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4#.adjective DSL Class Note
4#.adjective DSL Class Note
1
Adjective is a word which add something to the meaning of Noun or Pronoun:
Ram is an honest.[×]
Ram is an honest boy.[√]
Ram is honest.[√]
Use of Adjective:
1)Attributive Adjective:
When an adjective is used before a noun in a sentence it is called attributive Adjective.
She was a labourious girl.
Nepal has a big Army.
2)Predicative Adjective:
When an adjective is after the noun it is called predicative Adjective.
Kashi was beautiful.
Sagar is intelligent.
Kinds of Adjective:
1. Adjective of Quality/Qualitative Adjective
2. Adjective of Quantity/Quantitative Adjective
3. Adjective of Number/Numeral Adjective
4. Demonstrative Adjective
5. Possessive Adjective
6. Interrogative Adjective Pronomial Adjective
7. Distributive Adjective
8. Proper Adjective
Example:
He is a foolish student. [Foolish =Adjective of Quality]
Kashi is a tall girl. [tall =Adjective of Quality]
Hema is a beautiful girl. [beautiful = Adjective of Quality]
I have a black coat. [black = Adjective of Quality]
Nepal is beautiful country. [beautiful= Adjective of Quality]
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2)Adjective of Quantity/Quantitative Adjective;
The Adjective that expresses the quantity of a noun or pronoun:
1. Some 8. few
2. Any 9. Whole
3. Much 10. Most
4. A lot of 11. sufficient
5. Lots of 12. Little
6. All 13. A little
7. Enough 14. The little
Example:
1. I ate some rice today. 8. Most of the boys like to eat burger.
2. Is there any mango in the tub ? 9. We have sufficient study- materials
3. Much time has been spent by him. to pass the examinations.
4. I have a lot of money in the bank. 10. Only few birds are flying in the sky.
5. She spent all her money. 11. I have little faith in the God.
6. We have enough time for practice.
7. She eats a whole apple dialy.
Example
1. There is only one solution to this problem.
2. Who was the first woman to win the Bharat Ratna ?
3. I can easily lift five pound hammer.
4. I have some chocolates for you.
5. The fifth girl on the last bench is very genius.
6. Today is my last day in the office.
7. Most of the employees have completed their project work.
8. I have three pens.
9. Many criminals were killed.
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4)Demostrative Adjective:
When the word this/that/thses and those are used before the noun in a sentence it is called
Demostrative Adjective.
Example:
1. Can you see those colors in the sky?
2. That night was very stormy and dreadful.
3. Those computers are very old however these computers are new ones.
4. That movie was very interesting however full of much suspense.
5. This cake is tasty and funny.
6. These boys are making a noise.
7. This doll is very attractive.
5)Possessive Adjective:
When the word my,our,your,his,her,their are used before the noun it is called possessive
Adjective.
Example
1. My pen is on the table.
2. These are our friends.
3. That is your doll.
4. She’s washing her car.
5. His name is Deva.
6. Their homework is kept on the class table.
6)Interrogative Adjective:
When “WH” (What/Whose/Where/Why/How/Which) word is used before the noun it is called
Interrogative Adjective:
Example:
1. What pen will they give us?
2. Whose pen will they give us?
3. Which author is best to write English grammar?
4. How many boys are participating in the dance competition?
5. Why religious books are not preferred in all schools?
6. Whose videos are these?
7)Distributive Adjective:
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When the word Each/Every/Either/Neither are used before the noun it is called Distributive
Adjective.
Example:
1. Each leg has four fingers and one toe. 5. Either of the methods is wrong.
2. Every child need care and love. 6. Neither of the methods is correct.
3. Either method is wrong. 7. Each boy has a new car.
4. Neither method is correct. 8. Neither pen writes well.
8)Proper Adjective:
Proper Adjective is derived from a proper noun.
Example:
Proper Noun Proper Adjective
India Indian
America American
Britian British + S = Plural Common
France French Noun
Nepal Nepalese
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Lecture:22 Adjective:Part 2
1)Positive Degree
When no comparision is introduced positive degree is used:
1. Good 6. White
2. Bad 7. Lazy
3. Long 8. Sad
4. Short 9. Red
5. Wise 10. Hot etc.
Example
1. Shudhir is a tall boy. 6. Ram is a good boy.
2. He is a smart boy. 7. Kashi has long hair.
3. It is a nice pen. 8. Ram and Shyam are wise students.
4. She is beautiful girl. 9. Hema does not like white cloth.
5. Mohan is a tall boy. 10. Lalit is a lazy boy.
2)Comparative Degree;
When comparision is introduced between two persons,places,animals or things comparative
degree is used. St: Positive Degree + er/r + than = Comparative Degree
Example
1. Ram is wiser than Shyam. 5. Mohan is taller than My friend.
2. He is smarter than them. 6. They are later than my father.
3. The train runs faster than the bus. 7. His marks are lower than mine.
4. I am richer than he. 8. Her walking is slower than mine.
3)Superlative Degree;
When comparision is introduced among three or more than three the superlative degree is used it
refer to highest degree. St: The + Positive Degree + st/est = Superlative Degree.
Example
1. Sumit is the tallest boy in the village.
2. Ravi is the strongest boy in his class.
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Formation of Degree:
Note:कु नै शब्दको Pronunciation गर्दा मुख द्वारा मा जती पटक बाधाको समान गर्नु पर्छ त्यो शब्द उतीनै letter को Syllable भनिन्छ
एक्कै पटक उच्चारण गर्न सक्ने शब्दलाई Mono Syllable भनिन्छ,जसको Comparative (r/er) र Superlative (st/est)
लगाएर बनाइन्छ भने दुई पटकमा उच्चारण गर्न सक्ने शब्दलाई Di-syllable र दुई भन्दा धेरै पटकमा उच्चारण गर्ने सकिने शब्दलाई Poly
syllable भनिन्छ ।Di-syllable र polly-syllable को Comparative बनाउँदा More र Superlative बनाउदा Most
को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
List:2
Positive Comparative Superlative
Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful
Handsome More Handsome Most Handsome
Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult
Intelligent More Intelligent Most Intelligent
Useful More Useful Most Useful
Interesting More Interesting Most Interesting
Innocent More Innocent Most innocent
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Rule1: Some of the Adjectives which end in consonant letter and preceded by vowel letter form
their comparative and Superlative after doubling the last consonant letter.
Rule:2
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Lecture:23 Adjective:Part 3
Rule:3
Some of the adjectives form their comparative and superlative irregularly.
Rule:1
के हि यस्तो शब्द छन् जुन Latin बाट लिएको हो,यीनका Degree बनाउन सकिदैन वा बनाइदैन,यी शब्दको
अन्त्यमा ‘or’ हुन्छन र यी शब्दको संख्या जम्मा 12 ओटा मात्र छन्:
List:1
1. Interior (भित्रि) 3. Ulterior (गुप्ता) 5. Minor (सानो)
2. Exterior (बाहिरी) 4. Major (ठु लो)
Note: These 5 are used in positive degree these are not used in comparative and superlative.
Example
The interior wall of this house is made of wood.[√]
This is a major operation.[√]
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List: 2
1. Inferior
2. Superior
3. Prior
4. Anterior + to
5. Posterior
6. Senior
7. Junior
Note: These 7 are used in comparative adjective these always take “to” not “Than”.These are
not used in positive and superlative.
Example
Mamata is senior the Reetu.[×]
Mamata is senior to Reetu.[√ ]
Rule:2
Examples
His elder brother went to America last year.
Her eldest son lives in Kathmandu.
Mary is older than Martha.
This building is older than that.
This is the oldest temple in the village.
My brother Ram is elder to me.
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Lecture: 24 Adjective:
4
Rule:4
Example
Mohit came later than you.
What is your latter program.
This is the latest news.
Who came last.
Rule:5
Example
Reena and Beena are good friends but the first is better than the last.[×]
Reena and Beena are good friends but the formar is better than the latter.[√]
Note: formar or latter को प्रयोग यदी एक साथ प्रयोग गरिन्छ भने दुई ओटै शब्दको अगाडी Article
“The” लगाउनै पर्दछ ।
Rule:6
Example
Further discussion will be held in the office.
Gowa is farther from Hazipur than patna.
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Rule:7
Nearest (सबै भन्दा नजिक) : Next (अर्को) देख्दा Superlative जस्तो देखिएता पनि Positive मा प्रयोग
हुन्छ
Who will be the next PM of Nepal.
Which is the nearest police station.
Rule:8
Mutual (पारस्परिक –एक दास्रो संग सम्बन्धित) : Common (जो धेरैसंग सम्बन्ध राख्छ)
The mutual friendship between Ramesh and Suresh is growing day by day.
Hema is my common friend.
Rule:9
First (पहिलो) : foremost (महत्वपूर्ण)
She got the first prize.
Neru was the first PM of the Indian.
Neru was the foremost leader of his time.
Rule:10
Oral (मौखिक) : Verbal (शाब्दिक)
This is an oral examination.
This is an oral medicine.
You have done some verbal mistake in your notebook.
Rule:11
Cool (आरामदयाक जाडो –Pleasant) : Cold (दुखदायी जाडो –painfull)
Air is cool Today.
Air is cold in January.
Rule:12
Warm (आरामदायक गर्मी) : Hot (दुखदायी गर्मी)
Heater is hot in June,July.
Heater is warm in January.
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Advance Common error:
Rule:1
The + Whole + Noun.[√]
The + Whole + of + Noun +………..Proper Noun.[√]
She studied the whole day.[√]
She studied whole the day.[×]
She studied whole day.[×]
The whole nation mourned the death of APJ Abdul Kalam.[×]
The whole of nation mourned the death of APJ Abdul Kalam.[√]
Rule:2
Prefer and preferable are always followed to not by than:
Sub + Prefer + Noun + to + Noun.
Sub + prefer + V4 + to + V4 .
Maya prefers Coco than Pepsi.[×]
Maya prefers Coco to Pepsi.[√]
(माया Pepsi भन्दा Coco धेरै मन पराउछिन)
Maya prefers reading to writing.[√]
(माया लेख्नु भन्दा पढन धेरै मन पराछिन)
Rule:3
Ordinal Adjective + Cardinal Adjective
Order Count
Example
The first two chapters of this book are interesting.[√]
The two first chapters of this book are interesting.[×]
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Lecture:25 Adjective:5
Rule:4
Than –Compare
Then –तब
“Than” is followed by a pronoun in the subjective case as well as objective case when
comparision is introduced between two subject and two object.
Example
1. You are better than me.[×]
2. You are better than I.[√]
3. You (Sub) are better than I (Sub).[√]
4. He likes you (obj) more than me (obj).[√]
5. He likes you more than I do.[√]
Note: Than भन्दा पहिला Subjective Case छ भने than पछी पनि Subjective Case नै हुन्छ माथिको (2)
यसको उदहारण हो भने than भन्दा पहिला Objective case भएमा than पछी पनि objective case नै हुन्छ
(4) यसको उदाहरण हो,माथिको (5) को वाक्य यदी do नभएको भए गलत हुने थियो ।
Rule:5
That of /Those of
जब दुई समान वस्तुहरुको बीच तुलना गरिन्छ तब Singular Noun को repeatition बाट बच्नको लागी that
of र Plural noun बाट बाँच्नको लागी those of को प्रयोग गरिन्छ:
Example
1. The climate of Patna is better than Delhi.[×]
2. Patna is better than Delhi.[√]
3. The climate of Patna is better than the climate of Delhi.[×]
4. The climate of Patna is better than that of Delhi.[√]
5. The people of India are more laborious than those of America.[√]
Note: उदाहणर (1) गलत छ किन भने तुलना समान वस्तु संग गरिन्छ (2) सहि छ कारण समान वस्तु विच
तुलना गरिएको छ (3) को गलत छ than पछी अगाडी उल्लेख गरिएको noun repeat गरिएको छ (4 र 5) को
सहि छ ।
Rule:6
Any other/all other
St: Any+other + N(Sing)
All +other + N(Plural)
Example:
1. Mumbai is busier than any city of India.[×]
2. Mumbai is busier than any other city of India.[√]
3. Mumbai is busier than all other cities of India.[√]
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Rule:7
Person एकजना quality दुई ओटा यस्तो अवस्थामा Comparative को प्रयोग गर्न सकिदैन किन भने
Comparative खाली दुई व्यक्तिको बीचमा गरिन्छ,यस्तो अवस्थामा तलको तालिका अनुसार गरिन्छ साथै
quality एउटा व्यक्ति दुई ओटा हुँदा Comparative Degree प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ: (When comparision of
two qualities of the same person “more” is used instead of “er”.)
Examples
1. Ram is wiser than strong.[×]
2. Ram is more wise than strong.[√]
3. Ram is wiser than shyam.[√]
4. Ram is more wise than shyam.[×]
Rule:8
Double comparative and superlative should not be used together.
Examples:
1. She is more wiser than her brother.[×]
2. She is wiser than her brother.[√]
Rule:9
When two Adjectives refers to the same person both of them should be in the same degree:
Examples:
1. She is old and beautiful girl in the class.[√]
2. She is older and beautiful girl in the class.[×]
3. She is older and more beautiful girl in the class.[√]
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Lecture-26 Adjective:6
Rule:9
Gradually increasing and deacreasing is followed by double comparative:
Example
My friend is getting fatter and fattest day by day.[×]
My friend is getting fat and fatter day by day.[×]
My friend is getting fatter and fatter day by day.[√]
(मेरो साथी दिनप्रति दिन मोटो बाट मोटो हुदैछ)
Rule:10
The + Comparative…….……….The + Comparative
जती...................................उती
The + Comparative + Sub + V + Ow,The + Comparative + Sub + V + Ow.
Example
The higher you go ,the cooler you feel.
The more he has,the more he wants.
Rule:11
When two or more comparative/superlative are joined by and they must be same degree:
Example
Denial was one of the wisest and learned man of the world.[×]
Denial was one of the wisest and most learned man of the world.[√]
Rule:12
Comparatively and relatively is followed by positive degree not comparative:
Example
The patient is comparatively good today.[√]
The patient is comparatively better today.[×]
Rule:13
Adjective of size>Adjective of Quality>Age>Shape>Colour>Origin>Material:
Example
She has black long hair.[×]
She has long black hair.[√]
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Adjective of Quality
Exercise
Exercises for you
Descriptive adjective exercises given below will help you in analyzing your knowledge about
descriptive adjective. Just go through all the details given above about the descriptive adjective
and check your skill by doing following exercises for descriptive adjective.
We have used descriptive adjectives in the following sentences; you need to check your skill by
identifying descriptive adjectives in each sentence:
Answers: 1 – young and cute, 2 – older and peaceful, 3 – six tiny, 4 – Simple, tasty, 5 – new,
two, 6 – fresh, small, 7 – Blunt, thick, 8 – Steam, black, 9 – long, sticky and strong, 10 –
white glowing, 11 – stylish, 12 – big, 13 – big, chocolate, 14 – interesting, 15 – tiny, two, 16
– painful, right, 17 – boring, 18 – two round blue, 19 – Super, needy, 20 – board, easy, 21 –
white, 22 – fatty, 23 – green leafy, fresh, 24 – thin, 25 – eight hairy, 26 – pretty, less, 27 –
extremely beautiful, 28 – thin, 29 – attractive
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Exercise
Adjective of quantity exercises
Adjective of quantity exercises given below will help you in analyzing your knowledge about
adjective of quantity. Just go through all the details given above about the adjective of quantity
and check your skill by doing following exercises for adjective of quantity. We have used
adjective of quantity in the following sentences; you need to check your skill by identifying
adjective of quantity in each sentence:
Answers: 1 – Many, 2 – most, 3 – all, 4 – some, 5 – enough, 6 – whole, 7 – any, 8 – little, 9 – half, 10 – much, 11 –
little, 12 – great, 13 – sufficient, 14 – few, 15 – less, 16 – all, 17 – Much, 18 – little, 19 – any, 20 – insufficient, 21 –
few, 22 – heavily, 23 – light, 24 – double, 25 – hundreds, 26 – some, little, no, 27 – half, 28 – empty, 29 – great,
many, 30 – couple of days, 31 – whole, 32 – enough, 33 – substantial, 34 – single.
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Numeral Adjective
Exercise
Numeral adjective exercises
Numeral adjective exercises given below will help you in analyzing your knowledge about
numeral adjective. Just go through all the details given above about the numeral adjective and
check your skill by doing following exercises for numeral adjective.
We have used numeral adjectives in the following sentences; you need to check your skill by
identifying numeral adjectives in each sentence:
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Demostrative
Adjective
Demonstrative adjective exercises
Demonstrative adjective exercises given below will help you in analyzing your knowledge about
demonstrative adjective. Just go through all the details given above about the demonstrative
adjective and check your skill by doing following exercises for demonstrative adjective.
We have used demonstrative adjectives in the following sentences; you need to check your skill
by identifying demonstrative adjective in each sentence:
Answers: 1 – those, 2 – That, 3 – Those, these, 4 – That, 5 – This, 6 – This, that, 7 – those, 8 – those, 9 – this, 10 –
These, 11 – These, 12 – these, 13 – these, 14 – Those, 15 – that, 16 – those, 17 – this, that, 18 – this, that, 19 – this,
20 – Those, 21 – That, 22 – These, 23 – That, 24 – Those, 25 – These, 26 – those, 27 – these, 28 – those, 29 – That,
30 - Those, 31 - this, 32 - That, 33 - These, 34 - that, 35 - those, 36 - this, 37 - these, 38 - This , 39 – this.
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Possessive Adjective
Exercise
Exercises for you
Possessive adjective exercises given below will help you in analyzing your knowledge about
possessive adjective. Just go through all the details given above about the possessive adjective
and check your skill by doing following exercises for possessive adjective.
We have used possessive adjectives in the following sentences; you need to check your skill by
identifying possessive adjectives in each sentence:
Answers: 1 – my, 2 – your, 3 – its, 4 – her, 5 – his, 6 – our, 7 – My, 8 – My, 9 – your, 10 – his,
11 – her, 12 – my, 13 – my, 14 – my, 15 – your, 16 – your, 17 – your, 18 – my, 19 – my, 20 –
my.
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Interrogative Adjective
Exercise
Exercises for you
Interrogative adjective exercises given below will help you in analyzing your knowledge about
interrogative adjective. Just go through all the details given above about the interrogative
adjective and check your skill by doing following exercises for interrogative adjective. We have
used interrogative adjectives in the following sentences; you need to check your skill by
identifying interrogative adjectives in each sentence:
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Interrogative Adjective
Exercise
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Interrogative Adjective
Exercise
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Interrogative Adjective
Exercise
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Adjective of Quantity
Exercise
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Lecture-26 Adjective:6
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