NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

Submitted by:
Jomari Kent D. Arroyo, LPT
Submitted to:
Susan O. Parce, PhD
 FILAMER CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
DEREGULATED STATUS-CHED
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Roxas Avenue, Roxas City 5800

MATH 417: RESEARCH TRENDS AND NEEDS IN MATH

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

By: Mr. Jomari Kent D. Arroyo, LPT

Objectives of the Lesson

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. define and discuss null and alternative hypotheses and its purposes,
2. write and determine in the given data if the null hypothesis is rejected or
accepted, and
3. inculcate the importance of null and alternative hypotheses in research.

Hypothesis

A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will

be tested by research.

Null Hypothesis

A hypothesis, in general, is an assumption that is yet to be proved with

sufficient pieces of evidence. A null hypothesis thus is the hypothesis a researcher
is trying to disprove.

The null hypothesis is a general statement that states that there is no

relationship between two or more phenomenons under consideration or that
there is no association between two groups.

The symbol for the null hypothesis is H0, and it is read as H-null, H- zero, or H-
naught.

A null hypothesis is a hypothesis capable of being objectively verified,

tested, and even rejected.

If a study is to compare method A with method B about their relationship,

and if the study is preceded on the assumption that both methods are equally
good, then this assumption is termed as the null hypothesis.

The null hypothesis is usually associated with just ‘equals to’ sign as a null
hypothesis can either be accepted or rejected.

Purpose of Null Hypothesis

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 The main purpose of a null hypothesis is to verify/ disprove the proposed
statistical assumptions.

Alternative Hypothesis

This hypothesis can be simply termed as an alternative to the null

hypothesis.

The symbol of the alternative hypothesis is either H1 or Ha while using less

than, greater than or not equal signs.

An alternative hypothesis is a statement that describes that there is a

relationship between two selected variables in a study.

An alternative hypothesis is usually used to state that a new theory is

preferable to the old one (null hypothesis).

The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that is to be proved that

indicates that the results of a study are significant and that the sample
observation is not results just from chance but from some non-random cause.

Purpose of Alternative Hypothesis

An alternative hypothesis provides the researchers with some specific

restatements and clarifications of the research problem.

An alternative hypothesis provides a direction to the study, which then can

be utilized by the researcher to obtain the desired results.
The alternative hypothesis is important as they prove that a relationship
exists between two variables selected and that the results of the study conducted
are relevant and significant.

Example:
Research Title:

Logical and Analytical Thinking Skills and Performance in Mathematics Using the
Blended Instruction.
Independent Variables:
Logical Thinking Skills
Analytical Thinking Skills
Dependent Variable:
Performance in Mathematics
Alpha Level:
0.05
Inferential Research Problems:

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1. Is there a significant difference in the performance in mathematics of students
when classified according to the level of logical thinking skills?
2. Is there a significant difference in the performance in mathematics of students
when classified according to the level of analytical thinking skills?
3. Are there significant relationships among logical thinking skills, analytical
thinking skills, and performance in mathematics of students?
Based on the problems mentioned, the following hypotheses will be tested:

1. There is no significant difference in the performance in mathematics of

students when classified according to the level of logical thinking skills.
2. There is no significant difference in the performance in mathematics of
students when classified according to the level of analytical thinking skills.
3. There are no significant relationships among logical thinking skills, analytical
thinking skills, and performance in mathematics of students.

Acceptance / Rejection

When the p-value of the data is less than the significant level of the test, the
null hypothesis is rejected, indicating the test results are significant.

However, if the p-value is higher than the significant value, the null
hypothesis is not rejected, and the results are considered not significant.

The level of significance is an important concept while hypothesis testing as

it determines the percentage risk of rejecting the null hypothesis when H0 might
happen to be true.

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Sample Results From SPSS

Example Null Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference in the performance in mathematics of

students when classified according to the level of logical thinking skills. reject

2. There is no significant difference in the performance in mathematics of

students when classified according to the level of analytical thinking skills. reject
Findings

1. There is significant difference in the performance in mathematics of

students when classified according to the level of logical thinking skills.

2. There is significant difference in the performance in mathematics of

students when classified according to the level of analytical thinking skills.

Example Null Hypothesis

There are no significant relationships among logical thinking skills, analytical

thinking skills, and performance in mathematics of students. reject

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Finding:

There are significant relationships among logical thinking skills, analytical

thinking skills, and performance in mathematics of students.

References:

 https://www.slideshare.net/04ShainaSachdeva/null-and-alternative-
hypothesispptx
 Arceo, Rheva Mae D., Arroyo, Jomari Kent D., Veneranda, Kathryn Jade D.,
“Logical and Analytical Thinking Skills and Performance in Mathematics
Using the Blended Instruction” An Unpublished Bachelor of Secondary
Education (Mathematics) Research Paper, College of Teacher Education,
Filamer Christian University, November 2021.

Prepared by:
MR. JOMARI KENT D. ARROYO, LPT
MAT Math Student

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