328

EXPERIMENTAL STR ESS ANALYSIS

with parameters difering by 90, 180, ete
TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOELASTICnIcITY
8. Isoclinics are
32
identical.
9. At a point on a
shear free
parallel to the boundary has a m a i m u m , o

isoclinic intersects boundary at

boundary

right angles.
where the stros.
m n m u m value, the R-a-4)
7-21. Fractional Fringe Order
Determination -ut4-4
We can determine the isochromatic ringe order to the tan a
and bright.field arranoo
nearest order by using both the dark
Further 1mprovements on the accuracy
(7 69)
ments ol a polariscope.
of the fringe order determination can be achieved either by using
the mixed-field patter ns or by using Post's .lringe multiplication Gptc aris
method. 1n order to achieve higher accuracy, as is desirable in o o o oFixed
many applications, the following methods may be used
1. Compensation techniques. cooiwesge
2. Colour matching techniques.
Optic
3. Equidensometry method.
axis Moving weda3
721'1. Compensation Techniques ghnt
Compensation is a technique in which partial modification
of relative retardation either by addition or subtraction is brought
about so that the fractional ringe order at a point becomes
integral. Then by kaowing the amount of relative retardation
added or subs1racted the actual fringe order at that
point can be
ascertained. Tie following methods for compensation techniques
are most commonly used
1. The Babinet Micrometer
compensation method.
2. The Babinet Soleil compensation method. Fig.7-24. The B.biaet Compensator.
3. Tension or
compression strip method. where
K=
4. Tardy method of compensation. aangle of wedge
5. Senarmont method of compensation. c25°
6. Photometric method.
z=horizontal displacement, which is equai
1. The Babinet the micrometer
Compensation Method. Tie Babinet to
reading
compensator uses
wedges of quarts, which is a
two
double reiractring naterial. As showa in Fig. 724, onenaturally
ot thne
or

wedges fixed in the instrument, while the other can be displaced

is
relatuve to the first so as to alter combined thickness by means or =C.z
a
fine
micrometer screw with
graduated drum
microineter screw at zero, the compensator is said head. Witn
to be in the where C- i s a constant.
neutral position. The compensator is placed in the
polariscope
between R- Number Micrometer reading
in themodel and second Thus
axis quarter wave plate. The ouc .7 70
of the two
wedges are
orthogonal to each other. The pola of turns necessary to
rized light beam is accelerated in one and
retarded in the other
procuce a retardation of one
wedge. wavelength
The relative retardation produced when the two wedges The Babinet compensator allows fringe orders, to be det-
have been displaced from their neutral position is given by, mined to within 0'01 fringe.
 Two-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOELASTICI
EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSi3 331
330
d e r at a
point y D
Method, The ension compensator increases,
Babinet Soleil Compensation
improvement
then
2.The in Fig. 725 is an
Babinet-Soleil compensator shown

Fast Micromete
Optic axis
axis
(slow 2
-Moving wedge
Fost axis

Optic oxis
Ligtt
Fixed Cuartz
-Fixed wedge
plcte
2 2
Compensator.
Fig.725. The Babinet-Soleil Modcl
Combined optical
of a effect N=0 Compensator
upon the Babinet compensator.
This i n s t r u m e n t consists The 7:26.
and two quartz wedges. Fig. Superposition of retardation exhibited by model and
quartzplate of uniform thickness plate and the the 4 The Tardy Method of compensator.
optical axes of the quartz crystals employed.in
biretringence exhibited by method of compensation 1S Compensation. The Tardy
wedges are mutually orthogonal.The the thickness of
Soleil method since no auxiliarygeneraly prereTred over the Babinet-
compensator
the two
can
be controlled by adjusting equipment is required and the
the wedges by turning a calibrated micrometer screw When analyzer of the polariscope serves as thhe
for
t1, both compensator. In this
method the polarizer ot the polariscope is aligned
, DO relative retardation takes place, however with the direction
be produced over the whole of the principal stress 1 at the
positive and negative retardation can
This compensator 1s very useful of the polariscope are point of interest and all other elements
plate. rotated relative to the polarizer so that a
area of the compensator stresses. standard dark-field folar1SCope
1or measuring boundary exists. Then the
the fringe rotated to obtain extinction,. The rotation of the analyzer alonethe is
In practice, point is selected on the model whereparameters
a
fractional fringe order. analyzer gives
order is to be established precisely. Then isoclinic
are established for this point
to
give the direction
of either o or As shown in Fig. 727, here =-T/4 and the light vector
is then aligned with the principal
stress emerging out irom the
secondP QWP becomes, (see Art. 7"9°1).
g The compensator to cancel out the model retardation. The
direction and adjusted the
fringe order
micrometer is proportional to
reading of the screw this be ascer can
at that point. Like fringe order at point
tained to within 0'001 fringe.
3. Tension or Compression Strip Method, In a standard

circular polariscope, isotropic point the fringe order is

at an
145-11
a method for the determination
always zero. Based upon this fact Wertheim and 145-31 A
f (o-) has been suggeted by developed byis
oker. n this method a pure tensile or compressive stress
perimposed over an arbitrary system of o, and , in such a way
Fig. 727. The Tardy compensation method.
into one which is optically
to convert the given stress systemVhite light is exclusively used E -V sinta- co-)
uivalent to an isotropic point.
this incthod.
-cos
Fig. plane stress system at a point can be
726 shows how the
isotropic system plus a tension of ( - ) . A
--i[=a(t a-i):* -)]
verted to an

be placed parallel to the minimum stres3

sion compensator may
and the conpression compensator must be placed parallel
he maximun stress . The value of (oO) equals numeri
y the stress in the compensator at extinction. If the fringe
 TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOEL ASTIcITY
EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYs1S
333
332
If the (N-+1)st order fringe moves to the point
rotates through the angle y, the fringe
order at N, the
as
the analyzer
point is

N,-(N+1)-I
toort in To account for the finite
fringe width, the following procedurec,
as illustrated in Fig. 728, may be followed
i-*n(i)-(+a-)] h e angle ofanalyzed r-0 (Fig 7 23 (a).
which analyzer should be rotated 2 Rotate the analyzer until the fringe N just tonches the
Let y
be the angle through boundary at the point of interest is This
to obtain exinction, i.e. E=0, then 3. Continue to rotate the analyzer angle
until rN vanishes
Fig. 723 (6).the
from
field
()-Es cos (+) of vicw. This 1S
F-Ea cor angle r Fig. 128 (c)J
Then the fringe order at the point of interest of the free
boundary is
- -i)+m*+a-)»(7-) Ng=N4 + r ,
360
+si+a-)+(-i) (ir) method.
This method is commonly
FREE BOUNDARY
referred to as the Tardy in-out

Simplifving, we get
E=a sin a+2
(4)- n=N

Hence sin ( -
INTEREST
or -Y=nr, n=l, 1, 2,..

or (a) (b)
Fig. 7 28. llustration of Tardy method of fringe order determination.
5. The Senarmont Method of Compensation.
.(771)
N==n+ Friedel's Method)
f the analyzer is rotated in the opposite direction, then The following steps are involved for this method:
1. Remove first quarter wave plate.
N=(n+1)-Y (7 72) 2. Rotate system of polarizer and analyzer so that thei
axes make angles of 45 with the principal directions in the modal
of compensation be accomplished at the point of interest.
Thus the Tardy method can
axis is paralles
3Rotate second quarter-wave plate until
one
in the folio wing way
to the axis of the polarizer.
I. Using ata plane-polariscope set up, determine the principal the until extinction is obtained at th-
analyzer
stress directions the point of interest by rotating the crossed polari 4 Rotate
zer and analyzer until an isoclinic passes through that point. point of interest.
the polariscope are show
plates of a circular Thearrangement cf the elements of
2. Now rotate only the quarter wave
in Fig. 7 29.
polariscope to obtain a standard dark-field arrangement. Let the light vector from the polarizer be given by
E=a coS
3. Rotate only the analyzer then until an isochromatic fringe at 45 to the principal directions
coincides with the point. Determine the angle y that the analyzer Since the polarizer is set the light vector is resl
model hence on entering the model
1as rotated. the
into two components, given by
4. If the Nth order fringe movesorder point
to the at as
the isanalyzer a cos ut
the the Ng point E a cos of. cos S= /2
otates through the angle y, fringe
N=N+
 334 ENPERIMINTAL STRESS ANALYsIs
TWO-DIMBNSIONAL PHOTOMLASTICITY
sin 335
E-acos .
45° cos
Hence sin
cos t cos in
Eaa cos ot y-0

si(4-
+ , n=0,1, 2.

Fast
CXIS

(7 73)
Fig. 7-29. Senarmont compensation method. Tardy and
Senarmont
The model introduces a phase diference of A. Therefore, on goniometric' or "null location'compensation
methods. methods are called the
leaving the model, the components of light vector become, 6.
Photometric
Tardy and Friedel's metnodsMethod. serious A

E cos (ur + A) a
sequence of of compensationdisadvantage
is
that they
of the
the state of operations
stress is ana are, involve
theretore, suitable only when
Ea-E cOs also knowa as the static.By means ot the photometric method,
both the phase intensity method it is possible to determine
The fast axis of the
QWP is set at 90
to the polarizer axis. stresses at a point dilierence and the directions of the
transmitted by theirom The intensityprincipal
a
Hence on entering the QWP, the light
componentsbecome single operation. of light
EaEi Cos 45-E cos 45°
analyzer 1s measured with
multiplier. photocell or photo
a

= [cos (ut+A)-cos aor] a) Plane

polariscope.
Ee E, cos 45°+E cos 45°
from the analyzer for a dark-fieldThesetintensity of light transmitted
up is given by
o sin 2 sin
-fcos t+A)+cos ur]
and with the
The QWP introduces a phase difference of z/2. Hence on
bright-field set up, we have
leaving the QWP, the light vectors become,
e i a 2sia
E ++)-c+i)] I is maximum when 8=45° at which angle I, is minimum. Hence
-sin (ur+A)+ sin at] Iwosin«0-co A)
E-E lcos (utt+ A)+cos ur) Im sin
cos 0teos )
Now the
extinction at the analyzer
is rotated through an Iin tcos A
point of interest. angle obtain Y to
analyzer is Light transmitted through the m -cos A
I..
E=Eat cosY-Er sin or cos
cos A=nnlmaa
1matmis
T 7 74)
--lsin (u+A)-sin ut} cos y+{eos (+A) at the
To apply the method, a travelliog microscope is first focused
desired point the
on image of the model on the
camera screen.
+cos r) sin v] The eyepiece of the microscope is then removed and
photomulti-
--2+)sinc plier
mum and the
head
analyzer are
substituted in the eyepiece tube.
now
Crossed polarizer
rotated until the intensity transmitted
corresponding value of o is noted.
is
The
and
maxi-
analyzer
+2cosr+osin
 ExPERIMENTAL
STRESS ANALYSI 1MENSIONAL PHOTOELASTICITY
337
356 through 90
ain 1,me
to obtain 1min. The
The dir
Table 73
independently
Eq. (774). tion Values and
is then rotated
difference
is then

phase principal stresses are at

obtained from
those as it is not
45° to of the
no.ola.
axes of the n s Dark Field
White.lightColours
ource Produced
Polariscopein a
white light with ble
ofthe advisable to useprincipal stresses
roids. It
is always of the
directions 1s a wnole number ori
Colour
Retardation A Fringe orderN
deternine the
ditierenee

to when the phase

chromatic light
wavelength. For the standard circular Black 0
(8) Circalar polariscope 1600
Gray
d a r k - f e l d set up 028
with 2600
po.ariscope
White

1, sin gl-cos A) Yellow

3500
0-45
0 60
set up 4600
and with bright-field Orange 079
I,xa co (ltco A)
Red
5200
0-90
have 1° $770
for the plane polariscope, we
Tiat of passage I00
Herce, as

yin-l ..(775)
cos A= 6200 106
Blue
transmitted is independent 7000 r20
In the circuiar poloriscoe the intensity so that these
Blueureeu
siresses in the model 8000
CieC.ons of the pincipal 138
oftne
ie determined. The diierence, however,
phase the can DeGreen-Yellow
Cat el:ments of the polari- 9400 r62
at a! of
oDtandwit no movement threiore, pariicularly suitable when the
Orange

scape. s ne:hnd is, time if the directions

of the 10500 131
vatics rapiey with Kea
st2le of trss sources of error of
not rguired. The najor 11500 200
D7C srt:e: i Tint of passage 2
tie n etne are:
over a finite area in
is ueasured
The iiensity of ighi Green
13500 2:33
siead i a pou.
14500 250
iih The cliect of siray ligut Green- Yellow

wave plates. 267

ii) Inacuracies in the quarter- 15500
Pink
1212 Colcur Matching Techniqze 17300 300
fietd
Tint of passage 3
in a field of stress non-uniform
Tbe isochron-tics source vary in colour
as the different 310
bained git
with white
18000
Coastituent wavelengths are successively extinguished, The inten Green
3760
transmitted of any given w2velength A in the st
andard CIrCular 21000
Siry Pink
400
Table 72 23000
Tint of passage 4
The Visible Spectrum
4 13
6300 24C00
40119 4500 4800 5100 5500 5700 5900 Green
WavelengR10
rangesA 450 4S00 100 550 703 590C 6300 7000 occupying between
roed and
dividing
zone
iringe and
is a sharp tho second order
The tint of passage and green in order
rder
Iringe, red and lth g
third, fourth,
Colour Violet Biue Blue
Green
Yeilow TClOwOrang
Green Green YellowOrangE Rcd
nk and green in the
1nges, white light analysis is
not adequaG
338
BXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYS
polariscope is proportional to sin A/2 or sin tR/à, whera
relative retardation. Each wavelength or colour is is the
in turn wherever R=Na. The remaining
colours are
extinguis
transmitter
with different intensities depending on the wavelength and itted
is
colour observed the complementary
colour to that
Thus, any value of the retardation produces a
the
extinguishe
charank
colour of the transmitted light. Table 72 gives the
spectrum. visible
To use the methoda simple tensile test is carried
out and.
table is then prepared of the colours observed and
fringe
the load is gradually increased for the light source used. order
gives corresponding values of the retardation and the colo 3 Table 72
transmitted 1n a standard circular polariscope lour
with a white light
source giving continuous
and
spectrum. "This is an approximate method
depends upon the eye of the observer.
7-213. Equidensometry method
The compensation methods discussed so
far are the point by
point methods and the model is under load for a
subsequent rectiication of errors may demand a long time and repetition of the
test set In the
up. equidensity method, a
are taken with different
number of photographs
exposure times or even a single
can provide a
complete and permanent record photograph
be evaluated for fractional which may
fringe orders at any later time.
conventional black and white low contrast
A
an isochromatic pattern exhibits continuous photograph of
between the iringe centre changes in density
by various techniques oflines. These changes can be quantified
called producing lines of constant density
so
orders.
equidensities, which represent constant fractional iringe
A conventional
Hurter-Drifieldphotographic
film has a characteristic
by the curve as shown in given
Fig. 7:10. A low con-

Without filter

Witn yellow
filter
jE-mean
exposure
value for
AEo AE1!E density
trough
E
Exposurel log AE=Width of
density trough
Fig. 7-30. Characteristic curve for
Agfa contour film.
 TWO DIAENSIONAL PHOTOELASTICITY
339

moderate slope y wide range of half tones,

gives a
trast film with a
transition from
a high contrast film with y nearly 90° gives a isharp
black to white. Agfa contour film has combined desceading and
showa in Fig. 7-30.
asceuding characieristics as
field with a
In a monochromatic circularly polarized optical
the exposure value for any
loaded model .and crossed polaroids,
point of the film is
E=l=Iat sin2 «^=lt sin2 « (N1+8N) (7 76)
where I=intensity of monochromatic light
transmitted through
a point 1n the model to
the corresponding point on

the filma
izexposure time
Io=maximum transmitted intensity
N=exact fringe order value at the point in
the model
order
Ni=0, 1, 2,., nearest integral fringe
0<8N<0 5, the fractional fringe order at the point.
tilm is transparent whenever E=E,
ASthe developed
lines characterized by a particular pair of
(Fig. T50), transparent
each side of the centreline of
values toN will appear, one line on
ot order N1. A change in exposure time
every integral fringe different values of I=,/t and,
results in transparent liines for
tor a different pair of values of t8N. A change from dark
hence,
to bright field also changes the values of 8N for the transparent
lines, except where N=+0 250.
A number of conditions must be obeyed if this value is used
for the cal1bratuon ot dN in other equidensity photographs, as
given below:
must be uniform the field
() l. over

(65) lo must be same for calibration piece and test model.

They must have the same thickness and the same transmission
of light. They must be placed in the same optical field on the
polariscope
(s) Photographic processing must be same for calibration and
test photographs. This conceras above all uhe development time,
the temperature of the developer, and the mode of agitation.
Corresponding photographs are best processed together.
iv) Monochromatic light must be perfect, because it not
only sharpens the equidensity lines but also eliminates error arising
at higher iringe orders from superp sition of different wavelength
of light

Eq. (7 76) is bright background as

modified for
B=It=Ioa t cos (Ni+8Na)
=l»t cos r (Ni+3N») .(7 77)
 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIs

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOELASTICITY 341

1,2 is
340 calculated
for N = 0 ,
,

ofintensity asshown in Fig. 7:31 (6) and its slope is

The los determined, the load
substituted in Eq. (7 78) to determine f. In this method which is
cos mN,=19%.
be obtained
als0pseudo-aolarizalion,Dctal
by a
can
udo. 5d
Fractional fringe orders
technique,
known as of th»
image
reversal"
1s the partial
e x p o s u r e to uniform
Sabatfser efee
photographic
or
solarization hlm i5 8ivena
mitea consequently the le less
obtained when the when
thus
development and preterentially
darkened to a
Al dmensions in mm) N
light during
arras of the negative
are

exposed
certain extent,
in differences (a) Tensile calibration specimen () PYIN curve
receives large
material
Fig 731
If a photographic aevelopment is carried
and the
over two adjacent areasare
u
the highly
P has to bo adjusted to have a full fringe order in the feld of view.
exposure
Ines 1ormed just withinwhich are in In another technique, the ardy method of compensation is used,
out without
agitatinn, dark lines,
These
exposed areas
in image
the developed from the characteristic curve of the where for a
particular load P the extinction
stress
angles r are plotted
by knowIng the slope of the
1hen
contrast with expected
result Mackie lines.
against the applied G1
called curve, we have
are

produces sharply defined

material,

photoelasticity pseudo.solarization
In
equidensity lines or
150Chromatics of partial
on either side of
fringe order
each integer or halc
-).180 (779)
In similar way a compression test piece may also be used.
N=N«+N with one line
a
these sharp
order fringe N. The order or partiabe orders 8N of by suitable
or isochromatics can
determined 2.Beam under pure bending. A rectangular beam o
shown in Fig. 732 may be used and
equidensity lines the photoelastic pattern can
thickness h and depth w as
calibration so that evalualion of theisochromatic lines of frac.
recourse to additional
be facilitated by need for additional equipment.
the
tional order without
722.

the material
Calibration Techniques
photoelastic material
The
fringe
The
value
following
fe so
as to convert
calibrated
has to

methods may be used to calibrate

be
the iringe orders into
a
to determine

l=150, a 25, n =6 w20

L lall mml
stresses.
photoelastic model. Fig. 732. Pure bending calibration specimen.
1. Simple specimen, If we prepare a simple
tensile
ubjected to pure bending to determine f. Pure bending in the
as shown in Fig. 731 (),
whose width is w and
tensile specimen the unilorm stress in the test speci
beam may be produced by applying equal loads Pat a distance
thicknessh, then under load P, the ends of a beam of length I as shown. The unitorm
a rom
men i 1
bending moment M in the middle portion of the beam is
- P / e h , o,=0 M=Pa
Applying stress optic law, we get
The stresses in the beam are
Pa
hw
or
- =0
6

Hence 7 78) Hence

In the tensile specimen, we get escaping type of fringes, i.e.
as the load is increased from zero, succesive fringesappear in the
field of view and disappear as the load is increased. Generally a
or
h-() .(7-80)
graph is plotted between the load applied Pand fringe order N
 h
N cos ey f
where
o-(o%'-o+4/p
Now O O cos 8y

Te Tv COs 8y
Thus h
N J. cos a cos y-a,
If
+4tcos'By}".)
ex=ey=6 then Eqs. (d) and (e), become
( cos-. ycos 0)1-+4ray cos 0
(Also Nvfe cOs =(G, cos" 6-o,)+4r cos"
Eq. (c) can be written as

=(»-o+4**» .(g)
Solving for and y from Eqs. (f) and (g), we get
cot 0
-cost A LN*sa+N"ov cos 0-N,(1+ cos 8)
.(7-98)

(- cot8
1-cos e + e a cos -N,(1+cos 8)
Ga and oy may be calculated from Egs. (7*98), then

Hence the stresses can be separated,

124. Selection of Photoelastic Materials
An ideal photoelastic material shonld have the following
proporties:
1. Transparent to light used in the polariscope.
 ExPERIMENTAL S7RESS ANALYSIS

TWO DIMENSIONL PIOTOPLASTICITY

362 means.
363
by
conventional

by low 724. Photoelastie Materials

machinable
sensitivity
as indicated
w. and Their Properties
Easily
2. high optica! 1. Epoxy Resins, There are
should have
Tt chlorohydrin and poly hydric phenol condensation products of epi
3.
respect to stress.
values (f or J). with foDr Alrhongh they are arailable
fringe havelinear
characteristics oraer
properties
asa Iull polymerized maerial, usaliy in the farm of Hit sheets
should
4. It strain-fringe

stress-fringe order
and
suitable for two-dimensional photoelastic work, "goxies are now
strain,
to prototype
scaling.
stresses.
days supplied as a basic resin and hardener or cring agest. The
model residul inished resin is formed by the chemical reaction of basic resin and
be free from optical isotropy and
5. It shonld and hardener.
mechanical
should have both
6. It In resins
and mechanical India the most commonly u1ed epoxY are Araldite
homogeneity.
be absence
of undue optical CY-230 and Hardener HY 951 (both liqnids), which are of the cold
7. There should etting type and Araldite G 200 (solid) and Hardener HT.9J1,
creep. of elasticity, ultimate
strength which are of the hot setting ype, and manufactured by Hindustan
have high modulus c o n t a c t CIBA-Geigy Limited.
8. It shouldavoid
to
distortion and
problems.

Epoxy resins possess good optical and echanical propertie,

hardness
and effects
time-edge
shculd be free from and are arailabie at com
9. I or fi should remain
constant
slightly susceptible to time edge eitecis
10. The material fringe changes.
vaiues fe paratively low cost. hey can be asily cast,
machined, än shed
and cemented for making models of complicated shapes.
moderate temperature
during
moderate cost. 2. Columbia Resia CR39. This is ailyl diglycol carbonate
11. It should have with diethylene glvcol to
12. It should have high
rigidity. which is produced by reacting phosgene
is then esteriied with allyl alcohol
explained below.
of some of the new terms
are
Obtain a chlorotormate, which is polymerized by heating inn
The meaniags
ability of a material to to yield a monomer. The monomer and the resultant sheet
Figure of Merit. In order to judge the the presence of Catalyst (benzoyl1s peroxide)
is used. A material will 1 a crystal-clear product. It available in large sheets t 1
brittle and canaot be machined bat canto be easily routed It i
resist distortion, the f a c t o r o r + some extent irom creep.
to time edge eitect but sutfers
the material is less prone
resistant to distortion ifthe value of for It has fringe value and sensitivity index.
relatively low
be more

is low. Since Poisson's ratio

for most of the photoelastic 3. Castolite or Honolite 100. I: is a polyester resin which
high orf used to evalu. can be cast into sheet fora betweea glass plates by zdding catal
materials varies from 036
042 the ratio Q=is comp.ete poly
about 93°C t
to
f yst to the imonomer and curing at are

This factor E'|f. is called the figure availabie saeets

merisation. The suriaces of the connerciaily of
of the material. residual stresses.
ate the merit
ot opucal quality, and
the material is íree
of merit.
Models can be prepared by routing only.
insensiiive to time
It. is
Sensitivity Index. It is difhned as
edge effect and is best suited for prolonged testing. ihe materi
index.
exhibits both a low tigure ol merit and sensitivity
marketed ur.der the trade name ot
4 Polynmethacrylate, It isand (U K.). It is available
limit for the model materíal and USA) Perspex
where oproportional Pexiglass (Germanystheets and round bars in a wide variety ot s12es-
in the form of tlat
S-sentitivity index. is higlily transparent,
coloutless and Irre from initia
The material no creep or tume edge
eflect. ns

Time.Edge Effects. When a photoelastic material is machi Stress.l tXbibits praclically

low. is very
ned and examined under a no load condition
as a function ot time, optical ensitivity
t18 noted that a stress is induced on the boundary which produces
5. Bakelite (Catalin 61-893). of glyptal
It is ,
resin which
ard sensitivity inde
a series of fringes, wiich are parallel to the boundary of the mode Figure merit
These fringes superimpose on the fringes obtained by applying 1oaa gycerine phtl:allic anlydride. t is water clear, nachinable wi-
for bakelite.
to the model and thus produce errors in the photoelastic data. are quite high not yet hard enough,
isolropic, cree
too brittle
ordinary tools,unavailable time ed
sheeis and exhibits
This phenomenon is called time edge effects. It has been establi. in large work.
moderately, used for photoelastic
shed that the time.edge effect is caused by diffusion of water vapour eflect. It is now very rarely
from the air into the plastic or from the plastic into the air.
 EXPIRIMENTAL S1RES3 ANALYSIS
366 n a m e Mak.
marketed under the trade
6. Polycarbonnte, lt is
rolon (Europe) and Lexan (U.S.A.). It has very high optical effect and
It is free from time.edge
sensitivity and ligure ol merit.
is a ther.
Polycarbonate
hows little creep at room temperature. Residual stresses produ.
from,
and is available in sheet
moplastic be renoved by carel1l
heat treat
ced during manulacturing may a coolant, water as
ment. It can be routed by using
It is rubber like plastic of
Polyurethane Rubber.
a
7.
very low elastic modulus
and very high optical sensitivity. It is a
coloured material and is practically free
highly transparent, amber
from time-edge effcct. Optical and mechanical creep are negligible
at room temperature. It is mainly used lor demonstration purpo.

It is available under the trade name

Photoflex (U.K.) and
ses.
Hysol 4485 (U.S.A.). It is a popular material for dynamic photo.
elasticity and study of body force problems.
8. Glass. It is the first material to be used for photoelastic
investigations. It is transparent, free from Creep, insensitive to
mild temperature changes, isotropic, homogeneous, inexpensive,
diffcult to machine and has low optical sensitivity.
9 Gelatine, The optical sensitivity of gelatine is very high
as compared to any other photoelastic material. This is suitable
forthe investigation of stress problems in which the influence of
self-weight is important, e g. in determining the stress distribution in
dams and around tunnels. It is highly susceptible to time-edge
efect which can be decreased by adding glycerine. Models can be
prepared by dissolving gelatine in water and moulding to the desi.
red shape.
10. Celluloid. It is
colloidal mixture of nitrocellulose in
a
camphor. It is susceptible to creep and is used for large and com-
plicated models Properties of
perature are given in Table 75.
photoelastic imaterials at room tem
725. Quiz Questions
1. Define birefriogence
2. What is the photoelastic effect ?
3. Diferentiate between temporary and permanent double
refraction,
4. What is the nature of
light ?
5, Diflerentiate
between ordinary and
6. What is a monochromatic light
Nicol prism ?
7. Define stress
8. Desine
optic law,
isoclinics, isachromatics and
between isotropic and isopachics.
9. Differentiate
10, What is
fog density of
singular points.
Hurter-Driffieldphofographic
a
11. Draw the
curve.
film?