ISSN: 2961-1989

Academia Research Journal (ARJ)

Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2024
************************************
g]kfnsf] /f0ffsfnLg pRrlzIff
t]haxfb'/ s]=;L1
Higher Education during the Rana Era of Nepal
Tej Bahadur KC1
1
Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, Tribhuvan University, Mahendra Multiple Campus,
Nepalgunj
1
Corresponding Author: tejbdrkc243@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/academia.v3i1.61275
Article History: Received: Sept. 21, 2023 Revised: Nov. 7, 2023 Received: Dec. 12, 2023

zf]w;f/
lzIff hLjgko{Gt lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|s[of xf] . ;fdfGotM lzIffsf] cy{ l;sfO eGg] x'G5 . l;sfO
k|s[lt / ;dfh;Fu ;dfof]hg x'g hfGg] l;k l;sfpg] k|s[of xf] . x/]s k|0ffnLn] of] ;+;f/df ;dfof]hg eO{
hLjgofkg ug{ ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; ug{'kg{] x'G5 . dflg; afx]s cGo k|f0fLx?nfO{ j+zf0f'ut u'0f, h;nfO{
hGdhft u'0f elgG5, To;sf] kl/kSstf;Fu} x'g] ljsf;n] cfkm\gf] Aojxf/ rnfpg k'U5 . t/ dflg; ;r]t
k|f0fL xf] . h;sf] pRrtd ;r]t Ifdtfsf] ljsf; cflh{t lzIffn] dfq ug{] ub{5 . cflh{t lzIffdf klg
ljZjJofkL dfGg]tf k|fKt ;+:yfut lzIff, h;nfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIff eGg] ul/G5 . oxL cf}krfl/s lzIffsf]
pkNnf]txnfO{ pRr lzIff eGg] ul/G5 . s:tf] k|sf/sf] lzIffnfO{ pRr lzIff dfGg], To;sf] :t/ lgwf{/0fsf]
dfkb08 / d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/ s]nfO{ dfGg] eGg] s'/f ;do ;fk]If ablnbf] b]lvG5 . ;+;f/df h;/L pRr
lzIffsf] ljsf; e}/x]sf] lyof] g]kfndf klg To;/L g} ToxL k|s[ofdf pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; gePsf] eP tfklg
g]kfn pRr lzIffsf] If]qdf cglj1 lyof] eGg ldNb}g . lnR5ljsfn / dNnsfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf snfsf}zn,
d7dlGb/, kf6Lkf}jf, lznfn]v / Oltxf;df pNn]lvt dfgu[x, s}nf;s'6 ejg / eb|flwjf; h:tf b/af/ /
cGo ejgx?sf] lgdf{0f cfhsf] pRr OlGhlgol/ª lzIffsf] ;dsIftfsf] alnof] k|df0f xf] . g]kfndf cf}krfl/s
pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft eg] lj=;+=!(&%df /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] lqe'jg rGb|zdz]/
sn]h xfnsf] lqrGb| SofDk; xf] . lj=;+=@))& ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfndf obfsbf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug{]
s'/f rNg] u/]sf] / ;fdfGo ;ldlt u7g x'g] afx]s pRr lzIff ljsf;df vf;} sfd x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
lj=;+=@))& ;fn;Dd g]kfndf hDdf b'O{j6f sn]hx? Dffq :yfkgf ePsf lyP . k|:t't cWoogdf ToxL
lj=;+=@))& ;fneGbf cufl8sf] g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf af/] hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5
.
zAb s'l~hsf M ;wf]aw', a|DxjflbgL, cfzSttf, ljhf/f]k0f, sf];]9'Ëf .

Abstract
Education is a lifelong process. Education generally means learning. Learning is the process of
learning the skills to adapt to nature and society. Every system has to develop the ability to adapt
and live in this world. Other than human beings, the hereditary qualities, which are called innate
qualities, develop along with their maturity to control their behavior. But man is a conscious
animal, whose highest conscious ability is developed only through acquiring education.
Institutional education, which is known as formal education, is universally recognized in
acquired education. This level of formal education is called higher education. What kind of
education is considered as higher education, the standard of determining its level and what is
considered as the basis of evaluation, seems to change over time. Even though higher education
was not developed in the same way in the world as higher education was developing in Nepal, it
cannot be said that Nepal was ignorant in the field of higher education. The construction of

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 ISSN: 2961-1989
Academia Research Journal (ARJ)
Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2024
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palaces and other buildings such as palaces, temples, Patipauwa, inscriptions and history
mentions, Kailasakut Bhavan and Bhadradhivas are a strong evidence of the equivalence of
today's higher engineering education. The beginning of formal higher education in Nepal is the
Tribhuvan Chandra Shamsher College established by Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher in
the year 1975. It is the present Trichandra Campus. By the year 2007 B.S., it seems that nothing
much has been done in the development of higher education except for the establishment of a
university in Nepal and the formation of a general committee. Till 2007 B.S., only two colleges
were established in Nepal. In the present study, the same an attempt has been made to provide
information about the state of development of higher education in Nepal prior to 2007 B. S.

Keywords: Devottee, Ascetic, Enthrallment, Genesis, Milestone

kl/ro

dflg; r]tgzLn k|f0fL xf] . dflg;nfO{ r]tgzLn k|f0fL agfpg] k|d'v cfwf/ pRrtd 1fg / l;ksf]
;||f]t lzIff g} xf] . …lzIff k|s[lt;Fu ;dfof]hg x'g l;sfpg] snf xf] . lzIffn] j|Dxf08 cyf{t\ o; ljZjdf s;/L
;dfof]hg x'g] / k|s[ltdf /x]sf kbfy{x?sf] s;/L pRrtd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f l;sfpFb5 -jfUn] /
sfsL{, @)%@ M @)_ .Ú lzIffsf] ;'?jft dfgj hfltsf] ljsf;;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5 . …lzIffn] hlxn] klg dfgj
hLjgsf] jf}l4s kl/jt{gdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ u|Ls bfz{lgs lx/flSn6;n] eg]sf 5g\ …Pp6f
gbLdf b'O{k6s sbd /fVg ;Sb}gf} lsgeg] xfdL;Fu hlxn] klg tfhf kfgL k|jflxt eO/xg]5Ú -l;x+, @)^^ M(_
.Ú To;/L g} lzIff klg hlxn];Dd tfhf /xG5 Tolta]nf;DDf dfq k|rngdf /xG5 . ;+;f/df dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof
ylkb} hfG5, / ylkbf] ;ª\Vof;Fu} dflg;sf cfjZostf, rfxfgf / ?rLx? klg ylkg yfN5g\ . o;/L ylkg]
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{] bfloTj lzIffsf] sfFwdf c8]sf] x'G5 . o;/L cfOkg{] ;d:ofx? dWo] hf];'s} JolQmn]
;lhn};Fu} ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt 1fgnfO{ ;fdfGo jf cfwf/e"t 1fg jf lzIff elgG5 eg]
hl6n ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt pRrtd txsf] 1fg tyf l;knfO{ pRr lzIff elgG5 . o:tf ;a}k|sf/sf pRr
lzIffsf] cg'ej / hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf AolQmx? bfz{lgs sxlnG5g\ . bfz{lgs Kn]6f]n] eg]sf 5g\ . …1fg k|fKt
u/]/ slxNo} ;Gt]fif gdfGg] jf gc3fpg] JolQm g} bfz{lgs xf] -jfUn] / sfsL{, @)%@ M&_ .Ú pRr lzIff eg]/
s:tf] lzIffnfO{ eGg] < lzIff l;sfO{ jf 1fg xf] ls dfGotf xf] < cf}krfl/s ;+:yfaf6 lbPsf] 1fg l;k jfx]s
cGo l;sfOnfO{ lzIff dfGg] ls gdfGg] < ;+;f/df pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft sxfFaf6 / slxn]b]lv ePsf] lyof] <
eGg] h:tf cg]sg k|Zgx?sf] pTt/ lgw{Ss ;fy lbg ;lsg] cj:yfdf 5}g . kf}/fl0fs sfnsf] k'/f0fdf pRr
lzIffsf] p2]Zo 1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; ug{' /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

dfgj ljsf;sf] qmd;Fu} ;dfhsf cWogzLn dflg;x?n] k|fKt u/]sf] pRr txsf] 1fg / l;k g} pRr
lzIff lyof] . g]kfndf pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} ePsf] lyof] tfklg cflwsfl/s ?kdf cf}krfl/s
tl/sfn] pRr lzIffsf s]Gb|x? gv'n]sf / lzIff cfh{g u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g]u/L cf}krfl/s tl/sfn] k|df0f kq
lbg] Aoj:yf gePsf]n] Oltxf;df pRr lzIff cf]em]ndf k/]sf] blvG5 . k|dfl0ft tYosf] cfwf/nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(!) sf] b/af/ :s'nsf] :yfkgf xf] eg] lj=;+=!(&% ;fnsf]
lqe'jg rGb|zdz]/ sn]hsf] :yfkgf cf}krfl/s pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft xf] . pRr lzIff, lzIff k|flKtsf] dflyNnf]
tx xf], pRr lzIffsf] cfh{gn] AolQmsf] af}l4s :t/nfO{ psf:g'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs ultzLntfdf d2t k'u]sf]
x'G5, h'g /fi6«df pRr lzIffsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 ltg} /fi6«x? lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf lgs} cufl8 /x]sf]
kfOG5 . o; cWoogsf] d'Vo pb]Zo lj=;+=@))& ;fn k"j{ g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf phfu/
ug{' /x]sf] 5 .

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cWoog ljlw

s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf] ljZj;gLotf To;sf] cWog ljlwdf c8]sf] x'G5 . cWog ljlw n]vdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ ljifoj:t'x?sf] ;ª\sns / ;ª\sng ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x? lr/kmf/ u/L ;Tosf] cg'e'lt u/fpg]
s;L xf] . lj1fgsf] cg';Gwfgdf k|of]uzfnf k4ltsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 / ljifoj:t'nfO{ tYon] k'li6 ul/G5
eg] ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljifox?df yf]/} tYo / w]/} ts{sf] k|of]u ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . ha;Dd tL ts{x?sf lj?4
Tof] eGbf alnof / ljZj;gLo ts{ cfpFb}gg\ ta;Dd k|:t't ul/Psf] tYo g} ;To dflgG5 . k|:t't n]v
;fdflhs lj1fgcGtu{tsf] Oltxf; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;sf] cWogdf l4tLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ul/g'
:jefljs g} xf] . To;}n} k|:t't n]v ;fdfGotM ;xfos ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . n]vnfO{
ljZjf;gLo / e/kbf{] agfpg ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ k/LIf0f / k'gM k/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';GwfgfTds n]vdf
pkof]u ul/Psf s'/fx?nfO{ ;s];Dd b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;|f]tx?af6 ;Tosf] glhs k'¥ofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fKt ;fdu|Lx? pkof]u u/L n]v tof/ kfbf{ AofVofTds / ljZn]z0ffTds ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z

g]kfndf pRr lzIff cfh{g ug{] cj;/ j}lbssfndf klg ljBdfg lyof] eGg] s'/f ljleGg ;|f]tx?df
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . …j}lbs sfnsf] lzIff, h;nfO{ ;+:s[t lzIff eGg] ul/G5, Tof] lzIffdf klg u'?s'n,
Clifs'n, b]js'n, lkt[s'n tyf /fhs'n h:tf k|0ffnLx? k|rlnt /x]sf lyP . u'?s'n lzIff k4lt cª\u|]hL lzIff
k4ltsf] hu ga;'Gh]n;Dd Ps5q k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 -sf]O/fnf / cGo, @)^% M ##$_ .Ú u'?s'n
lzIffnox? zxl/of jftfj/0f tyf dflg;x?sf] w]/} cfjthfjt x'g] :yfgeGbf leGg :yfgdf h:t} hª\un,
gbLgfnfsf lsgf/x? cflbdf :yfkgf ul/Psf x'Gy] . To:tf lzIffsf s]Gb|x? cflwsfl/s ?kdf ;+:yfut :jLs[t
geP/ u'?sf cf>d?kL x'Gy] . u'?x? pRr cfr/0fdf /xGy] ,h;sf] 5fk pgLx?sf lzZox?df :jt kb{Yof] .
oxL k|0ffnL cGt/ut eujfg /fdn] jlzi7 Clifsf] cf>fdaf6 / ;'bfdf tyf eujfg >Ls[i0fn] zflGblk0fL
Clifsf] cf>daf6 lzIff cfh{g u/]sf lyP h'g lzIff cfhsf] pRr lzIff eGbf cAan bhf{sf] x'g] ub{Yof] eGg]
s'/fdf s'g} ;+sf 5}g . Tof] a]nfb]lv cfhsf] ;do;Dd ;dfhdf cf:yfsf] k|efj hdfpg ;kmn j]bsf] cWog
ug{] cj;/ dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg lyof] . To;df klg j]bsf] ljlwjt cWoog ;dfKt u/L ;s]kl5 j]b
tyf ljleGg zf:qsf lj4fgx?sf] lj4t\ ;efnfO{ ljBfyL{x?n] cfkm"n] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, zLn, :jefj /
zf:qfy{n] ;Gtf]if u/fpg ;s] dfq pgLx? ljBfdf :gfts x'Gy] . …j]bsf] cWoog kZrft u[x:yf>ddf a:g]
dlxnfnfO{ ;wf]aw' / ;Gof; lng] dlxnfnfO{ j|XdjflbgLsf] pkdf lbg] k|rng lyof] -sf]O/fnf / la8f/L M ##$_
.Ú pRr lzIffsf] ;dsIfsf] lzIffsf] ljsf; lnR5jLsfn dNnsfndf klg sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 h;nfO{ k|dfl0ft
ug{] k|df0fx?sf ?kdf kf6L, kf}jf, d7dlGb/ / b]jfnosfx? v8f /x]sf 5g\ .

lnR5jLsfnLg g]kfndf ;+:s[t efiff / g]kfn efifdf n]lvPsf lznfn]vx?af6 g]kfndf pRr lzIffsf]
ljsf; pGgt cj:yfdf lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . …k|frLg g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf lzIff lbg] s'g} k|aGw ePsf]
;flxlTos Pj+ k'/ftflTjs k|df0f kfOFb}g -If]qL / /fodfemL, @)^) M !@&_ .Ú lrgLof ofqL x'–Pg–;fËn] cfkm\gf]
ofqf j[tfGtdf g]kfndf c+z'adf{ gfdsf /fhf 5g\ / oL /fhf cfkm\gf] ljBf / rft'o{n] k|Voft 5g\, pgn]
zAbljBf ljifos lstfj agfPsf 5g\, pgn] ljBfsf] sb/ ub{5g\ / pgsf] u'0fsf] htftt} sLlt{ km}lnPsf] 5
egL pNn]v u/]sf lyP . …lnR5jL/fhfx? w]/} ljåfg lyP . log} ofqLn] cfkm\gf] j[tfGtsf] qmddf lzlIft /fhf
clzlIft hgtf eGg] pNn]v u/]sf lyP -e§/fO{, @)%@ M %#_ .Ú c+z'jdf{n] zAbljBfdf b}lgs n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5
. Tolta]nf jf:t'snf, lzIff, / cf}ifwLlj1fgsf] lgs} k|ult ePsf] s'/f ljleGg ;|f]tx?df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
…lnR5jLsfndf ;+:s[t / kfnL efiffdf lzIff lbOGYof] . ef/tdf ;+:s[tnfO{ /fhefiffsf] dfGotf lbPsf]n]
g]kfndf klg ;+:s[t efiffsf] k|efj a9L lyof] -e§/fO{, @)%@ M !%)_ .Ú dWosfnLg lzIff b'O{efudf ljeSt
lyof] . k|yd efudf cfWoflTds lzIff kb{Yof] h;df wd{, bz{g / ;ª\uLt kb{y] h'g pRr 3/fgfn] lng] lzIff
lyof] . Tof] lzIff cfgGb k|flKtsf] nflu lnOg] lzIff lyof] . bf];|f] txsf] lzIff hLjgd"ns lyof] h;n]
hLjgofkg ug{] snf l;sfpg] ub{Yof] .

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dNnsfnsf] k|f/Delt/ g]kfnsf] glhs kg{] ef/tLo If]qsf gfnfGbf, ljs|dzLn h:tf z}lIfs s]Gb|x?n]
g]kfnsf] lzIffdf lgs} ;xof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . dWosfndf af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt lzIffn] k|fyldstf kfPsf]df
gjf}+ ztfJbLlt/ zª\s/frfo{sf] cfudg kZrft af}4 lzIffeGbf lxGb" wd{ ;Da4 lzIffn] k|fyldstf kfpg
yfn]sf] lyof] . ef/tdf d'l:nd cTofrf/ a9]kl5 To;sf] df/af6 aFfRg gfnGbf tyf ljsfzLn h:tf ljVoft
lzIff s]Gb|sf k|frfo{x? g]kfn k|j]z u/L oxfFsf] z}lIfs ljsf;df of]ubfg lbPsf lyP . …dNn/fhfx?
l;l4g/l;x+ dNn, e"kltGb| dNn, k|tfk dNn, hutk|sf; dNn, huHof]lt dNn, of]ug/]Gb| dNn cflb /fhfx?
;flxTo, ;ª\uLt, snf, bz{gsf If]qdf kf/ª\ut x'g'sf ;fy} hLjg pkof]uL lzIffsf klg 1ftf lyP -e§/fO{,
@)%@ M !%%_ .Ú dWosfndf wfld{s k/Dk/fn] lzIffnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] lyof] . …j]b, uLtf, /fdfo0f, afOjn,
s'/fg / lqlk6s h:tf wfld{s u|Gyx?af6 lzIff a9L k|efljt lyof] -v8\sf, @)&# M !)_ .Ú o;} ;Gbe{df xs{
u'?ª\sf] egfOdf d';njfg / lqmlZrogx?sf] wDsLsf] ;fdgf ef/tsf lxGb'x?n] ug{ g;Sbf ltgLx?sf] bjfj /
k|efjaf6 aFRg s§/ lxGb" j|fDx0fx? g]kfndf ;ª\ul7t eO{ g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dft[efiff agfpg' klg k5f}6]kgsf]
sf/0f lyof] . zfxsfndf klg pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|of;} eg] gul/Psf xf]Ogg\ . …k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
pRrlzIffsf] cWogsf nflu a'l4dfg l;FxnfO{ dfl;s ? @) 5fqj[lQ lbO{ ef/tdf kmf/;L k9\g k7fPsf lyP
eg] kl08t s]z/LnfO{ dfl;s ? %) 5fqj[lQ lbO{ ;+:s[t k9\g agf/; k7fPsf lyP -pkfWofo, @)%@ M $@_.Ú
To;}u/L /0faxfb'/ zfxn] nIoklt kfF8]sf efO uf}/Lklt kfF8]nfO{ 5fqj[lQ lbP/ agf/;df k9\g k7fPsf lyP .
jL/zdz]/n] cfkm\gf h]7f5f]/f u]x]Gb| zdz]/;d]t kfFr hgf g]kfnL o'jfx?nfO{ 5fqa[[lQ lbO{ k|fljlws lzIffsf]
cWoogsf nflu hfkfg k7fPsf lyP .

pRr lzIffsf ;Gbe{df oxfF s:tf] lzIffnfO{ pRr lzIff eGg] / o;sf] dfkgsf] cfwf/ s] xf] < eGg]
h:tf s'/fsf] klg ;fdfGo rrf{ ug{' jfG5gLo b]lvG5 . ;dfhsf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] lzIff lng], Jojxf/df
k|of]u ug{] / yk gofF hfgsf/Lsf k|of;x? ub{}{ hfg] qmddf ;dfhsf ;r]t gful/sx? slxNo} klg /f]lsPsf]
b]lvFb}g . To;}n] ;dfhsf ;b:ox?n] h'g ;dodf h'g klx/g k|rngdf lnP Tof] g} To; a]nfsf] ;dfhsf]
jf:tljs klx/g eP h:t} xf] lzIff . To;}n] ;dfhsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ km/s–km/s ;dodf km/s–km/s
:jefjdf lzIff lng] / lbg] k|rng b]lvg' :jefljs} xf] . To;}n] ;do / kl/j]zcg';f/ pRr lzIffsf] kl/efiff
klg km/s–km/s tl/sfn] kl/eflift ul/g' :jefljs} xf] . To;}n] cfhsf] kl/j]zdf pRr lzIffsf] s'/f ubf{
jt{dfg ;dos} kl/efiffnfO{ ;jf{]kl/ dfGg' / To;}cg';f/sf] vf]h cWoog ug'{ :jefljs} xf] . To;}n] cfhsf]
kl/j]zn] dfg]sf] dfGotfcg';f/ pRr lzIff eGgfn] pRr lzIffsf lzIf0f ;+:yf / ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g]
:gfts tx jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] lzIffnfO{ hgfpF5 . To;}u/L cfn]d' @)!* n] pRr lzIff eGgfn] kf]i6
;]s]G8/L jf 6l;{c/L b'j} txnfO{ hgfpF5 eg]sf 5g\ . pRr lzIffsf] kl/efiff klg ;+;f/sf ;j} d'n'sx?df
;dfg ?kn] kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvb}g .

pRr lzIff s:tf] lzIff xf] < ;+;f/df pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft sxfFaf6 / slxn]b]lv eof] < eGg] ljifo
olsg;fy eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . j}lbssfndf pRr lzIffsf] pNn]v ePsf] / pRr lzIffsf] p2]Zo 1fg /
;Lksf] ljsf; ug{' /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] s|d;Fu} ;dfhsf cWogzLn AolQmx?n] k|fKt ug{] u/]sf]
1fg / ;Lk jt{dfg ;dosf pRr lzIffno / ljZjljBfnox?n] k|bfg ug{] u/]sf] pRr lzIffsf] ;dsIf
b]lvPsfn] To;nfO{ pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g] jf ghf]8\g] cndnsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf pRr
lzIffsf] ljsf; k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} ePsf] t/ o;/L ljsf; ePsf] lzIffåf/f k|lzlIft ePsf lzIffyL{x?nfO{
cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|df0fkq lbg] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf / k|rng g/x]sfn] To;nfO{ pRr lzIff dfGg] jf gdfGg] eGg]
ljifo jx;s} ljifo /x]sf] 5 . tYosf cfwf/df pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] s'/f ug{] xf] eg] b]zdf ljlwjt
tl/sfn] pRr lzIffno jf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf u/L pRr lzIff lbg] sfd hlxn]b]lv ;'? ul/of] ToxL
ldltb]lv g} pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] cy{ g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft x'g'eGbf
cufl8 g]kfnLx?n] pRr lzIffsf] cj;/ g} kfPsf lyPgg\ eGg] xf]O{g . u'?s'n lzIffsf] ;dodf klg g]kfn /
blIf0f k"j{ Pl;ofsf w]/} ljBfyL{x?n] gfnGbf ljZjljBfnodf cWog u/]sf lyP eg] g]kfnsf kl08t
afluZj/sLlt{ gfnfGbf ljZjljBfnosf cWofks lyP . g]kfn klg lzIff / snfsf] If]qdf lgs} cu| :yfgdf

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Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2024
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/x]sf] lyof] . P3f/f}+ ztfAbLdf kf6g, kmlk{ª, sf7df+8f}+ cflb ljBfsf s]Gb| lyP . kf6gsf kl08t dxfF s?0ffs/
k|l;4 lyP eg] g]kfnL ljåfg lje'ltrGb|n] 7"nf] Aofs/0fsf] k':ts n]v]sf lyP .

g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft lj=;+=!(!) af6 ePsf] / o;sf hGdbftf hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff lyP
eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . …;g\ !*%)—%! df k|yd g]kfnL k|wfgdGqLsf ?kdf hª\uaxfb'/n] a]nfotsf]
e|d0f u/]sf lyP . To;a]nf pgL ToxfFsf] dfgj lgld{t ljsf; lgdf{0faf6 Hofb} k|efljt eO{ To;sf] /x:o
a'em\bf ljsf;sf] cfwf/ cª\u|]hL lzIff g} /x]5 eGg] 7DofOdf k'u]sf lyP -s]= ;L, @)%& M !^^_ .Ú To;}n]
cª\u|]hL efiffsf] dfWofdaf6 lzIff lbg] u/L cf}krfl/s lzIff ;'? ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ;'? ul/Psf] cf}krfl/s
lzIff ;do / cfjZostfsf] dfucg';f/ kl/dfh{g / ljsf; x'Fb} cufl8 a9\g] s|ddf ljleGg tx / kl/j]z kf/
ub{}+ cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L z}lIfs ljsf; x'Fb} hfFbf cf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ ljleGg r/0fx?df
ljefhg ul/of] . o;/L lzIffsf] ljefhgsf] r/0fnfO{ lzIffsf] ;+/rgf elgG5 . lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf ;j}eGbf
dflyNnf] tx pRr lzIffsf] tx xf] .

lj=;+=!()^ sf] j]nfot e|d0fsf] ;dodf cª\u|]hL lzIff / o;n] a]nfotdf u/]sf] ljsf;sf] k|efjn]
hª\axfb'/df >[hgf ePsf] cª\+u|]hL lzIffk|ltsf] ;sf/fTds ;f+]rsf sf/0f pgLdf h'g cª\u|]hL lzIffk|lt
cfzSttf a9\of] , ToxL cfzSttf g} g]kfndf cª\u|]hL lzIffsf] ljhf/f]k0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] tTj lyof] .
…cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] pHhjn eljiosf nflu / cª\u|]hx? lgs6;+Fu ;DaGw sfod /fVgsf nflu cfkm\g}
yfkfynL b/jf/sf] bfvnrf]ssf] e'OF tnfdf lj=;+=!(!) df cª\u|]hL :s'n :yfkgf u/]sf lyP -sf]O/fnf, lj8f/L
/ cGo,+ @)^^ M ##*_ .Ú ToxL :s'n g} g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jftL lyof] . g]kfndf Pp6f JolQmsf]
kfl/jfl/s df]x / JolQmut :jfy{sf sf/0f ;'?jft ul/Psf] cª\u|]hL lzIffsf] qmlds ljsf; g} cfhsf]
cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] hu xf] . o;/L ;'? ePsf] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] qmlds ljsf; x'Fb} hfg] s|ddf lj=;+=!(&%
df pRr lzIffsf] nflu /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sf] sfo{sfndf g]kfndf klxnf] k6s b/jf/ :s'nsf] dhln;
3/df lqe'jg rGb|zdz]/ sn]h :yfkgf eO{ g]kfndf klxnf] sn]h :t/Lo lzIffsf] cWoog sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;/L ;'? ul/Psf] sn]h g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] Oltxf;df Pp6f sf]z]9'Ëf l;4 eof] . ;'?df
OG6/ldl8o6 txsf] snf / lj1fg ljifosf] cWog ug{] cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] eP tfklg cfkm\gf] >f]t / ;fwgsf]
pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df snf tkm{sf] k9fO{ t'?Gt} / lj1fg tkm{sf] k9fO{ lj=;+=!(&& b]lv ;'? u/]sf] lyof] .
snftkm{ c+u|]hL, g]kfnL, ;+:s[t clgjfo{ ljifo lyP eg] cGo ljifodf ts{zf:q, ul0ft / Oltxf; ljifox? /
lj1fgsf cGo ljifox?df lkmlhS; / s]ldi6«L lyP . cf}krfl/s ?kdf g]kfndf ;'? ul/Psf] o; sn]hsf] k|yd
lk|lG;kn j6's[i0f d}qL lyP .

k6gf ljZjljBfno;F+u lnPsf] klxnf] ;DaGwgsf] ljifo cfO= P:;L= lyof] . ;g\+ !(@$ df o;
sn]hsf] gfdnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L 5f]6s/Ldf lqrGb| sn]h /flvPsf] lyof] eg] To;} jif{ :gfts txsf] k9fO klg
;+~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] -pkfWofo, @)%@ M %!_ . lj=;+=!(*^ b]lv k6gf ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIffs]Gb|
sf7df8f}+df ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] h'ga]nf g]kfndf b/jf/ xfO:s'n / kf6g xfO:s'n dfq ;~rfngdf lyP . klxnf]
k/LIff lgoGqs gGb/fd pk|]lt lyP eg] klxnf] jif{sf] k/LIffdf b/jf/sf @& / kf6gsf & u/L ## hgf
ljBfyL{Pn] k/LIff lbPsf]df !) hgf bf];|f] / ( hgf t];|f] >]0fLdf u/L !( hgf pQL0f{ ePsf lyP .
ÚrGb|zdz]/n] cª\u|]hL lzIfftkm{ dfq geP/ ;+:s[t lzIfftkm{ klg TolTts} hf]8 lbPsf lyP . pgs}
zf;gsfndf v'n]sf dl6xfgL / hgsk'/sf ;+:s[t ljBfkL7sf ljBfyL{x? b/e+ufsf] ljxf/ ljZjljBfnoaf6
;+:s[tdf dWo]df, zf:qL / cfrfo{sf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'Gy] -s]=;L, @)%& M !^&_ .Ú ;'?df Tof] sn]hsf] ;DaGwg
snsQf ljZjljBfno cGt/ut lyof] eg] ;g\ !(@) b]lv Tof] ;DaGwgnfO{ k6gf ljZjljBfnodf ;fl/Psf]
lyof] .

o;/L b]zdf pRr lzIffsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] nIo k'/fug{] p2]Zosf ;fy ;+~rfng ul/Psf] z}lIfs
cleofg k"/f ug{sf] nflu geO gx'g] cfwf/e"t s'/fx?dWo] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ klxnf] cfjZostf xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{
dgg\ u/]/} rGb|zdz]/n] g} lqrGb| sn]hsf] ejg lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . pgn] jL/ k':tsfno / 306f3/sf] glhs}

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/x]sf] u]x]Gb| zdz]/, pgsf 5f]/f e}/j zdz]/ / hgs zdz]/sf] hUufdf hDdf !$ dlxgf nufP/ Tof] ejg
lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f u/L lj=;+= !(&^ cflZjg @& ut]sf lbg >L % lqe'jg jL/ljs|d zfxb]jsf] xftaf6 klxnf]
jif{sf] sIff sf]7fdf nufOPsf] rfF+bLsf] tfNrf, rfFbLs} ;fFrf]af6 vf]nL pb\3f6g ul/Psf] lyof] . ejgsf]
pb\3fgdf rGb|zdz]/ ;a}sf ;dIf eg]sf lyP ls …d cfkm\gf v'§fdf cfkm} aGr/f] xfGb} 5'-uf}td, @)%) M *@_
.Ú g]kfndf rGb|zdz]/sf] zf;gsfndf lqrGb| sn]h v'n]sf] eP tfklg lzIffsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] lyPg .
t}klg lqrGb| sn]hsf ;fy} ef/tsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx?af6 cg]sf} g]kfnLx? k9]/ cfPsf lyP . g]kfndf lqrGb|
sn]hsf] :yfkgf eO{ pRr lzIffsf] nx/ cfpg yfn]sf] h:tf] b]lvP tfklg jf:tjdf To:tf] lyPg . ljZjdf
ePsf] dxfo'4n] ;f/f Pl;ofdf hfu[lt / r]tgfsf] nx/ Nofof] eg] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdn] klg g]kfnsf]
tfgfzfxL /f0ff zf;gsf] :yfgdf j}wflgs zf;gsf] s'/f rNg yfn]sf sf/0f /f0ffx?n] klg cfkm\gf] ;f]+rdf
kl/jt{g ug{' k/]sf] lyof] .

/f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/ lzIff k|]dL / kl/jt{sf/L h:tf] b]lvP tfklg lzIffsf] ljsf; /f0ff
zf;gsf] ljgf;sf] lap xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t lyP . To;}n] pgn] ;g\ !(!) df uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL
;ldltsf] :yfkgf u/L cjpk|fGt o; ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt ljgf s'g} klg lstfj / n]v k|sfzg ug{ kfOg] 5}g
egL k|ltaGb nufPsf lyP . jf:tjd} /f0ffx? g]kfndf lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{ rfxfb}Gy] eGg] s'/fnfO{
k|hftGqjfbL g]tf /fdxl/ zdf{ eGb5g\ . …/f0ff hª\ujxfb'/ / rGbzdz]/n] a]nfot / klZrdL d'n's jf s]xL
d'n'sx?sf] e|d0f u/L ToxfFsf k|ltlglwx?n] rnfPsf] zfZjt / pgLx?n] u/]sf] k|utLsf] cWoog u/L cfPsf
AolQmx?n] clzlIft / ul/j g]kfnLnfO{ ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] xftdf a]Rg] l3l0f{t sfd u/] tfklg /f0ffx?n] /f]Sbf
/f]Sb} klg g]kfnLx? ef/tdf a;]/ lzIff bLIff xfFl;n ug{yfn] -zdf{,+ @)$# M @&_ .Ú /f0ff zf;gdf ;'? ul/Psf]
cf}krfl/s lzIff jf cª\u|]hL lzIff jf:tjdf /f0ff kl/jf/sf] pTyfgsf nflu vf]lnPsf] lzIff xf] . ljZj
kl/j]zdf cfO/x]sf] kl/jt{g / To;df klg ef/tdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{sf] nx/sf ;fd' jfWo eO{ z}lIfs ;'wf/
yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . tf;sGbfdf ePsf] Pl;ofnL n]vsx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{jf6 efu lng uPjfkt
dxfslj nIdLk|zfb b]jsf]6fsf] Ps]8]dLsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] kfpg' kg]{ tnj ;d]t /f]Ssf ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfndf pRr lzIff lbg] sfd obfsbf cfkm" v';L klg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= !(*) b]lv k|wfg kl08t
zf]dgfyn] cfkm"v';L ljleGg ljifodf cfrfo{ / zf:qL;d]t k9fpg yfn]sf] / b'O{ rf/ hgfnfO{ ptL0f{ klg
u/fpFb} kf7zfnfdfkm{t zf:qL k9fpg] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf lyP . o;sf ;fy} …hgsk'/sf] dl6xfgLdf /x]sf] Ps
;+:s[t kf7zfnfn] ljxf/ tkm{sf] ;+:s[t sn]h;Fu ;DaGwg sfod u/L dWodf / zf:qL txsf] k/LIff ;d]t
lng yfNof] -kf08] / cGo, ;g\= !(%^ M *$_ .Ú o;/L g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;~rfng ul/Psf] sn]hdf egf{ x'g]
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof s] s:tf] /x]sf] lyof] eGg] ;DaGwddf cWoog ubf{ ;j{k|yd lqe'jg rGb|zdz]/ sn]h v'Nbf
ToxfF egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof s] slt lyof] eGg] ljifodf dtfGt/ b]lvG5 . s;}n] @$ hgf, s;}n] @( hgf
/ s;}n] * hgf egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\+ !(!*—!( sf] k|fKt sfuhftsf cfWff/df * hgf / !(!(—@)
df klg * hgf g} 5fqx? egf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . rGb|zdz]/n] h:tf];'s} eP klg pRr lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu
Oltxf;n] pNn]v ug{} kg{] sfd u/]sf lyP . pgn] ljb]zdf uP/ pRrlzIff k|fKt ug{ rfxfg] ljBfyL{x?sf nflu
5fqj[ltsf] Joj:yf klg u/]sf lyP . pgn] ;/sf/L vr{df k|fljlws lzIff k|fKt ug{ g]kfnL o'jfnfO{ hfkfg
k7fPsf lyP eg] s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ dfl;s ^)÷&) ?k}ofF lbO{ k6gfdf OlGhlgol/ª k9\g k7fPsf lyP . To;}u/L
k6gfdf cf]e/l;o/ k9\ghfg] ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu jflif{s &@) ?k}ofF 5fqj[lQ lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . To;}u/L
s]xL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf u/L snsTtfdf lrlsT;f ljifo k9\g k7fPsf lyP . pgn] k|To]s
lhNnfjf6 @ hgf ljBfyL{sf b/n] cfo'j{]b lzIff k|fKt ug{ ef/t k7fpg] Joj:yf klg u/]sf lyP .

/f0ff zf;gsf clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL df]xgzdz]/n] cfkm\gf] klxnf] l;Gb'/ ofqfsf] cj;/df k|:t't
u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfo{s|ddf JoQm jQmJodf g]kfndf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug{] s'/f pNn]v lyof] . To;}n] df]xg
zdz]/sf] sfo{sfndf g]kfndf ;fgf] cfsf/sf] Pp6f ljZjljBfno vf]Ng] k|of; ;'?sf] ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf]
lyof] . To;sf nflu lzIff ljefusf tTsflng 8fO/]S6/ hg/n d]h/ d[u]Gb| zdz]/ h= a= /fn] ef/tdf ;d]t
kq k7fP/ ;Nnfx ;'emfj / ;xof]u dfu]sf lyP . otf g]kfndf @% ;b:oLo Pp6f ljZjljBfn of]hgf

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Academia Research Journal (ARJ)
Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2024
************************************
;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . kBdzdz]/sf] ;dodf klg ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf] ;d]t s'/f p7]sf] lyof] .
lj=;+=@))& ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] z}lIfs cj:yf x]bf{ k|fylds ljBfno ;ª\Vof #!), xfO:s'n !!, ;+:s[t ljBfno
$) / sn]hsf] ;ª\Vof @ u/L hDdf #^# lzIf0f ;:yf /x]sf lyP .

lgisif{

g]kfnsf] pRr lzIff ljsf;sf] Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ ;+:yfut ?kdf cf}krfl/s tl/sfn] cflwsfl/s
k|df0fn] k'li6 ug{ ;lsg] u/L pRr lzIff lbg] k|rngsf] ;'?jft >L # rGb|zdz]/n] snsQf ljZjljBfnosf]
;DaGwgdf lj=;+=!(&% df lqe'jg rGb|zdz]/ sn]hsf] :yfkgf u/L u/]sf lyP, tfklg g]kfn k/fk"j{sfnb]lv
g} pRr lzIffsf] s]Gb| ePsf] b]lvG5 . j}l4ssfndf n]lvPsf wfld{s u|Gy wfld{s l6sfx?df ul/Psf
JofVofx?df g]kfn b]zsf] j0f{g 1fge"ld, tkf]e"ld, b]je"ld / :jkfg If]q h:tf pRr af}l4s zJbx?Jff6
;Daf]wg ul/Psfn] g]kfn pRr lzIffsf] s]Gb| ePsf] b]lvG5 . lnR5jLsfnsf /fhfx?sf af/]df ofqj[tfGtx?df
ul/Psf j0f{gx?nfO{ x]bf{ lnR5jL /fhfx? ;a} k|sf/sf] 1fgsf] dd{1 ePsf] a'lemG5 . rLlgof ofq'sf]
j0f{gcg';f/ lnR5jL /fhfx? lzlIft 5g\ t/ hgtfx? eg] clzlIft eGg] egfO{ pNn]v ul/Paf6 g]kfndf pRr
lzIffsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f ;lhn} a'em\g ;lsG5 . lnR5jLsfndf /fhkl/jf/ / pRr 3/fgfdf pRr
lzIffsf] cj;/ lyof] . dNnsfnsf] cWog ubf{ / dNnsfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf d7 dlGb/, ;flns, u'Djf, :tDe,
lznfn]v / tfd|fkq cflbsf] cWog ubf{ / To; ;dosf /fhfx?n] lnPsf pkflwx?nfO{ cWog ubf{ dNnsfndf
klg pRr lzIff k|bfg ug{] cflwsfl/s / cf}krfl/s ;+3 ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf gePtf klg cf}krfl/s k|s[ofaf6
k|df0fkq lbg] k|rng geP tfklg xfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] ;dsIftf eGbf u'0f:tl/o lzIff lbg] k|rng g]kfnL
;dfhdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;'?jftL;F+u} zfx a+zLo /fhfx?sf] zfzgsfn ;'? eof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfx g]kfnsf /fhf ag] . pgsf] d'Vo p2]o /fHosf] PsLs/0f /x]sfn] lzIffdf vf;} Wofg lbg ;s]gg\ tfklg
s]xL g]kfnLx?nfO{ 5fqj[lQ lbO pRr lzIffsf] cWogsf nflu ljb]z k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
;do kZrft hªujxfb'/sf] pbo gx'Gh]n;DDf g]kfnsf] /fHo ;Qf PsLs/0f / zlQm ;+3{ifdf s]lGb|t /xFbf
lzIffsf] kf6f] cf]e]mn k¥of] . hª\uaxfb'/sf] pbo;Fu} g]kfndf lj=;+=!(!) df cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] klg hGd eof]
eg] >L # rGb|zdz/n] lj=;+=!(&% df snsQf ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwgdf qLe'jg rGb|zdzz]/ sn]hsf]
:yfkgf u/L pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft u/] . oxL g} g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s pRr lzIffsf] ;'?jft lyof] . cf}krfl/s
lzIffsf] ;'?jft lj=;+=!(&% b]lv ePsf] b]lvP tfklg ljb]zL pRRf lzIffnoaf6 g]kfnLx?n] of] eGbf w]/}
klxn]b]lv pRr lzIff lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|L ;"rL

pkfWofo, >L/fdk|;fb -@)%@_, g]kfnsf] ;dflhs cfly{s tyf k|Zff;lgs Oltxf;, sf7df8f+} M /Tg k':ts
e08f/ .
s]=;L=, ;'/]Gb| -@)%^_, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f+} M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
sf]O/fnf, ljBfgfy / cGo -@)^^_, lzIffsf] bz{gzf:qLo / ;dfhzf:qLo cfwf/x?, sf7df8f} M lkgfsn
klAns]zg k|f=ln= .
If]qL, u0f]z / /fdrGb| /fodfemL, -@)^)_, g]kfnsf] Oltxf;= sf7df8f}+ M Pl;of klAns];G; .
v8\sf, k|ltef -@)&%_, lzIff / ljsf;, ;'v{]t M ?ljgf cf]nL .
u'?ª, xs{ -@)^%_, alxis/0fb]lv ;dfj]zLs/0f;Dd, sf7df8f+} M ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if .
uf}td, /fh]z -@)%)_, /f0ffsfnLg g]kfnsf] emns, sf7df8f} M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
h j /f, k'?iff]Qd zdz]/ -@)$&_, >L tLgx?sf] tYo j[tfGt, jf/f0f;L M k/djL/ zdz]/ h a /f .
b]jsf]6f, lu|idjxfb'/ -@)##_, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f, jf/f0f;L M e§/fO{ aGw' k|sfzg .
kGt, lbg]z/fh -@)%&_, Oltxf;sf s'/f , sf7df8f}+ M afnsf];]nL k|sfzg .
kf08], ?b|/fh / cGo -;g\ !(%^_,= g]kfndf lzIff= sf7df8f+} M g]kfn sn]h ckm\ Ph's]zg .
jfUn], dgk|;fb / pk]Gb|s'df/ sfsL{ -@)%@_, lzIffsf cfwf/x?= sf7df8f}+ M u0f]z lxdfn Ph's]zgn .

R M C , M M C , N e p a l g u n j , A R J ने पा ली भा षा ख ण्ड Page 165

 ISSN: 2961-1989
Academia Research Journal (ARJ)
Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Year: 2024
************************************
e§/fO{, 1fg]Zj/ -@)%@_, j[xt 1fgsf]if, j'6jn M nIdL k':ts ;bg .
ofbj, lktfDj/nfn -@)$^_, gkfnsf] /fhg}lts Oltxf;, laxf/ M ljho s'df/ .
zfxL, 8L=s]= -@)%@_, ;ft;fn kl5sf] ;ft;fn, sf7df8f+} M ;femf k|sfzg .
l;x,+ gfu]Zj/ -@)^^_, lzIffsf cfwf/x?, sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL k|sfzg .
l;+x :jf/, tf/fdfg -@)#&_, s]xL z}lIfs :d/0f, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn clDjsfb]jL .
zdf{, b]jLk|;fb -@)$(_,= cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, /fdxl/ -@)$#_, :j0f{hoGtL :dfl/sf, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn k|hf kl/ifb\ .

R M C , M M C , N e p a l g u n j , A R J ने पा ली भा षा ख ण्ड Page 166