ATMOSPHERE

1.
Stable Variable Extremely variable
2,3,9 1,4,7 5,6,8,10

a) dust, soot, salt crystals

b) evaporation and transpiration

2.a) A) troposphere, B) thermosphere C) stratosphere D) mesosphere E) lower

atmosphere

b) It decreases gradually as the atmosphere is heated by the ground

c) In the strato and thermosphere as both of them absorb UV radiation and it
produces heat
d) Ozone layer is to be found at the upper third part of the stratosphere, Its role is to
absorb the harmful UV radiation of the Sun.
e) Thermosphere

3.1D,2C,3A,4B,5D,6A,7B,8C,9A,10D

4. a) above fields as it absorbs more radiation (its albedo is smaller)

b) above leafy forest as it absorbs more radiation (its albedo is smaller)
c) above snow dotted with soil patches as it is darker and absorbs more radiation
(smaller albedo)
d)southern slope as this side of a hill is more exposed to the sunshine on the
northern hemisphere
b) Above the field. Water absorbs more radiation, but its heat capacity is higher and
as a result of this it warms up slower than the field, so air above the field will be
warmer.
5.a) A The apparent movement of the Sun , change in insolation
B change in temperature
b) highest temperature around 15.00
at the meeting point of the two graphs, the lowest temperature is not long
after dawn
c) before and after dawn
d) It is because of the fact that the air is warmed from beneath i.e. by the
ground. It takes time for the heat to transfer from the ground to the atmosphere.

6.
a.-b. : daily main temperature> 7.8 degrees Celsius
daily temperature range > 11 degrees Celsius
c) highest temperature was recorded at 11 o’clock and not around 3 o’clock in the
afternoon, as usual. It can be explained by the arrival of a cold front, which causes
quick cloud formation, cool wind and precipitation perhaps.

7.
a) 8.8 degrees Celsius
b) annual main T range 22.5 degrees Celsius
c) underlined: whether it is located to the north or to the south of the Equator, and
whether it is located near of far from oceans

8. a) Daytime continents warm up quickly and low pressure is formed above it. It
takes more time for the sea to warm, so high pressure lies above it. The wind blows
from the sea towards the continent (land-sea breeze).In the evening the situation is
reversed.
 b) land-sea breeze
c) mountain/valley wind, city wind

9. 1. cyclone (depression) 2. anticyclone

10.
a)
It can be explained by the temperature along the Equator and near the poles. High
pressure belt along the tropics ( 30 N and 30 S ) is formed by anticyclones, low pressure
belt along the 60 N and 60 S are formed by cyclones.
Diagram:
Equator – Low
30° (both hemispheres) – High
60° (both hemispheres) - Low
Poles (both hemispheres) - High

b) Jet streams blowing around the globe at high altitude (upper boundary of the
troposphere)
c) westerlies

11
Summer Winter
Northern hemisphere SW NE
Southern hemisphere NW SE

12.
a) The Coriolis Effect originating from the rotation of the Earth.
Northern hemisphere: right-hand rule
Southern hemisphere: left-hand rule

b) Coriolis Effect increases from the Equator pole wards

13.
a) The temperature at which cooling air becomes saturated.
b) It shows the ratio in percentages of the actual water vapour content of air
compared to the maximum amount it could contain at the given temperature.
c) The actual amount of water vapour in the air at the given moment

14. 1T,2T,3F,4T,5F

15. a) dew, b) hoar, c) white frost, d) rain, e) black ice

16. 1D,2B,3A,4C,5A,6D,7B

17.

a) By dawn, air has cooled heavily and reached its dewpoint and water vapour in excess
started to condense near the surface on condensation nuclei. (Cloud formation near the
ground has started)

b) Because of the sunshine air has been gradually warmed up and has become able to
contain more and more water vapour. As a result of this the fog has gradually
disappeared.

*B
 c) convectional fog
Onto the top of a cold air mass a warmer, humid air mass has arrived. The underlying
cold air mass cooled the warmer layer and so was fog formed.

d) Temperature inversion occurs when layers closer to the ground (as above) are
colder than that of higher altitude.
e) Stronger wind or invading front can stop it, (This type of fog is more stable as the
colder air mass is heavier and it remains close to the ground.)

18. a) 69%
b) 10 degrees Celsius , altitude of 600 m
c) 5.5 degrees Celsius
d) They should not go as it is very likely precipitation to occur as cloud formation
already starts at an altitude of 6oo m.

19. a) cyclone A, clod air B, warm air C, isobar D, cold front E, warm front

20. a) anticyclone b) cyclone c) cyclone d) anticyclone e) cyclone

21. 1W, 2C,3C,4W,5C

22.
a) With the connection of the warm and the cold front the front has closed (warm air in
the cyclone has been eaten up and it causes the death of the cyclone.)
b) a tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific region (East and SE Asia)
c) a tropical cyclone in the Caribbeans
d) whirling wind at the meeting point of air masses of highly different temperature in
the temperate zone. It is most common in North America
e) cumulus, a more vertical than horizontal type of cloud, fluffy one.
f) cirrus, at high altitude , it contains ice crystals, sunshine can go through it.

23.
Because the loose, fresh snow cover is filled with air between the snowflakes and it
hardly conducts heat. This protects the vegetation under the snow sheet from frost.

24. a) cyclone
b) A occluded front B cold front C warm front
c) In Western Europe, Northern and Central Europe as a result of the cold
and warm fronts in the cyclone,
d) anticyclone
e) sunny, dry
f) Cold front leaves the Carpathian Basin, but it will be shortly occupied by a cyclone
of a warm front, because of this changeable, rainy weather will be characteristic
of the Carpathian Basin.
25.
a) anticyclone
b) dry, calm winter weather
c) warm front
d) Iceland
e) Cyclone it will die if the cold front reaches the warm front, occluded front forms.

26. a) increase
b) in the second half of the 20th century (after 1950`s)
c) energy resources, the increased burning of fossil fuels, the increase in
transportation and demand for energy
d) directly by the burning of forests, indirectly by chopping down trees and thus
reducing green areas that are able to photosynthesize
e) increasing greenhouse effect
 f) global warming due to the increase in greenhouse effect. This will change the
climate system of the Earth entirely. (melting of polar icecaps, rise in sea-level,
altered wind systems and sea currents , altered precipitation distribution and
pattern)

27.
a) CO2:5,6,7
b) CO 1,4
c) NOx 1,3,6
d) SO2:3,7
e) Pb: 2,8

28. a)
It is about two different layers of the atmosphere. On the one hand ozone depletition,
thinnering ozone layer are the phenomena of the stratosphere. On the other hand, the
harmful increase in ozone concentration is confined to layers close to the ground.

b) Its violent, it has living cell destroying effect.

c) Ozone is being formed in air polluted by nitrogene-oxids and hydrocarbons in
strong sunshine.
d) Yes, there is. The constant, strong sunshine accounted for the increase in ozone
concentration.
e) Ozone depletition is caused by CFCs accumulating in the atmosphere and by the
exhaust combustion gases of the aeroplanes traveling at the lower layers of the
stratosphere.
The ozone layer protects the Earth from the harmful UV radiation of the Sun, without it
there will not be life on Earth. Because of the thinnering ozone layer the harmful cell
destroying, skin damaging UV rays arrive at larger amount onto the surface of the Earth.