PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 FINALS TEST 1

QUANTITATIVE DATA-COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

DEFINITION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
- Data are pieces of information or facts known by people in this world. These data result from sensory experiences
whose descriptive qualities such as age, shape, speed, amount, weight, height, number, positions, and the like are
measurable.
TECHNIQUES IN COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA
• Collecting data - one major component of any type of research.

1. OBSERVATION - Using your sense organs, you gather facts or information

Expressing these sensory experiences to quantitative data, you record them with the use of numbers.
2. SURVEY - obtain facts or information about the subject or object of your research through interview and
questionnaire. This is the most popular data-gathering technique in quantitative and qualitative researcher studies
• QUESTIONNAIRE - a paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual and independent answering
by several respondents for obtaining statistical information.
• INTERVIEW - makes you ask a set of questions, only that, this time, orally.
> ORDER OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS - sequentially; questions follow a certain order
~FIRST SET OF QUESTIONS - opening ~THIRD SET OF QUESTIONS - directive or close-ended
~SECOND SET OF QUESTIONS - generative ~FOURTH SET OF QUESTIONS - ending

3. EXPERIMENT - a scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the subjects a sort of treatment or condition.
then evaluate the results to find out the manner by which the treatment affected the subjects and to discover the
reasons behind the effects of such treatment on the subjects.
- aims at manipulating or controlling conditions to show which condition or treatment has effects on
the subjects and to determine how much condition or treatment operates or functions to yield a certain outcome.
4. CONTENT ANALYSIS - makes you search through several oral or written forms of communication to find answers to
your research questions.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
- Concepts, theories, principles, assumptions, predictions, and other abstracts terms are the catchwords of research.
These are cognitively-coined terms that appear so complex to readers, in general, especially, those with zero
background knowledge about research.
- is making the concept or the thing meaningful by specifying the way your research should measure such concept. It
defines the basic concept through the operation used or research activity involved to measure the concept.

THEORETICAL DEFINITION - (explanation based on the concepts or knowledge related to the field of discipline and
widely accepted as correct) prevents readers from immediately seeing the relationships or relevance of things
involved in the research. One way of giving a clear meaning of a concept or anything involved in the research is to
define it operationally.

EXAMPLES OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

1. DEFINING TEMPERATURE
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION – heat flowing between infinite reservoirs
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION - define temperature in relation to operations with gas thermometer
2. DEFINING ELECTRIC CURRENT
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION – force between two parallel conductors
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – mention the device, current balance, to measure electric current
3. DEFINING ANGER
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION – intangible, not directly measured by observation
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – mention facial expressions, vocabulary, or voice tone to measure anger
4. DEFINING VIRGO
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION – constellation of stars (cannot tell the process of formation)
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – mention the way of locating Virgo in the sky (repeatable process)
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
- In any research type, much more, in a quantitative research where you do a great deal of abstraction and scientific
or logical thinking, a research design is a part and parcel of your study. By means of your research design, you are
able to make these aspects of your research clear. Your methods or techniques in finding answers to your research
questions and in collecting data.

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

• EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
1. DEFINITION - bases its research method on a scientific activity called experiment, in which a test or examination of
a thing under a manipulated or controlled environment is done to determine the validity or truthfulness of such
thing. It involves two groups of subjects: the experimental group on which the condition, treatment, or intervention
is applied and the control group that is not given any treatment or condition.
- Following this experimental design, you conduct two kinds of tests: pre-test for both groups and
post-test for the experimental or treatment group to see the difference between them based on the effects of the
treatment or condition given to the experimental group.

2. TYPES - There are two types of experimental research designs:

• TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - lbest way to examine causal relationships.
• QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - research with the capacity to yield findings that are seemingly or more or less
true. Prone to bias caused by your purposive, rather than random selection of participants, quasi-experimental
design is incapable of establishing cause-effect relationships.
(non-adherence) to random selection of participants is the reason it got the name.

*QUASI (pronounced as kwahz-eye) - partly, partially, pseudo, or almost. Trying to approximate or to be like the
true experimental design, this research design comes in different types :

> MATCHED COMPARISON GROUP DESIGN - get a set of participants that shows close similarities with the
experimental or treatment group based on one or more important variables.
> TIME-SERIES QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - act of controlling the variables in this case is through multiple
observations of the subjects before and after the treatment or condition applied to the experimental group. The
purpose of serial observations is to see the connection between the pre-test and the post-test based on the
taking place of the treatment or condition.
> COUNTER-BALANCED QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - control is applied to one group to examine the effects
of all treatment and conditions to control variables. For instance, negative results coming from three-time
observations are counterbalanced or given weight that is equated with positive results from four or five-time
> SINGLE-SUBJECT QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - used when the population is so large that you find difficulty
in choosing a group to study. So, you decide to apply the condition or treatment to a single subject like a class
of learners then later find out the effects of the treatment on the

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. DEFINITION - capable of giving qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data; hence, this is often
used in the field of social sciences. Unlike the experimental design that allows manipulation or control of some
aspects of the research, non-experimental research design shuns controlling variables. Instead, it involves variables
the way they naturally exist on earth.
2. TYPES :
• DESCRIPTIVE- depicts an image or a picture of an individual or a group
• COMPARATIVE - states the differences or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc.
• CORRELATIVE - shows the extent and direction of variable relationships, that is, whether a negative or positive
relationship exists between or among them
• SURVEY - describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, views, and other behavioral patterns of a big
number of people for arriving at a certain conclusion about societal concerns and issues
• EX POST FACTO - translates itself into these English words, "that which is done afterwards" and has the purpose
of deriving data from things that are by nature taking place, so as to obtain explanations about
past events.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- a graph or non-prose material, specifically, a schematic diagram that shows a well-ordered elements of the research
- shows the organization, order, and direction of your research. Enables the readers to obtain a general understanding.
- the broad outline plan to carry out the research on the basis of the theories, principles, or generalizations proven
true by facts and logical reasoning.

CONCEPT MAP - Made up of varied figures: lines, circles, boxes, and other marks or symbols representing your
concepts on these varied features of your research. Llooks like a map showing the main features of a plan or project
plus the relationship between or among the features or variables in the research.

THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK
- gives and explains the theories, principles, generalizations, and research findings, which have some connection to
your research study. the basis or foundation of the research;
- makes people know and understand evidence-based truths, concepts, speculations, and assumptions underlying each
aspect of the research and the relationships of these research features with one another.

THE LANGUANGE OF RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
• RESEARCH is searching for truth in a systematic way or in a scientific method.
• JARGONS - terms considered as technical because these are commonly used only by people belonging to the same
field of specialization. Terms do not sound familiar or understandable to ordinary person in society:

RESEARCH-LANGUANGE FORMATION - specialized forms of the language of research are caused by the factors.
1. MULTISYLLABLE WORDS - Some terms reflecting the inherent characteristics of research as a scientific method are
made up of a number of syllables such as the following:
• theoretical - concepts • probabilistic - uncertain • qualitative - opinionated
• empirical - observable • quantitative - numerical • scientific - systematic inquiry investigation

2. TYPES AND FORMS OF QUESTIONS - It has to ask questions that describe show relationships, and give reasons
behind the occurrence of something. For instance, for a qualitative research, questions to be asked must
elicit views, emotions, or opinions of people. Quantitative research, on the otherhand, asks questions about
the exact number, percentages, or frequency of things. Informative questions rather than yes-or-no
questions are the appropriate questions to ask in research.

3. SPAN OF TIME COVERED BY THE RESEARCH - Owing to the length of time-months or years--that takes place in a
study research introduced the terms cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

4. VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS - Concerning itself with whether or not a variable has effects on another variable,
based on cause-effect relationships and on a certain pattern may result in positive or negative relationship,
research came out with following terms for variables:
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – the cause of something
• DEPENDENT VARRIABLES – bears the effect of the independent variable
• EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE – extra or unexpected variable cropping up outside the research design
• CONFOUNDING VARIABLE – unstable variable

5. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESES - indicates the staging of a research. It signals the occurrence of a scientific or
investigative way of doing things. Null hypotheses - negative results ; Alternative hypotheses - positive results.

6. DATA - these are facts, information, or logically derived forms of knowledge that are called qualitative data if they
are verbally and subjectively expressed; quantitative data, if they are numerically and objectively expressed.

7. UNIT OF ANALYSIS - The subject or object of your research study makes up one major entity and this may either be
• INDIVIDUAL , GROUP, ARTEFACT (PAINTING, BOOK, TRAVELOGUE)
• GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT (MUNICIPALITY, PROVINCE, COUNTRY)
• SOCIAL INTERACTION (HUSBAND-WIFE, TEACHER-LEARNER, EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE)