INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our

daily use electrical appliances and the
use is increasing every day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly. Thus, this project
report is based on the practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell. When the internal
resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increased the potential difference
across it , and hence make it more
reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the
resistance
offered by the electrolyte of the cell to
the
flow of ions.
It’s S.I unit is ohm(Ω).
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal
resistance
(r) , connected to an external resistance
(R)
such that (I) is the current flowing
through the
circuit.
E = V + Ir
INTERNAL RESISTANCE, r = (E – V)/I
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE :-
To study the various factors on which
the internal resistance
of the cell depends.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :-
A potentiometer, a battery(or battery
eliminator) , two one
way keys , a rheostat , a galvanometer ,
a resistance box , an
ammeter , a cell(Leclanche cell) , a
jockey , a setsquare ,
connecting wires and sand papers.
THEORY :-
The internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a
cell
Is directly proportional to the distance between
the
electrodes.
Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the
electrode in electrolyte.
Decrease with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
Is inversely proportional to the concentration of
electrolyte.
THE INTERNAL ESISTANCE OF A CELL IS GIVEN BY :-
R = (E – V)/I
PROCEDURE :-
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper
make tight connection according to the circuit
diagram .
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell
and make
sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of
the
cell , otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery ,
making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2 , adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point
accurately using
a setsquare and measure the balancing length (l1)
, between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2.At
the same time , take out a small resistance (1 – 5
W) from the shunt resistance box connected I
parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 andK2.Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
14. Keeping all other factor constant , increase the
area of the electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observations.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating
steps 7 to 10.Record these readings.
16. Keeping all other factors constant , decrease
the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating
steps 7 to 10.Record these readings.
 ObSERvATION

S. no. Ammeter Position Position of Shunt Internal

reading of null null point resistanc resistan
point Without R eR ce
With R
1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

S. no. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
between point I1 point I2 resistamce
electrodes

1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38

2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

 Table for effect of temperature

S.no. Temperature I1 I2 Resistance Internal Tr

resistance
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
 RESULTS AND INFERENCES :-

I. The electromotive force of the cell is

constant and is equal
II. to E = 0.98 volt.
III. The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to
IV. the separation between the electrodes.
V. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to
VI. the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
VII. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to
VIII. the temperature of electrolytes
IX. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS :-
1) The connections should be neat , clean
and tight.
2) The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when
3) the observations are to be taken.
4) The positive polls of the battery E and cells
E1 and E2
5) should all be connected to the terminal at
the zeros of
6) the wires.
7) The jockey key should not be rubbed
along the wire. It
8) should touch the wire gently.
9) The ammeter reading should remain
constant for a
10) particular set of observation. If necessary ,
adjust the
11) rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR :-
1) The auxiliary battery may not be
fully charged.
2) The potentiometer wire may not be
of uniform cross
3) section and material density
throughout it’s length.
4) End resistance may not be zero.
bIbLIOGRAPHY
1.WEBSITE:_
• www.google.com
• www.yahoo.com
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.bing.com
• www.quora.com
2.BOOKS:_
• Comprehensive Practical manual
• NCERT CLASS XII
AKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, we would like to thank our Class

Teacher, Mrs. MALIKA KHENDELWAL, who was a
constant source of inspiration. She encouraged us
to think creatively and motivated us to work on
this assignment without giving it a second
thought. She expressed full support and provided
us with the different teaching aids that were
required to complete this assignment. She
believed in Us.
We thank our parents for always trusting in us and
teaching us to believe in our abilities and
strengths and never give up until the goal is
achieved. We are thankful to all our friends who
extended their moral support, and above all, we
are thankful to God for being with us and giving us
the wisdom and ability to do this assignment.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Pradyuman Sharma has
successfully completed the project file on ‘STUDY
OF VARIOUS FACTOR IN WHICH INTRERNAL
RESISTANCE / EMF O A CELL DEPENDS‘.Under my
guidance and supervision.

I am satisfied with their initiative and effort for the

completion of project file as a part of curriculum
of CBSE Class XII Examination.

Teacher’s sign. External’s sign.

PrincipSal’s sign.
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC : STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTOR IN

WHICH INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF OF A
CELL DEPENDS

NAME : PRADYUMAN SHARMA

CLASS : XII (SCIENCE)
ROLL NO. : 16619565
INDEX
S NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 INTERNAL RESISTANCE 6

3 PRACTICAL ANALYSIS 7

4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 9

5 PROCEDURE 10
6 RESULT AND 13
INFERENCES
6 PRECAUTIONS 15
7 SOURCE OF ERROR 16

8 BIBLOGRAPHY 17
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM