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g GUv m¤¢e bq|
2. cÖvgvY¨ `wjj t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e A_©nxb| †Kvb wel‡q AvB‡bi Avkªq wb‡Z n‡j
Av`vj‡Z cÖvgvY¨ `wjjcÎ `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M GUv Lye mn‡R Kiv m¤¢e nq|
3. mnR‡eva¨ I MÖnY‡hvM¨ t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM mnR‡eva¨ I MÖnY‡hvM¨ gva¨g| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a evievi cvV K‡i
e³e¨ D×vi Kiv hvq|
4. mnRZifv‡e wbfy©jZv hvPvBt wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wbfyj © Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ G‡K cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
5. kw³kvjx I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv t ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ nIqvB DwPZ| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨|
6. mnR Dc¯’vcbv t RwUj welqmg~n wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mn‡RB Zz‡j aiv hvq|
7. weK…wZi m¤¢vebv Kg t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †Kvb msev` ev NUbv weK…Z Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
8. evûj¨ eR©b I mg‡qi AcPq Kg nq t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M evûj¨ eR©b nq Ges mgq Kg e¨q nq| G‡ÿ‡Î
Abvek¨K hyw³Z‡K©i AeZviYv ev` w`‡q mswÿßvKv‡i e³e¨ †ck Kiv hvq|
9. KZ©„Z¡vc©Y mnR t KZ©„Z¡vc‡Y©i †ÿ‡Î wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨vek¨K| GB cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡M ¯úófv‡e Kgx©i
Kg©`ÿZv I KZ©e¨mg~‡ni msÁv wbiƒcY Kiv nq| Kgx©iv ¯úófv‡e Zv‡`i Kg©cwiwa I ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
cv‡i|
10. e³e¨ †c‡ki myweav t A‡bK e¨e¯’vcK Zvi e³e¨ fvjfv‡e ej‡Z cv‡ib bv| wKš‘ wZwb Zv mvwR‡q-¸wQ‡q
wjL‡Z cv‡ib|
11. cÖPvi gva¨g t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM †Kv¤úvwbi cÖPviYvi KvR K‡i| A‡bK mgq GUv evRv‡i cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg
cÖwZôvq mnvqZv K‡i|
12. e¨w³MZ ms‡hv‡Mi weKí t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨w³MZ ms‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K cwinvi Ki‡Z GKwU Dchy³ &
weKí wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gi d‡j GKRb e¨¯Í wbe©vnx wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gva¨‡g AmsL¨ Aaxb¯Í‡`i
mv‡_ AwZ ¯^í mg‡q †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡Z cv‡ib|
13. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡h AwaK Kvh©Ki t cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZ, jÿ¨, µq-weµq I Drcv`b c×wZ eY©bv, wb‡`©k cÖ`vb,
cÖ‡Yv`bv ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ev `xN©¯v’ qx wel‡q wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM m‡e©vËg|
14. Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y t wbgœ¯Í‡ii ZË¡veavqK‡`i Kv‡Q wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM LyeB Kvh©Ki| GUv Z`viK I wbqš¿Y Kvh©Ki
Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
15. Kvh©Ki Dc¯’vcbv t GB c×wZi †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖ_‡gB e³e¨wUi Lmov wjLv nq| d‡j cwiKíbv Abyhvqx welqe¯‘
cÖ¯‘Z K‡i AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav (Disadvantages of Written Communication)t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wKQz wKQz
ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ Av‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1. e¨qeûj t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨qeûj| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ¯Z ‘ Ki‡Z KvMR, Kvwj, Kjg, Kw¤úDUvi,
UvBcivBUvi, UvBcwjLK, mvB‡K¬v÷vBj †gwkb, wcÖw›Us †gwkb BZ¨vw` e¨env‡ii `iKvi nq| ZvB wjwLZ
†hvMv‡hv‡M e¨q A‡bK ‡ewk nq|
2. mg‡qi AcPq t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b AwaK mgq e¨q nq| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mvgbv-mvgwb ev †Uwj‡dv‡b
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i Aíÿ‡YB m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM iPbv I †cÖi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i wKQz AvbyôvwbKZv
cvjb Ki‡Z nq, hvi Rb¨ G‡Z AwaK mgq e¨q nq|

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-155

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. wbe©vnxi ¯^v_© iÿv t e¨emvq msMV‡bi m`m¨‡`i A‡b‡KB G‡K A‡b¨i Dci †`vl Pvwc‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ A‡b‡K
wbR‡K wbivc` Ae¯’v‡b †i‡L †hvMv‡hvM wjwc ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j †m A‡bK mgq A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxq K_v ev`
w`‡q A‡bK AcÖ‡qvRbxq K_v wj‡L wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wVK ivLvi †Póv K‡i| Giƒc Kiv n‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨
e¨vnZ nq|
4. c‡ivÿ m¤úK© ¯’vcb t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M evZ©v ‡cÖiK I evZ©v cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ mivmwi ev cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ
nq bv| myZivs cÖvc‡Ki wbKU n‡Z A‡bK wej‡¤^ cÖwZ-DËi cvIqv hvh| Kv‡RB †hvMv‡hv‡M †Kvb cÖKvi ÎæwU-
wePz¨wZ n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡kvabg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|
5. AwkwÿZ MÖvn‡Ki wbKU A_©nxb t evZ©v cÖvcK me©`v wkwÿZ n‡e Zv ejv hvq bv| evZ©v MÖvnK AwkwÿZ n‡j
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o|
6. MwZkxjZvi Afve t A‡bK mgq wjwLZ e³‡e¨i cybte¨vL¨v I we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î †hvMv‡hvM
MwZkxjZv I `ªæZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j|
7. ‡MvcbxqZvi Afve t e¨emv‡qi †MvcbxqZvi †ÿ‡Î GUv GKwU AevwÂZ gva¨g| †hvMv‡hvM wjwc †Mvcb Z_¨
duvm Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
8. mn‡R HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQvb hvq bv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e³e¨ wel‡q e³v I †kªvZv hZ mn‡R HKg‡Z¨
Avm‡Z cv‡i, wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Zv A‡bK mgqB m¤¢e nq bv|
9. RwUjZv I `xN©m~ÎZv t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î SzuwK n«v‡mi Rb¨ DaŸ©Zb `vwqZ¡kxj Kg©KZ©vMY wewae×
c×wZ Abymi‡Yi Øviv †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡M RwUjZv I mgm¨v †`Lv †`q Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
cÖwµqv `xN©m~ÎZv †`v‡l `yó nq|
10. AcwieZ©bkxj t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †cÖwiZ evZ©vi cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb, ms‡kvab ev we‡køl‡Yi
†Kvb AeKvk _v‡K bv| d‡j ZvrÿwYK †Kvb fyj cwinvi ev ms‡kvab m¤¢e nq bv|

†gŠwLK ‡hvMv‡hvM (Oral Communication)

GK K_vq, †gŠwLK K_v-evZ©v ev Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq Zv‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
e¨vcK A‡_©, D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiK hLb Zvi g‡bi fve, aviYv, evZ©v, Abyf~wZ, Z_¨ BZ¨vw` K_v-evZ©v ev
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖvcK‡K Rvbvq, Zv‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î GUv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
gva¨g|
cÖwZôv‡bi AwaKvsk †hvMv‡hvMB †gŠwLKfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| ‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB e³v I †kªvZvi
g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ ev mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi Øviv mn‡RB cÖwZwµqv eySv hvq Ges
mg‡SvZvq †cuŠQv hvq| †KŠkj wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨ÿ Av‡jvPbv, †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj, B›UviKg, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, MY
m‡¤^vab BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvaviYZ †Kvb †iKW© ivLv nq bv| `xN©†gqv`x †hvMv‡hv‡M GB c×wZ
Dchy³ bq| Z‡e AwkwÿZ †kªvZvi Rb¨ GB †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g m‡e©vËg|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj (Techniques of Oral Communication)
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK †KŠkj e¨envi Kiv nq; hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q -
1. K‡_vcK_b (Conversation) t AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB wKQz msL¨K †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †h Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq,
Zv‡K K‡_vcK_b ejv nq| e³v I †mªvZvi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© I mg‡SvZv Avbvi Rb¨ GUvB m‡e©vËg cš’v|
K‡_vcK_b mv_©K Kivi Rb¨ wKQz wbqg †g‡b Pjv Avek¨K, h_vt
K) †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZv _vK‡e bv, Av‡jvPbv AvKl©Yxq I Av‡gv`c~Y© K‡i Zyj‡Z n‡e;
L) Ab¨vb¨ e³v‡`i e³‡e¨i cÖwZ AvMÖn †`Lv‡Z n‡e, g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e, evav †`qv hv‡e bv;
M) †mŠRb¨, m¤§vb (wkóvPvi) cÖ`k©‡bi wbqg cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e; Ges
N) mywPwšÍZ gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-156

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

2. †Uwj‡dvb (Telephone) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jv †Uwj‡dvb| Kvievix m¤úK© ¯’vcb I
m¤cÖmvi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i G gva¨gwU e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| G gva¨‡gi e¨envi Qvov AvaywbK Kvievi cwiPvjbv
wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv| †Uwj‡dvb `~i‡Z¡i evav AwZµ‡g mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g †jb‡`‡bi m~ÎcvZ I wb®úwË
Kiv hvq|
†Uwj‡dvwbK †hvMv‡hvM mdj Kivi Rb¨-
K) fv‡jvfv‡e K_v ejvi Af¨vm _vK‡Z n‡e;
L) wb‡Ri Ges cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPq w`‡q K_vi m~Pbv Ki‡Z n‡e;
M) f`ªZv I web‡qi mv‡_ Aci c‡ÿi cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e; Ges
N) mg‡qi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
3. †gvevBj †dvb (Mobile Phone) t mbvZb †Uwj‡dv‡bi (ev j¨vÛ †dv‡bi) AvaywbK ms¯‹iY n‡jv †gvevBj
†dvb| Gi Øviv hLb Lywk ZLbB †cÖiK cÖvc‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| fve, Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM `ªæZZi nq| mbvZb †Uwj‡dv‡bi †P‡q †hvMv‡hvM †ÿ‡Î †gvevBj †dv‡bi e¨envi A‡bK
†ekx|
4. B›UviKg (Intercom) t e„n`vqZb Awd‡m Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î B›UviKg e¨envi Kiv nq|
B›UviK‡gi gva¨‡g ¯^xq ¯’v‡b †_‡KB `ªæZ Avjvc Kiv hvq| GwU e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvRbxq hš¿cvwZi ¯’vcb-
e¨q Qvov we‡kl †Kvb LiP †bB|
5. mvÿvrKvi (Interview) t c~e© †NvwlZ welq/D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q K‡_vcK_bB n‡jv mvÿvrKvi| GB cÖwµqvq wbw`©ó
mg‡q evZ©v †cÖiK-cÖvcK GKÎ n‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Kvievix RM‡Z GB c×wZ cÖwZwbqZB e¨eüZ nq|
mvÿvrKvi wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
K. wbe©vPb I wb‡qvM mvÿvrKvi t cÖwZôv‡b Kg©x wb‡qvM, Kvh© g~j¨vqb, ¯’vqxKiY, c‡`vbœwZ ev we‡kl
wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ GUv Kiv nq|
L. M‡elYv msµvšÍ mvÿvrKvi t M‡elYv Kv‡h©i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv nq|
M. Awf‡hvM mvÿvrKvi t Kgx© I MÖvnK‡`i Afve-Awf‡hvM, Pvwn`v, `vex BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ges
mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ Awf‡hvM mvÿvrKvi †bqv nq|
N. k„•Ljv‡eva mvÿvrKvi t Kgx©‡`i mZK© Kiv, wbôvevb Kiv, KvRK‡g© AvMÖnx Kiv Ges ms‡kvab Kivi Rb¨
k„•Ljv‡eva mvÿvrKvi †bqv nq|
O. †evW© mvÿvrKvi t cÖv_©x evQvB ev cÖK…Z Z_¨ †ei Kivi Rb¨ KwgwU MVb K‡i GB mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv nq|
wewfbœ cÖkœ K‡i cÖK…Z Z_¨ I cÖK…Z cÖv_©x hvPvB-evQvB Kivi Rb¨ GB c×wZ ‡ek Dc‡hvMx|
P. `jxq mvÿvrKvi t wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Ges †Kvb e¨vcv‡i †Kvb `j‡K wRÁvmvev` Kivi Rb¨ `jxq
mvÿvrKv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav t
AvRKvj AwaKvsk g¨v‡bRvi †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| KviY †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bvbvwea
myweav i‡q‡Q| GB cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mdj †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g: c„w_exi me©Î AvR †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~ gva¨g wn‡m‡e †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM‡K cÖvavb¨
†`Iqv n‡q _v‡K| KviY AwaKvsk g¨v‡bRviB Giƒc gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ib †h, †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Zzjbvq DbœZ I mdj †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g|
2. ms‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v: †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M `ywU cÿ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib weavq Z‡_¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi fzj _vK‡j
ev †Kv‡bv wKQz ev` co‡j Zv ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ïa‡i †bqv hvq|
3. mnR cwieZ©b‡hvM¨Zv: †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e³v cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a e³e¨
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G Rb¨ †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbKZvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-157

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4. LiP n«vm: †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M Avbymw½K DcKi‡Yi LiP bv _vKvq Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡M Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg LiP
n‡q _v‡K|
5. mg‡qi AcPq †iva: †gŠwLK K_vevZ©vi gva¨‡g AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B `~ieZx© ¯’v‡bi †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j mg‡qi AcPq nq bv|
6. ‡mŠnv`©¨ e„w×: cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v ev e¨e¯’vcK hw` e¨w³MZfv‡e Kgx©‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡ib,
Kgx©‡`i e¨w³MZ Ges cvwievwiK mgm¨vw`i †LuvR-Lei K‡ib, Zvn‡j Kgx©‡`i g‡bvej e„w× cvq Ges Kv‡Ri
cÖwZ AvšÍwiKZv m„wó nq| G‡Z Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨I e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
7. AvbyôvwbKZvi Abycw¯’wZ: †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡bi Sv‡gjv bvB, hv wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†ÿ‡Î K‡Vvifv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
8. `xN©m~ÎZv cwinvi: †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M †kÖvZv‡`i cÖwZwµqv ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Rvbv hvq| Kv‡RB Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡M
`xN©m~ÎZv cwinvi Kiv m¤¢e nq e‡j e³v mn‡R Zvi Afxó jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. mgš^qmvab: wewfbœ Kgx© Ges wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mgš^qmvab Kiv mnR nIqvq
cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ AR©b mnRZi nq|
10. ‡kÖvZvi cÖwZwµqv Abyaveb: †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M ZvrÿwYKfv‡e e³v I †kÖvZv cÖwZwµqv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
†kÖvZvi cÖwZwµqv ev gZvg‡Zi Dci wfwËZ K‡i e³‡e¨i cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡hvRb Kiv m¤¢e|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweavt
‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wb‡¤œi Amyweav¸‡jv cwijwÿZ nq:
1. msiÿ‡Yi mgm¨vt †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kvb †iKW© _v‡K bv weavq †cÖiK I cÖvcK †KDB Zv msiÿY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| Aek¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi Kvi‡Y AvRKvj A‡bK cÖwZôvb †gŠwLK ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘ †cb WªvB‡f ev
nvW© WªvB‡f msiÿY K‡i iv‡L | B”Qv Ki‡j B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi K‡i ÔK¬vDWÕ-G msiÿY K‡i ivLv hvq|
2. e¨¯ÍZvt c~e©vci wPšÍv bv K‡i e¨¯ÍZvi g‡a¨ e³e¨ †ck Ki‡j fzj nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GgbwK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
c‡q›UI ev` co‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc n‡j e³e¨ A¯úó I ¸iæZ¡nxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i|
3. cwiKíbvi Afvet A‡bK mgq †hvMv‡hvM Kivi c~‡e© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welq/e³e¨ m¤ú‡K© AwMÖg wPšÍvfvebv K‡i
cwiKwíZfv‡e e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| `ªæZZv, Ae‡njv, †ewk AvZ¥wek¦vm BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y GgbwU n‡q _v‡K|
4. ¯úó wPšÍvi Afvet †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c~‡e© ¯úó wPšÍvi Afv‡e †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK e¨¯ÍZvi
Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, ‡KŠkj I fvlvi e¨envi, cÖwZwµqv (AbyK‚j ev cÖwZK‚j) BZ¨vw` wb‡q wPšÍvi
my‡hvM _v‡K bv| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
5. A‡b¨i e³e¨ bv ‡kvbvt A‡bK mgq e³v †kªvZv‡`i e³‡e¨i cÖwZ `„wó †`b bv| ¯^xq gh©v`v, hyw³, AwfÁZv
BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©b wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq Ges cÖwZK‚j cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq|
6. myôz evPbfw½i Afvet myôz evPbfw½i Dci †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~Zv eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| hyw³hy³ I
mwVKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv bv n‡j †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
7. e¨w³Z¡t ‡kªvZviv A‡bK mgq e³vi e¨w³Z¡‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q| Ggb †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i †Pv‡L e³v e¨w³Z¡nxb e‡j g‡b
n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
8. Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Yi Afvet †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j D‡ëv-cvëv
e³e¨ ‡ck ev †eudvm K_v ejv n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq| GRb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I hyw³hy³ e³‡e¨ †ewk
†Rvi w`‡Z n‡e Ges Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z n‡e|
9. Kɯ^‡ii n«vm-e„w×t Ah_v ev cÖ‡qvRb Qvov AvKw¯§Kfv‡e nVvr Kɯ^‡ii n«vm-e„w× Kiv n‡j ‡kªvZviv weiw³
†eva K‡i, Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM bó nq Ges †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
10. e³‡e¨i `xN©m~ÎZvt mvgvb¨ welq wb‡q `xN© mgq e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb ev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wb‡qI cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk
e³e¨ A_©nxb| †Kbbv †kªvZviv ms‡ÿ‡c Ges ¯^í mg‡q e³e¨ ïb‡Z Pvq| Ab¨_vq ˆah©¨ nvwi‡q †d‡j|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-158

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

11. evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki cÖwZeÜKZvt evZ©v-MÖvnK e³vi mKj e³e¨B wb‡Ri fve-Av‡eM Øviv eySvi †Póv K‡i| G‡Z
e³‡e¨i g~j welq A‡bK mgq wfbœfv‡e aiv c‡o|
12. e³‡e¨i djcÖm~Zv ch©v‡jvPbvi Afvet †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Kivi ci e³v Zvi e³e¨ MÖvnK ey‡S‡Q wKbv Ges
djcÖm~ n‡”Q wKbv †mw`‡K A‡bK mgq bRi †`q bv| g~j¨vqb I ch©v‡jvPbvi Afv‡e †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
13. c`gh©v`vRwbZ Ans‡evat A‡bK mgq e³v Zvi e³‡e¨ ¯^xq c`gh©v`v I m¤§vb‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| wKš‘
†kªvZv‡`i cÖvc¨ m¤§vb I kª×v cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
14. wel‡qi ÎæwUc~Y© Dc¯’vcbt †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î D”P wbe©vnxi wb‡`©k, evZ©v, msev` BZ¨vw` Aaxb¯Í‡`i wbKU
fzjfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j Zv Ab¨‡`i wbKU †evaMg¨ nq bv| mnR-mij fvlvq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b D`vniYmn
e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M mdjZvi c~e©kZ© (Preconditions for the Success of Oral Communication)
1. msev` MÖvn‡Ki Av¯’v t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î MÖvn‡Ki wkÿv, Ávb, AwfÁZv, B”Qv, MÖnY ÿgZv, Dcjwä
cÖf„wZi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †hvMv‡hvM mdj n‡e|
2. †cÖwiZ msev‡`i ¯úóZv t msev`/Z_¨ mnR, mij fvlvq ¯úó K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. mwVK Z_¨ †cÖiY t †cÖwiZ Z_¨ Aek¨B mwVK, wbf©yj, ÎæwUgy³ n‡Z n‡e| †Kvb g‡ZB †kªvZv‡K fyj Z_¨ †`qv
hv‡e bv|
4. Av‡e‡Mi †P‡q hyw³i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ t †hvMv‡hvM †ÿ‡Î Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ m¤ú~Y© cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges welqe¯‘i
hyw³hy³ w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ AwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| e³e¨ hyw³hy³ nevi A_©B n‡jv, e³e¨ avivevwnK n‡e
Ges welqe¯‘i cÖwZ †kªvZv †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e|
5. wbqwgZ Abykxjb t e³e¨ ¯úó I myôzfv‡e Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ e³‡e¨i welq wb‡q e³v‡K wbqwgZ Abykxjb Ki‡Z
n‡e| †Kbbv wbqwgZ Abykxjb e³‡e¨i myôz Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨ AwZ Riæwi|
6. welqe¯‘i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb t e³v I †kªvZv Dfq‡KB e³‡e¨i welqe¯‘i Dci †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e, ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z
n‡e| e³v‡K e³e¨ ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ †kªvZv‡KI e³e¨ ¯úó K‡i eyS‡Z n‡e|
7. c~e© aviYv bv Kiv t e³vi e³e¨ m¤ú‡K© †kªvZv KL‡bvB c~e© aviYv/Abygvb Kiv Pj‡e bv| e³vi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
e³e¨ eySvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. Ag‡bv‡hvMx bv nIqv t gb‡hvM mnKv‡i e³e¨ ïb‡Z n‡e| kªeYKv‡j Ag‡bv‡hvMx nIqv Pj‡e bv| Giƒc n‡j
e³e¨ eySv hv‡e bv| †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
9. wbi‡cÿ _vKv t e³e¨ kªeY †ÿ‡Î †kªvZv‡K memgqB wbi‡cÿZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| e³vi e³‡e¨‡K KL‡bv
A‡nZzK I AcÖvmw½K ejv hv‡e bv Ges wbi‡cÿZvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePv‡ii †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. c~e© wm×všÍ t e³e¨ bv ï‡b ev bv ey‡S c~e-© wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv Pj‡e bv hv e³vi e³e¨‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Giƒc n‡j Ab¨vb¨ †kªvZv‡KI Zv cÖfvweZ Ki‡e Ges mwVK wm×všÍ †bqv hv‡e bv|
11. †cÖiY †KŠkj t e³e¨ †cÖi‡Yi A‡bK †KŠkj Av‡Q| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb, cwiw¯’wZ I †kªvZvi cÖ‡qvRb we‡ePbv K‡i
hyw³hy³ †KŠkj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© e³vi ¯úó aviYv bv _vK‡j †m myôziƒ‡c e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡b
e¨_© nq|
13. AbymÜvb I ch©‡eÿY t †hvMv‡hvM Kivi ci Zv AbymÜvb I ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki
cÖwZwµqv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Rvbv hv‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b cybteY©bv I we‡kølY †`qv hv‡e|
14. c~e© cwiKíbv t e³v ev †hvMv‡hvMKvixi e³‡e¨i welq, †kªvZv‡`i Ae¯’v, Dc¯’vcb c×wZ, †hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj
m¤ú‡K© c~e-© cwiKíbv Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|
15. mnbkxjZv t e³e¨ †c‡ki mgq mnbkxj n‡Z n‡e Ges †kªvZv‡`i e³e¨I ˆah©¨ I AvMÖnmnKv‡i ïb‡Z n‡e|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Kivi c~‡e©B GmKj welq¸‡jv wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB Zv mv_©K I dj`vqK n‡e|

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-159

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wewfbœ cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bvg¸‡jv LvZvq wjLyb Ges Avcbvi AwR©Z Ávb
wkÿv_©xi KvR
SvjvB K‡i wbb|

mvims‡ÿc:
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evZ©v hLb wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM ev wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM me‡P‡q dj`vqK c×wZ| KviY GwU weK…Z nq bv, wbqš¿Y mnR nq Ges †iKW© _v‡K| GK
K_vq, †gŠwLK K_v-evZ©v ev Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq Zv‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
e¨vcK A‡_©, D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiK hLb Zvi g‡bi fve, aviYv, evZ©v, Abyf~wZ, Z_¨ BZ¨vw` K_vevZ©v ev
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖvcK‡K Rvbvq, Zv‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L Ges me©‡ÿ‡Î mwVK
¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡Kv_vI Kg, †Kv_vI †ewk ev K‡gi ¯’‡j †ewk, †ewki ¯’‡j Kg ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡e| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM GKwU dj`vqK †hvMv‡hvM
gva¨g n‡jI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq, weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| wjwLZ I †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM
QvovI †Pnvivi fvefw½, A½fw½, bxieZv, Kv‡h©i gva¨g BZ¨vw` cš’vq †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| mvaviY A‡_©,
DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©Pvwi‡`i mv‡_ †h †hvMv‡hvM K‡i, Zv‡K wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| myweavi
cvkvcvwk wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ek wKQy Amyweav i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ wbgœMvgx I DaŸ©Mvgx
†hvMv‡hvM we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y|© Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi b¨vq evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvMI GKwU cªwZôv‡b mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôvbB evB‡ii c„w_exi mv‡_ bvbv Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2

√) wPý w`b-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK& (√
1. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav †Kvb&wU?
K. mg‡qi mvkÖq L. ZvrÿwYK djveZ©b
M. AvbyôvwbKZvi Abvek¨KZv N. A¯^xK…wZ †iva

2. ‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ewnf©~Z welq †Kvb&wU?

K. mvÿvZKvi L. ey‡jwUb †evW©
M. Kbdv‡iÝ N. †Uwj‡dvb

3. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g ewnf©~Z †Kvb&wU?

K. mvK©yjvi L. cwÎKv
M. ÿz‡` evZ©v †mev N. mvÿvZKvi

4. Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gva¨g n‡jv-

i. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM
ii. MY †hvMv‡hvM
iii. wb¤œgyLx †hvMv‡hvM
†Kvb&wU mwVK?
K. iI ii L. i I ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-160

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

cvV-8.3 †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©vewj I bxwZgvjv

Functions and Principles of Communication
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©vewj (Functions of Communication)

Avgiv †R‡bwQ, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `yÕwU jÿ¨ _v‡K| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g `yÕwU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U|
d‡j Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡b mgš^qmva‡bi welqwU Lye mnR nq| G Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KvR‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wb‡P †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©vewji weeiY Zz‡j aiv nj:
1. AewnZKiY: †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ_g KvR nj wjwLZ ev †gŠwLKfv‡e Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ evZ©v †cuŠwQ‡q †`Iqv|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨e¯’vc‡Kiv wb‡`©kbv ev¯Íevqb K‡i| e¨e¯’vcbvi wm×všÍ‡K Aat¯Í‡bi Kv‡Q we¯ÍiY Kiv
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KvR|
2. cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv : †hvMv‡hvM Aek¨B Ab¨‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| e¨e¯’vc‡Kiv Kgx©‡`i Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Uv‡M©U
wba©viY K‡i †`b| c‡i Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q evZ©v Ggbfv‡e †cÖiY Kiv nq hv‡Z Kgx©MY Drmvn
cvq Ges Uv‡M©U c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. mgm¨vi mgvavb : cÖwZôv‡b A‡bK mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨‡g mswkøó‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
4. wkí-m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb : gvwjK Ges Kgx©i m¤úK©‡K wkí m¤úK© e‡j| GB `yB‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j
Zv h_vh_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wb®úwË Kiv hvq|
5. wm×všÍ MÖnY : e¨e¯’vc‡Kiv †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqvi Av‡M mswkøó wel‡q wewfbœ e¨w³i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn K‡i| wm×všÍMnÖ ‡Y mnvqZv Kiv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU Ab¨Zg KvR|
6. m¤úK© m„wó I Dbœqb : e¨emv‡q bvbv ai‡bi m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K| †hgb gvwjK-Kgx©i m¤úK©, e¨e¯’vcbv-Kgx
m¤úK©, FY`vZv-FYMÖnxZvi m¤úK© BZ¨vw`| m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb Ges bZzb bZzb m¤úK© ˆZwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î
†hvMv‡hvM ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
7. e¨e¯’vcbvi KvR m¤úv`b : e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖwZwU KvR cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| Drcv`‡bi K_vB aiæb|
Uv‡M©U †`Iqv nj: 2018 mv‡j 20 nvRvi wcm mvU© ˆZwi Kiv n‡e| e¨e¯’vc‡Kiv Drcv`b cÖwµqvi mv‡_
m¤ú„³ cÖwZwU e¨w³i mv‡_ †Kvb-bv-†Kvbfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Uv‡M©U nvwm‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|
8. mgš^qmvab : GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefvM Ges wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Kgx© _v‡K| e¨e¯’vc‡Kiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ h_vh_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mgš^qmvab K‡i| mgš^qmva‡b mnvqZv Kiv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KvR|
9. Kg©`ÿZve„w× : e¨e¯’vcbv hw` Kgx©‡`i mv‡_ Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡`i AvMÖn †e‡o hvq Ges
Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kg©`ÿZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i|
10. M‡elYv I Dbœqb : cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri cÖwµqvi cÖwZwU av‡c m„RbkxjZv e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡Z PvB
cÖ‡qvRbxq M‡elYv| h_vh_ †hvMv‡hvM Qvov M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq bv| ZvB M‡elYv I Dbœqb
Kv‡R †hvMv‡hvM ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, †hvMv‡hvM `yÕc‡ÿi ¯^v_©iÿv K‡i Ges cÖwZôv‡b BwZevPK cwieZ©b Av‡b|

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-161

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Oral Communication)

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM‡K my›`i, mv_©K Ges dj`vqK Kivi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j wKQz bxwZgvjv
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡m¸‡jv n‡jvt
1. c~e-© cÖ¯‘wZ (Pre-plan) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B fv‡jvfv‡e e³e¨ †ck Kivi Rb¨ c~e-© cÖ¯w‘ Z MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †hvMv‡hvM mdj n‡e|
2. ejvi `ÿZv (Speaking Effeciency) t MÖvn‡Ki wbKU ¯úó I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯vÍ weZ wel‡q K_v ejvi
g‡Zv `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e| k‡ãi D”PviY mwVK I my¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
3. e³…Zv ˆZwi (Drafting the Speech) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ïiæi c~‡e©B e³v‡K e³‡e¨i welqe¯‘ my¯úó, my›`i
Ges kÖæwZgayi fvlvq ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
4. Kɯ^i wbqš¿Y (Voice Control) t e³e¨‡K AvKl©Yxq I ü`qMÖvnx Kivi Rb¨ ejvi mgq Kɯ^i wbqš¿‡Y
ivL‡Z n‡e| e³‡e¨i fve Abyhvqx e³v Zvi KÚ¯^i wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡j Zv †kªvZvi Dci AbyK‚j cÖfve †d‡j|
5. Av‡eM Abyf~wZ wbqš¿Y (Control of Emotion) t Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Y †i‡L †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †kªvZv wei³ n‡Z cv‡i| Gi~c n‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB wbR Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Y †i‡L †kªvZvi Av‡eM-Abyf~wZi cÖwZ mvov w`‡q e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. A½fw½ wbqš¿Y (Control of Gesture) t dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Ah_v I A‡hŠw³K A½fw½ ev` w`‡Z
n‡e| `„wóKUz ev †eû`v A½fw½ Kvi‡Y †kªvZvi g‡bv‡hvM bó n‡Z cv‡i|
7. mijZv (Simplicity) t †hvMv‡hvM hv‡Z †evaMg¨ nq †mw`‡K ‡Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †kªvZvi cÖwZ jÿ¨
†i‡L e³e¨‡K mnR, mij I ¯úóiƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. hyw³hy³Zv (Reasonableness) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welq Aek¨B †hŠw³Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| AvBbMZ w`K
†Lqvj †i‡L cÖwZwU K_vi †cQ‡b hyw³ †i‡L Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Zv me©Î MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|
9. mwVKZv I wbcyYZv (Accuracy and Efficiency) t e³e¨‡K mwVK I wbcyYfv‡e Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ c~ev© ci
avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ e³e¨ wjwLZ n‡j fvj nq| e³e¨ mymsMwVZ I mywjwLZ
n‡j Dc¯’vcbvq avivevwnKZv eRvq ivLv mnR nq|
10. e¨w³Z¡ eRvq (Maintaining Personality) t †kªvZvi wbKU e³e¨ AvKl©Yxq I Kvh©Kifv‡e Dc¯’vc‡b e¨w³Z¡
GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb| e¨w³Z¡ mvaviYZ nve-fve, Pvj-Pjb, K_v ejv, †cvlvK, †mŠRb¨‡eva BZ¨vw` wb‡q
MwVZ nq| ZvB G¸‡jvi cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivL‡jB e¨w³Z¡ AvKl©Yxq n‡e|
11. BwZevPK g‡bvfve (Positive Attitude) t e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡b, †kªvZv‡K ¯úóKi‡Y, †kªvZv‡K ivwR ev GKg‡Z
Avbvi e¨vcv‡i BwZevPK g‡bvfve _vK‡Z n‡e|
12. mwVK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc (Proper Importance) t avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L Ges me©‡ÿ‡Î mwVK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡Kv_vI Kg, †Kv_vI †ewk ev K‡gi ¯’‡j †ewk, †ewki ¯’‡j Kg ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q e³e¨
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡e|
G me bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡j †hvMv‡hvM mv_©K I djcÖm~ n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †hvMv‡hv‡Mi 10wU Kvh©vejx LvZvq wjLyb|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-162

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

mvims‡ÿc:
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g `yÕwU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U| d‡j Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡b mgš^qmva‡bi
welqwU Lye mnR nq| G Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KvR‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| AewnZKiY,
cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv, mgm¨vi mgvavb, wkí-m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb, wm×všÍMnÖ Y, m¤úK© m„wó I Dbœqb BZ¨vw` n‡jv e¨e¯’vcbvi
KvR|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK& (√√) wPý w`b-

1. †KvbwU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KvR?
K. mgš^q mva‡b mnvqZv L. wnmve Kv‡R mnvqZv Kiv
M. Kwg©i e¨w³MZ Dbœqb Kiv N. gybvdv AR©b Kiv
2. ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨emv‡qi Kv‡R Kx e„w× K‡i?
K. MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv L. k„•Ljv
M. m¤ú„³Zv N. `ÿZv
3. ‡hvMv‡hvM Kvh©vewji g‡a¨ c‡o-
i. AewnZKiY
ii. Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb
iii. DØy×KiY
†Kvb&wU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-163

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.4 e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hv‡M Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨envi

Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in
Business Communication
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

• †hvMv‡hv‡M AvBwmwUi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq AvBwmwUi e¨envi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hvMv‡hv‡M AvBwmwUi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i (AvBwmwU) hyM| Z_¨ c«hyw³ Qvov eZ©gvb mg‡q GKw`bI Pjv m¤¢e
bq| Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i Kj¨v‡Y Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡ÎB G‡m‡Q ‰ecøweK cwieZ©b| Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³
e¨envi K‡i ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq, B-Kgv‡m©i gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB AbjvB‡b kwcs Kiv hvq, B-
Mf‡b©‡Ýi gva¨‡g miKvi wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq I `ßimg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri m¤^bq NUv‡Z cv‡i, wmwU‡Rb PvU©v‡ii g‡Zv
bvMwiK myweav¸‡jv N‡i e‡mB cvIqv m¤¢e nq Ges GgbwK N‡i e‡m B-jvwb©s-Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv MÖnY Kiv hvq|

Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Avgiv Avm‡j Kx eywS? (What do we mean by ICT?)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Z_¨ (WvUv) cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mv‡_ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ RwoZ| ÔZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³Õ n‡jv Z_¨
cÖhyw³i ewa©Z iƒc| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
mdUIq¨vi, †÷v‡iR I AwWI-wfRyqvj wm‡÷‡gi mgwš^Z iƒc| G mgwš^Z iƒ‡ci Kvi‡YB e¨enviKvixiv Z_¨
cvIqv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ‡÷vi Kiv, weZiY Kiv I cÖ‡qvM Kivi mv‡_ wb‡Riv m¤ú„³ n‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³i †Kvb me©RbMÖvn¨ msÁv †bB| cªwZwbqZB Gi g‡a¨ bZzb bZzb wPšÍvfvebvi Abyc‡Ö ek NU‡Q Ges d‡j
msÁvi cwiwaI evo‡Q| GLbI ch©šÍ g‡b Kiv nq †h, Kw¤úDUvi I wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i mKj Dcv`v‡bi mgwóB n‡jv
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³| wb‡¤œi msÁvwU‡K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhwy ³i e¨vcK msÁv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq:
“Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the technology used to handle
telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing
and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions.”

e¨emv‡q Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of ICT in Business)

AvaywbK Rxeb-hvc‡b Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³ gvby‡li Rxeb‡K K‡i‡Q
DbœZ, RxebhvÎv‡K Ki‡Q mnR| Z_¨c«hyw³i µgweKv‡ki d‡j cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q wewfbœ ¯Í‡i| G cwieZ©‡bi nvIqv
†j‡M‡Q e¨emv-evwY‡R¨| ‡h‡Kv‡bv e¨emvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K Kg mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P cY¨ ev ‡mev Drcv`b Kiv|
GKB m‡½ `ªæZZg mg‡q Zv ‡fv³vi Kv‡Q ‡cŠu‡Q ‡`Iqv| c‡Y¨i Rb¨ KvuPvgvj msM«n ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i Kg©x
e¨e¯’vcbv, Kg©x‡`i `ÿZvi gv‡bvbœqb, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv, wecYb I ‡mevi wewbgq g~j¨ c«vwßi ‡ÿ‡Î AvBwmwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| eZ©gv‡b DbœZ we‡k¦i e¨emv cÖwZôv‡b †fŠZ wVKvbv e¨env‡ii cwie‡Z© I‡qe wVKvbv
e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| AvBwmwUi Kvi‡Y e¨emvq RM‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Gevi Avmyb, AvBwmwUi myweav¸‡jv
†R‡b wbB|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-164

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

e¨emvq †ÿ‡Î AvBwmwUi myweavewj (Advantages of ICT in Business)

AvBwmwUi mnvqZvq e¨emv‡q wbgœwjwLZ myweav¸‡jv AwR©Z nq:
1. AvBwmwU wbqwš¿Z wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i Kg mg‡q AwaK Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Zv‡Z Drcv`b LiP n«vm
cvq|
2. ‡gvevBj ‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g e¨emv m¤úwK©Z me ai‡bi ‡hvMv‡hvM `ªæZ m¤¢e nq| GgbwK †jb‡`bI m¤¢e|
3. e¨emv m¤úwK©Z wjwLZ ‡hvMv‡hvM B‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g `ªæZ Kiv m¤¢e| GgbwK `wjjcÎ ¯‹¨vb K‡i Ab¨‡`i
Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv hvq|
4. B›Uvi‡b‡U I‡qemvB‡Ui gva¨‡g cY¨ I ‡mevi Lei mviv c…w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q ‡`Iqv hvq| mvgvwRK ‡hvMv‡hvM
mvB‡Ui gva¨‡g ¯^íg~‡j¨ wKsev webvg~‡j¨ cY¨ ev ‡mevi weÁvcb c«Pvi Kiv hvq|
5. WvUv‡eBm mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i gRy`, Kg©x‡`i Z_¨vewj, M«vn‡Ki Z_¨vewj Ges mwVK wnmve msiÿY
Kiv hvq|
6. e¨emvqxiv Zv‡`i c‡Y¨i g~j¨ bM‡` bv wb‡q wb‡Ri e¨vsK wnmv‡e mivmwi msM«n Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv ‡_‡K ‡evSv hvq, mwVKfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡j Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i
cÖf~Z Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g †h mKj †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq Zvi bvg¸‡jv LvZvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc:
eZ©gvb mgq‡K ejv nq Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i mgq| Z_¨ c«hyw³ Qvov eZ©gvb mg‡q GKw`bI Pjv m¤¢e bq|
Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i Kj¨v‡Y Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡ÎB Gm‡Q ‰ecøweK cwieZ©b| Avi G¸‡jv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Z_¨ I
‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i Dbœq‡bi d‡j| GB Z_¨ c«hyw³‡K mnR I AvKl©Yxq K‡i ‡Zvjvi Rb¨ hy³ n‡q‡Q I‡qe
‡c«vM«vwgs Ges I‡qe wWRvBwbs| hvi d‡j Avgiv GLb GKB I‡qe ‡c‡Ri g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Z‡_¨i mgš^q
NUv‡Z cvwi| AvaywbK Rxebhvc‡b Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i (AvBwmwU) ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM
c«hyw³ gvby‡li Rxeb‡K K‡i‡Q DbœZ, RxebhvÎv‡K Ki‡Q mnR| Z_¨c«hyw³i µgweKv‡ki d‡j cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i| Rxe‡bi Ab¨ me ‡ÿ‡Îi g‡Zv Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³ ev AvBwmwUi c«‡qvM e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ Avg~j
cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| ‡h‡Kv‡bv e¨emvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K Kg mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P cY¨ ev ‡mev Drcv`b Kiv|
c«vhyw³K DrK‡l©i GB hy‡M G‡m gvbyl µgvMZ mw¤§wjZ n‡”Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui QvqvZ‡j| weÁvb-gb¯‹iv ‰Zwi K‡i‡Q
B›Uvi‡bU bvgK GK PgKc«` cwim, ‡h cwim‡i mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j hy³ nIqv GKwU avivi bvg ‡mvk¨vj ‡bUIqvwK©s
mvBU ev mvgvwRK ‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2

√) wPý w`b-
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK& (√
1. d¨v· †Kvb&wUi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K?
K. Telex-Gi mv‡_ L. †gvevB‡ji mv‡_
M. Computer -Gi mv‡_ N. †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi mv‡_

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-165

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2. ‡Kvb&wU c„w_ex‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq G‡b‡Q?

K. B›Uvi‡bU L. Kw¤úDUvi
M. d¨v· N. g‡Wg

3. SMSÑGi c~Y© iƒc Kx?

K. Small Message Service L. Short Message Service
M. Short Media Service N. Secure Message Service

4. e-Commerce-Gi c~Y© iƒc Kx?

K. Electronic Commerce L. Eletric Commerce
M. Effective commerce N. Emergency Commerce

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-166

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœvejx (Short Questions)
1| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav¸‡jv wK wK?
2| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv wjLyb|
3| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav¸‡jv wK wK?
4| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdjZv wK wK wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
5| kªeY I `k©b †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z wK eySvq?
6| †hvMv‡hvM I e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM wK?
7| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi wPÎwU AsKb Kiæb|
8| dj`vq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸Yvejx wK wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx (Descriptive Questions)

1| Kvievix †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
3| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
6| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

M. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ (Creative Questions)

1. nviæb mv‡ne GKRb cÖmvab mvgMÖxi Avg`vwbKviK| we‡`k †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖmvab mvgMÖx Avg`vwb K‡i
†`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjv kn‡i wbR¯^ †`vKvb cÖwZôv K‡i weµq K‡ib| cÖwZwU weµq †K‡›`ªB weµ‡qi †iKW© Gw›Uª
Kiv nq| †K›`ªxq Awd‡m msiwÿZ mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshyw³i gva¨‡g weµ‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© nviæb mv‡ne
Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| cY¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZvi †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM _vK‡j ZvI Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ‡qvR‡b †h ‡Kvb
wb‡`©kbvI Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mKj weµq‡K›`ª †mB wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx KvR K‡i _v‡K|
K. †U‡j· Kx?
L. ev‡RUxq wbqš¿Y ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg‡K †Kvb& ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡eb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. nviæb mv‡n‡ei DwjøwLZ c×wZ‡Z weµq Kvh© cwiPvjbv I eZ©gv‡b mg‡qi Pvwn`vi ‡cÿvc‡U DÏxc‡Ki
Av‡jv‡K Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|

2. iRbxKvšÍ we‡`k †_‡K Km‡gwUKm mvgMÖx Avg`vwb K‡i †`‡ki wewfbœ gv‡K©‡U mieivn K‡ib| Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖavb wn‡m‡e wZwb Aaxb¯Í‡`i hveZxq Av‡`k-wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| Aaxb¯Íiv Zvi wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK
Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡i| m¤úªwZ wZwb bZzb wKQz Km‡gwUKm Avg`vwbi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡`k hvb| we‡`‡k _vKv Ae¯’vq
wZwb gv‡K©wUs Awdmvi‡`i mv‡_ †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G Av‡jvPbvvq †`‡ki wewfbœ
A‡j _vKv gv‡K©wUs AwdmviMY GK‡Î Zvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvq Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb|
K. †hvMv‡hvM Kx?
L. †U‡j‡·i gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq?
M. wg. iRbxKvšÍ Aaxb¯Í‡`i Av‡`k-wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb& cÖKv‡ii †hvMv‡hvM K‡i‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. wg. iRbxKvšÍ gv‡K©wUs Awdmvi‡`i mv‡_ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i †hvMv‡hvM K‡i‡Qb, e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Zvi
¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiæb|

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-167

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. gv‡jK gvj‡qwkqvq hvIqvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡”Qb| gvj‡qwkqv wegvbe›`i A‡bK eo| †m wegvbe›`i w`‡q Kxfv‡e
MšÍ‡e¨ hvIqvi Rb¨ †ei n‡eb, †m wel‡q †ek wPwšÍZ| m`¨ gvj‡qwkqv †_‡K Ny‡i Avmv dinv` ej‡jb †h,
wegvbe›`‡ii wewfbœ wWm‡cø †ev‡W© wjwLZfv‡e wb‡`©kbv †`qv nq Ges mvDÛ wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g wKQzÿY ci ci
†NvlYv †`qv nq| Gme ï‡b gv‡jK Avk¦¯Í n‡jb| G‡Kev‡i AÿiÁvbnxb gv‡jK wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Iqv
wb‡`©kbv †`‡L my›`ifv‡e wegvbe›`i cvi n‡jb|
K. e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM Kx?
L. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î B-‡gB‡ji Kvh©KvwiZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. gv‡j‡Ki mv‡_ wegvb e›`‡ii †hvMv‡hv‡Mi aibwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. dinv‡`i e³e¨ Abyhvqx wegvbe›`‡ii †hvMv‡hvM gva¨gwU Kx gv‡j‡Ki g‡Zv AÿiÁvbnxb wegvbhvÎx‡`i
Rb¨ mnR? g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

4. wg. Lv‡j` bvfvbv d¨vkb wWRvBb wjt-Gi e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK| wZwb Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡`i KvRK‡g© e¨vcK
Drmvn-DÏxcbv m„wó K‡i KvR Kwi‡q †bb| wZwb Kgx©‡`i ågY, Mvb‡kvbv I wewfbœ ai‡bi Abyôvb Dc‡fvM
Kivi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| fwel¨‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi DbœwZi Rb¨ Z_¨ mieiv‡ni †ÿ‡Î bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii wPšÍv
Ki‡Qb|
K. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Kx?
L. AevPwbK †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. wg. Lv‡j` Kgx©‡`i Drmvn`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb& ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e¨envi Ki‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. bvfvbv d¨vkb wWRvBb wjt KZ©„K fwel¨‡Z DbœwZi Rb¨ bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

5. ‡nvm‡b Avviv nvwg` ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i mv‡_ RwoZ| Zvi Drcvw`Z cY¨ wek¦e¨vcx wewµ n‡”Q| Kv‡Ri
cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb Kw¤úDUvi, I‡qe K¨v‡giv I B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ †bb| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wZwb wfbœ ¯’v‡b
Ae¯’vb K‡iI wewfbœ c‡ÿi mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL K_vevZ©v e‡j e¨emvwqK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡Z Zvi
e¨emvwqK AMÖMwZ AviI Z¡ivwš^Z n‡”Q|
K. fveevPK †hvMv‡hvM Kv‡K e‡j?
L. B-‡gBj Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb& ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM c×wZi D‡jøL Kiv n‡qQ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. ÔcÖhyw³ gvby‡li ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡‡K n«vm K‡i‡QÕ- DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

6. Ô†e½j cøvw÷KÕ †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡U‡Wi Drcv`b †h nv‡i evo‡Q †m nv‡i weµq evo‡Q bv| ZvB eva¨ n‡q cY¨
¸`vgRvZ Kiv n‡”Q| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK welqwU AewnZ K‡i weµq e¨e¯’vcK†K wPwV †`b| weµq e¨e¯’vcK
DaŸ©Z‡bi mv‡_ civgk© K‡i 1 gv‡mi Rb¨ †µZv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K 5% AwZwi³ weµq Kwgkb †`qvi wm×všÍ
weµq-mycvifvBRvi‡`i AewnZ Ki‡jb| welqwU †µZv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K weµq wefv‡Mi cÿ †_‡K wPwV
gvidZ Rvbv‡bv nq|
K. djveZ©b Kx?
L. †UwjKbdv‡iÝ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK I weµq e¨e¯’vc‡Ki ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hvM-evZ©v cÖevn we‡ePbvq †Kvb& ai‡bi? e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
N. mswkøó cÿ‡`i we‡ePbvq †i‡L wPwV wj‡L †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, weµq e„wׇZ Zvi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY
Kiæb|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-168

 e¨e¯’vcbv 2q cÎ

7. gv‡qi †`vqv B‡jKUªwb· KY©vi Bsj¨v‡Ði mvwgU B‡jKUªwb· n‡Z cY¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z Pvq| cÖwZôvbwUi
e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK Rbve mwd mvw`K c‡Y¨i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g digv‡qk cvVvb| mwgU
B‡jKUªwb· digv‡qk cvIqvi 10 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ †cÖi‡Yi Avk¦vm †`b|
K. †UwjKbdv‡iÝ Kx?
L. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
M. Ôgv‡qi †`vqv B‡jKUªwb· KY©bviÕ †Kvb& c×wZ‡Z digv‡qk cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. D³ c×wZi e¨envi gv‡qi †`vqv B‡jKUªwb· KY©v‡ii Rb¨ KZUzKz mg‡qvc‡hvMx e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

8. ‡gmvm© ivRy G›UvicÖvBR wm‡j‡Ui mxgvšÍeZx© GjvKv †_‡K evjy I cv_i msMÖn K‡i wewµ K‡i| cÖwZôvbwUi
wm‡jU cÖwZwbwa wg. Rvgvj XvKvi mv‡_ †gvevBj †bUIqv‡K© wjwLZ evZ©v †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM iv‡Lb|
†Kbbv `yM©g AÂj¸‡jv‡Z G †bUIqvK© m¤úªmvwiZ nq wb|
K. gvwëwgwWqv Kx?
L. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î w`b w`b B-‡gB‡ji ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cv‡”Q †Kb?
M. wg. Rvgvj †Kvb& c×wZ‡Z †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. wg. Rvgvj e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hGM Z_¨ cÖhyw³i h_vh_ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb Kx? hyw³ w`b|

9. wg. mywei GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi mycvifvBRvi| Drcv`b wefv‡M †m `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| cÖvqB Zv‡K Drcv`b msµvšÍ
Z_¨ Zvi Ic‡i `vwqZ¡cÖvß wbe©vnxi wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| wZwb Avevi †nW Awd‡m e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvj‡Ki
wbKU Z_¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| G †ÿ‡Î †Uwj‡dv‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ GKwU h‡š¿i gva¨‡g mKj Z_¨ ûeû †cÖiY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
K. B-‡gBj Kx?
L. †UwjKbdv‡iÝ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K Z_¨ cÖev‡ni w`K wePv‡i †Kvb& cÖKv‡ii †hvMv‡hv‡Mi K_v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K AvBwmwUi †h gva¨gwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q, e¨emvq RM‡Z Zvi Acwinvh©Zv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1 t 1| K 2| K 3| L 4| K 5|L 6| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2 t 1| L 2| N 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3 t 1| K 2| M 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4 t 1| K 2| K 3| L 4| K

BDwbU AvU c„„ôv-169