INDIANA AEROSPACE UNIVERSITY

IAU Town Center, Kagudoy Rd. Basak, Lapu-Lapu City

Aircraft Design I
AE 410
Report No. 4

Airfoil Selection

Belleza, Kent Cezar Anthony P.

Velasco, Kyle William M.

October 14, 2023

Date Submitted

Caringal, Danilo Jr.

Instructor
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Mission Requirements:

1. Reciprocating engine, propeller driven G A Aircraft, certifiable to FAA Part 23

Airworthiness standard

2. 1 passenger – 1 pilot capacity

3. Range – 666.72km

4. Cruising Speed – 230 km/hr

5. Cruising altitude – 10,000 feet

6. Payload: 230 lbs.

7. All Metal Structure.

Mission Profile:

Page 2 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:
Factors to be Considered in Airfoil Selection
• The ideal design lift coefficient, Cli
• Highest maximum lift coefficient, Clmax
• Lowest minimum drag coefficient, Cdmin
• Lowest pitching moment coefficient, Cm
• Highest lift to drag ratio, (Cl/Cd) max
• Highest lift curve slope, a
• Proper stall quality in the stall region (the variation must be gentle, not sharp)
• Must be structurally reinforceable – not that much thin that spars cannot be placed inside
• Must be such that the cross section is manufacturable
• Must allow sufficient space for fuel tank if it is to be placed inside the wing
• Must consider space for landing gears for retractable landing gear.

D. Given Date / Design Data

• Design cruising speed, Vc

V = 230 km/h ( 1000 m/1 km ) ( 1 ft/0.3048 m ) ( 1 h/3600 s ) = 209.61 ft/s
• Design Stalling Speed, Vs (Vs < 61 knots per FAA PART 23, 50-60 knots typical)
Vs= 80 km/h ( 1000 m/1 km ) ( 1 ft/0.3048 m ) ( 1 h/3600 s ) = 72.9076ft/s
• Design cruising altitude
10,000 ft
• Air density and temperature at cruising altitude
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜 + 𝑎ℎ

𝑅
𝑇10000 = 519 R + (−0.003566 ) (10,000 ft)
𝑓𝑡
𝑻 = 𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝑹
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 483.34 𝑅 4.26
𝜌𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 = (0.002377 3 ) ( )
𝑓𝑡 519 𝑅
𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈
𝝆𝒄𝒓𝒖𝒊𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟑
𝒇𝒕
• Aspect ratio, AR
𝑏
𝐴𝑅 =
𝐶𝑟
𝑏
𝐴𝑅 =
𝐶𝑟

AR= 8.9

Page 3 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

• Wing loading, Wo/S (Assume take-off wing loading =15 -18 lbs/sqft , typical for GA airplanes)
7.4469 lbs/𝒇𝒕𝟐
• Flap’s type (show picture or drawing with max deflection and lift coefficient increment)

• Weight fraction in climb, W2/W1(from report# 2)

= 0.985

• Weight fraction in cruise, W3/W2 (from report# 2)

= 0.99

Computation of the following

• Other wing area using the wing loading and gross weight.
𝑊𝑂 =102 𝑓𝑡 2
1791𝑙𝑏𝑠
SW = 𝑊 = = 102ft^2
17.551𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 2
𝑆

Wing span and wing chord

• Wing Span

𝑏 = √𝐴(𝑆) = √(8.9)(102) 𝑓𝑡 2 = 30.12971955ft = 30.13 𝒇𝒕

• Wing Chord
𝑏 30.13𝑓𝑡 2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = = = 3.385393258𝑓𝑡 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝒇𝒕
𝐴𝑅 8.9

Page 4 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:
• Reynold’s Number

• Air Viscosity at 10,000 feet (T = 483.34 R)

𝑇 1.5 𝑇𝑜 + 198.72 𝑅 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 ( ) ( ) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 3.62 𝑋 10−7
𝑇𝑜 𝑇 + 198.72 𝑅 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠 483.34 𝑅 1.5 518.7 𝑅 + 198.72 𝑅

−7
𝜇 = (3.62 𝑋 10 )( ) ( )
𝑓𝑡 2 518.7 𝑅 483.43 𝑅 + 198.72 𝑅
𝒍𝒃𝒇 𝒔
= 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝒇𝒕𝟐
• Reynold’s Number
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡
𝜌𝑉𝑐 1.76 𝑋 10−3 3 (205.052 𝑠 ) (2.95 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝑁 = = = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟎
𝜇 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
3.43 𝑋 10−7
𝑓𝑡 2

• Aircraft Weight at the beginning of a cruise, W2

W1/W0 = 0.97 W1 = W0 × 0.97
W1 = (1791.810lbs) (0.97) = 1738.05lbs
W2 = W1 × 0.985
W2 = (1738.05lbs) (0.985) =1711.98lbs
• Aircraft Weight at the end of the cruise, W3
W3/W2 = 0.868 W3 = 1711.98lbs x 0.868 W3 = 1486lbs

• Average weight during cruising flight

𝑤2+𝑤3 1711.98lbs+1486lbs
Wave = = = 1598.99lbs
2 2

• Follow steps for wing airfoil section selection

1. Determine the average aircraft weight (Wavg) in cruising flight:
𝑤2+𝑤3 1711.98𝑙𝑏𝑠+1486𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = = 1598.99lbs
2 2

2. Calculate the aircraft ideal cruise lift coefficient (CLC).

2(𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ) 2(1598.99lbs)
𝐶𝐿𝑐 = 2 = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝜌𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑆 −3 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡 2 2
(1.76 𝑋 10 ) (209.61 𝑠 ) (102.05𝑓𝑡 )
𝑓𝑡 3

Page 5 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

1. Calculate the wing cruise lift coefficient (CLCw).

𝐶𝐿𝑐 0.4052528433
𝐶𝐿𝑐𝑤 = = = 0.4265819403
0.95 0.95

2. Calculate the wing airfoil ideal lift coefficient (Cli).

𝐶𝐿𝑐 0.4265819403
𝑤
𝐶𝑙𝑖 = = =0.47
0.9 0.9

3. Calculate the aircraft maximum lift coefficient (CLmax )

2𝑊𝑇𝑂
𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑠2 𝑆
Where:

𝑊𝑇𝑂 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 − 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑊𝑜

𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡
𝜌0 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 0.002377 3
; 𝑉𝑠 = 72.9076
𝑓𝑡 𝑠

2(1791.810lbs)
𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡 2
=1.143466788
(0.002377 3 )(72.9076 𝑠 ) (102𝑓𝑡 2 )
𝑓𝑡

4. Calculate the wing maximum lift coefficient (𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤).

𝐶𝐿 1.143466788
𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝟏. 𝟐
𝑤 0.95 0.95

5. Calculate the wing airfoil gross maximum lift coefficient.

𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.2
𝑤
𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 0.9 0.9

6. Select the high lift device – type of flap, geometry, and max deflection. The high lift
device, plain flap that has 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑝 = ∆𝐶𝑙 𝐻𝐿𝐷 = 𝟎. 𝟖 when deflected.

9. Determine the high lift device contribution to the wing maximum lift coefficient.

10. Calculate the wing airfoil “net” maximum lift coefficient, Clmax .
𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆𝐶𝑙 𝐻𝐿𝐷 = 1.33 - 0.8 = 1.34
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠

Summary

𝑪𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 1.34; 𝑪𝒍𝒊 = 0.4

Page 6 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:
F. Tabulation for Wing Airfoil

• Look for ten (10) NACA airfoil sections having a Clmax and Cli close in value to which you have just
determined. Include the drawings and aerodynamic characteristics of these 10 airfoil sections in the
report.

Page 7 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Page 8 of 17
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Page 9 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Page 10 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Page 11 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Tabulate the Aerodynamic Characteristics

No Airfoil Section Clmax @ Ideal Lift Stalling Pithing moment (Cl/Cd Cdmin
RN=30000 Coefficient, Angle coefficient at aero ) Max
00 Cli of center, Cmo
Attack
(deg)

1
NACA 0009 1.27 0.42 14 -0.003 25 0.0074
2
NACA 4318 1.46 0.39 14 -0.065 47 0.0121
3
NACA 0025 1.20 0.42 16 -0.003 58.7 0.0143
4
NACA 2421 1.46 0.41 16 -0.036 51 0.0128
5
NACA 2509 1.38 0.46 13 -0.052 28.94 0.0083
6
NACA 4321 1.29 0.44 15 -0.057 53.7 0.0134
7 NACA 4421 1.37 0.6 19 -0.071 51.9 0.0133
8 NACA 6318 1.43 0.25 13 -0.097 49 0.0133
9 NACA 6321 1.37 0.51 17 -0.090 57.83 0.0145
10 NACA 6506 1.29 0.34 10 -0.159 32 0.0122

Page 12 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

The Best Five Airfoil

Select the best airfoil among the five for your airplane’s wing based on the highest
weight and on “factors to be considered”. In your own words, justify your decision.

Design Objectives Weight in NACA 4318 NACA NACA NACA NACA

Percent 2509 4321 4421 6321

Minimum Drag 25 20 21 18 22 17
Coefficient, Cdmin

Minimum Pithing 15 12 11 9 13 10
moment coefficient at
aero center
High Stalling Angle of 15 14 14 15 14 14
attack

High Zero-lift angle of 10 10 10 9 9 9

attack (negative angle)

(Cl/Cd) max 10 8 7 9 8 10

High Lift Curve Slope, a 5 5 5 5 5 5

Stall quality 20 17 17 19 20 18

Summation 100 86 85 84 91 76

Among the data provided, the NACA 4421 garnered the highest point total, accumulating a sum of 91.
Moreover, in the process of airfoil selection, it's crucial to consider opting for one with the minimum CDmin,
maximum CLmax, and a Cli that closely aligns with the projected value. Adhering to these criteria simplifies the
decision, making NACA 4421 the preferred choice among the five (5) alternatives.

Page 13 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Wing Airfoil Characteristics for my designed Airplane

𝐶𝑚𝑜
cp = a.c. -
𝐶𝑙

Where:
Cl = lift coefficient
Cd = drag coefficient
Cm= moment coefficient @ quarter chord
Cmo = moment coefficient @ aerodynamic center
Cp = center of pressure
a.c. = aerodynamic center

Cl α Cd Cm Cmo Cp

-0.8 -14 0.018 -0.115 -0.0575 5.178125

-0.6 -12 0.014 -0.1175 -0.05875 5.152083
-0.4 -10 0.012 -0.12 -0.06 5.1
-0.2 -8 0.0055 -0.1175 -0.05875 4.95625
0 -6 0.006 -0.1125 -0.05625 0
0.2 -4 0..007 -0.0975 -0.04875 5.49753
0.4 -2 0.0075 -0.0925 -0.04625 5.365625
0.6 0 0.008 -0.08 -0.04 5.316667
0.8 2 0.0085 -0.075 -0.0375 5.296875
1 4 0.009 -0.0975 -0.04875 5.29875
1.2 6 0.01 -0.0775 -0.03875 5.282292
1.4 8 0.025 -0.0575 -0.02875 5.270536
1.6 10 -0.0475 -0.02375 5.264844
1.8 12 -0.03 -0.015 5.258333
2 14 -0.02 -0.0 5.255

Page 14 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Page 15 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

• Tabulate the aerodynamic characteristics and select the best airfoil based on highest weight and justify
your decision.

No. Airfoil Clmax@ Ideal Lift Stalling Pitching (Cl/Cd) Cd min

Section RN=3000000 Coefficient, Angle of moment max
Cli Attack coefficient
(deg.) at
aerometer,
Cmo
1 NACA 0.94 0.18 10 -0.05 47.37 0.0038
0006
2 NACA 1.23 0.12 12 -0.01 23.08 0.0052
0009
3 NACA 1.5 0.10 14.8 -0.003 17.24 0.0058
0012

Design Weight in NACA 0006 NACA 0009 NACA 0012

Objectives Percent
Minimum Drag 25 25 20 18
Coefficient, Cdmin
Minimum Pitching 25 20 25 25
Moment, Cm
(Cl/Cd) max 20 25 20 18
High Lift Curve 30 15 20 25
Slope, a
Summation 100 85 85 86

NACA 0012 secured the top score in total points. However, my preference leans toward NACA 0009
because it offers a balanced combination of attributes, including an average minimum drag
coefficient, the highest (Cl/Cd) ratio, and a noteworthy lift curve slope among the three options.

Page 16 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

Page 17 of 18
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I AE 410 Report No.: 4
Title: Airfoil Selection
Name of Aircraft: Issoire APM 20 lionceau Date Submitted: October 7, 2023
Name of Student: Belleza & Velasco Grade:

• Tabulate the aerodynamic characteristics and select the best airfoil based on highest weight and justify
your decision.

No. Airfoil Clmax@ Ideal Lift Stalling Pitching (Cl/Cd) Cd min

Section RN=3000000 Coefficient, Angle of moment max
Cli Attack coefficient
(deg.) at
aerometer,
Cmo
1 NACA 1.41 0.5 12 -0.13 67.23 0.007
4415
2 NACA 1.6 0.15 24 -0.003 30 0.008
2212
3 NACA 1.6 0.15 24 -0.003 30 0.008
0012

Design Weight 4415 2212 0012

Objectives in %
Minimum drag 25 0.007 0.006 0.0058
coefficient,
Cdmin 90 22.5 85 21.25 90 22.5

Minimum 25 -0.13 -0.003 -0.003

pitching
moment ,Cm 90 22.5 88 22 88 22

(Cl/Cd) max 20 67.23 30 17

88 17.6 85 17 83 16.6
High lift curve 30 12 24 15
slope, a
87 26.1 90 27 90 27
Summation 100 =88.70 =87.25 =88.1
Among the three airfoils, the NACA 4415 stands out with the highest score of 88.70 in the provided table.
Additionally, it exhibits characteristics such as minimum drag coefficient and pitching moment that align with
the midpoint.

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