1.

Name the fundamental elements of the IoT systems for Agriculture, then suggest a
few examples of the devices/tools used in each of the IoT element

Sensing element/ Real-time Computing element/ Network Implementing element/ Application

sensors/ Perception layer layer layer

Example of Function Example of Function Example of tools/ Function

tools/ devices tools/ devices devices

● Sensors for ● Receives Data logger A computer ● Actuators ● It is physical

sensing any real-time program that (Singh et al., devices that
physical information and systematically 2022). connected with
parameter this information records any ● It is any physical the internet
and then is connected to event, things where (Singh et al.,
gathering this the cloud observation & IoT is deployed 2022).
information (Singh et al., measurement on (Sethi & ● It causes
(Sethi & 2022). and store these Sarangi, 2017). machines to
Sarangi, ● If the sensors information in ● Examples: operate by
2017; Singh are in offline computer chips ● Remote converting the
et al., 2022). state, it can (Singh et al., controller electrical energy
● It can be preprocess & 2022).. (Sethi & into mechanical
● E.g. It can be store the data Sarangi, energy (Sethi &
the sensors in (Sethi & Cloud/ Stores, transmits 2017). Sarangi, 2017).
the camera, Sarangi, 2017). Internet/ & exchanges ● Electric motor
sensors to ● Convert the networking data, triggers the (for unmanned
detect data into an server devices , vehicles, it
presence of electrical signal enables converts
weeds/ pests. to be interfaces electrical
transmitted by between devices energy into
means of an and facilitates mechanical
internet to information energy to
other devices access to users cause the
or remote (Singh et al., conveyor belt
serves (Sethi & 2022). to move or
Sarangi, 2017). operate.
Softwares/ ● Programming
databases/ or processing
big data the data from
processing sensors
modules. ● It then provides
services to the
sensors (Sethi
& Sarangi,
2017).

2. Review two (2) the most popular IoT technologies or systems used in agriculture
production
Technologies/field Explanation/review

Weather Station Elements (must states the instruments)

● Thermometers - measuring air & sea surface temperature
● Barometer - measuring atmospheric pressure
● Hygrometer - measuring humidity
● Anemometer - measuring wind speed
● Pyranometer - measuring solar radiation

Overall goal/ target of the system

● Monitor climate conditions
● Provided measurements to map the climate conditions,
choose the appropriate crops
● Take required measures to improve their capacity

Shalimov, A. (2023). IoT in agriculture: 9 technology use cases for

smart farming (and challenges to consider). Eastern Peak -
Technology Consulting & Development Company.
https://easternpeak.com/blog/iot-in-agriculture-technology-use-cases
-for-smart-farming-and-challenges-to-consider/
Zamore, W. (n.d.). Weather elements and instruments used for
measurement. Dominica Meteorological Service.
https://www.weather.gov.dm/resources/weather-elements-and-instru
ments-used-for-measurement

Smart Irrigation Elements (must states the instruments)

System
Wireless soil moisture sensor, controller, weather-based sensors,
GSM (global system for mobile communication), Wi-Fi, data logger,
fault detector, IoT based nozzles.

Overall goal/ target of the system

Increasing agricultural output by performing an optimal irrigation and

fertigation schedule while conserving the water resources.

Cite the references

Obaideen, K. et al. (2022) ‘An overview of smart irrigation systems

using IoT’, Energy Nexus, 7, p. 100124. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100124.
 4. Review Case Study;
▪ List down the technology used under IOT, sensors, systems and the application in
agriculture (whats for)
1. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/iadk/
2. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/procesadora-tropical/
3. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/bamc/
4. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/ag-horticulture/
5. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/ag-horticulture/
6. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/nestle/
7. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/veggitech/
8. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/moslavina-voce/
9. https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/telehuz-agriserv/
10. https://www.agrivi.com/products/iot-meteo/

Examples Technologies of IoT embedded in AGRIVI Farm Management Software, examples & how they work

Perception layer/ Transport layer Processing layer Application layer Business layer
Real-time sensor [transfers the sensor [It stores, analyzes, [delivering [manages the whole
[physical layer, which data from the and processes huge application IoT system,
has sensors for perception layer to the amounts of data specific services including
sensing and processing layer and that comes from the to the user. It applications,
gathering information vice versa through transport layer. It defines various business and profit
about the networks such as can manage and applications in models, and users’
environment. It wireless, 3G, LAN, provide a diverse which the Internet privacy.] (Sethi &
senses some physical Bluetooth, RFID, and set of services to of Things can be Sarangi, 2017).
parameters] (Sethi & NFC] (Sethi & the lower layers. It deployed, for
Sarangi, 2017). Sarangi, 2017). employs many example, smart
technologies such homes, smart
as databases, cloud cities, and smart
computing, and big health] (Sethi &
data processing Sarangi, 2017).
modules] (Sethi &
Sarangi, 2017).

1. Weather monitoring
As it forecasts the every day’s weather, it involves firstly the sensors to sense the
current weather and then store everyday’s weather as the history in the data
logger (in a digitized form) (AGRIVI, 2023a). Then, the use of internet to import or
transport these data (of weather parameters such as dew points, rainfall,
temperatures, collected by sensors) into the AGRIVI software for data analysis so
that later it can be either manually or automatically programmed. Then, the
notification will pop up to the farmer to inform the farmer about anything the farmer
should do such as an advice on the best practices to preserve the crop yield and
therefore ensure the agreed quantities to be delivered. After this, actuators will
cause self programming to happen. This adjusts the sensors to act accordingly to
the changes in parameters the sensors have encountered (AGRIVI, 2023b).
2. Early pest detection
The sensors which are equipped with imaging and mapping system. Hence they
can detect the early symptoms of prior to pests’ growth by taking pictures of the
changes on the crop and do self preprocessing and then connect the
preprocessed data to the processing layer. This processing layer will then do
programming and then it brings the data to the farmer to do the manual program or
let the automatic programming to happen. This way will help the farmer to use the
pesticide accordingly hence conserving the input cost (AGRIVI, 2023b).

3. Finance lower
After analyzing and managing the upper layers, the business layer can in place. It Knows the ID
numbers of the sensors. It keeps track of sales, expenses, investments and cash flow. It analyzes
finances per farm, crop and season to understand your return on investment and navigate towards
profitability (AGRIVI, 2023b).

References
Sethi, P., & Sarangi, S. R. (2017). Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications.
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2017, 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9324035

Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Singh, B., & Choudhury, S. (2022). Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Automation in
Agriculture (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003364702

AGRIVI. (2023a). Intelligent Agriculture Management.

http://docs.agrivi.com/brochures/farm_management.pdf

AGRIVI. (2023b). Initiative for Agricultural Development in Kosovo (IADK).

https://www.agrivi.com/case-studies/iadk/