➢ Sensation

➢ Stimuli, Transduction,
Sensory Limits
➢ The Human Senses
➢ Vision
➢ Audition
➢ Somesthetic Senses STIMULI, TRANSDUCTION, AND SENSORY LIMITS
➢ Chemical Senses ➢ Stimulus – is any aspect of the
➢ Other Senses outside world that directly
SENSATION: RECEIVING MESSAGES ABOUT THE influences our behavior of
conscious experience.
WORLD
➢ Transduction – the process of
➢ Sense organs: enables us to see,
converting stimuli into codes of
hear, taste, smell, touch, balance,
electrochemical impulses that
and experience such as feeling of
the neurons can carry, and the
body stiffness, soreness, fullness,
brain understands.
warmth, pleasure, pain, and
movement.
➢ Operate through the sensory
receptor cells.
➢ Sensation: the process of
receiving information from the
outside world, translating it,
and transmitting it to the
brain. ➢ Different threshold – the
smallest difference between two
stimuli that subjects can defect
half the time.
➢ Sensory adaptation –
weakened magnitude of a
 sensation resulting from a ➢ Dark Adaption – visual
prolonged presentation of the adjustments that increase the
stimulus. sensitivity of the rods and cones
THE HUMAN SENSES VISION: Sense of Sight and allows us to see better in
dim light.
➢ Receptor organ: The Eye
➢ Light Adaptation – the visual
➢ Receptor cells: Photoreceptors adjustments of the rods and
(rods and cones) cones that reduces sensitivity to
➢ Stimulus: Light bright light.
(Electromagnetic Energy)
COMMON VISION PROBLEMS
➢ Myopia – nearsightedness
➢ Hyperopia – farsightedness
➢ Nyctalopia – night-
blindedness
➢ Presbyopia – farsightedness
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT at old age

➢ Hue – the visual dimension seen ➢ Glaucoma – increased

as a particular color; determined pressure within the eyeball.
by the length of a light wave. ➢ Cataract – a disorder in
➢ Brightness – the intensity of which the lens becomes
color; determined by the height cloudy.
of a light wave as such that the
higher the wave, the greater the
amplitude, and the brighter the
color.
➢ Accommodation – the bulging
and flattening of the lens in
order to focus an image on the
retina.
➢ Rods – receptors in the retina
that are most sensitive in dim
light; do not respond to color.
➢ Cones – receptors in the retina
to color and fine detail.
COLOR BLINDNESS
➢ Caused by defective cones in the
retina of the eye and as a more
general term, color deficient
vision is more accurate, as most
people with “color blindness”
have two types of cones working
and can see many colors.
➢ Monochrome color blindness –
people either have no cones or
have cones that are not working
at all.
➢ Essentially, if they have cones,
they only have one type and,
therefore, everything looks the
same to the brain – shades of
gray.
➢ Dichromatic vision – are
caused by the same kind of
problem-having one cone that
does not work properly.
➢ Protanopia – is due to
the lack of functioning
red cones.
➢ Deuteranopia – results
from the lack of
functioning green cones.
Dr. Shinobu Ishihara introduced in 1917
almost a hundred years ago the most
well-known color blindness test. Each of
his tests consist of a set of color dotted
plates, each of them showing either a
number or a path. Since then this is
the most widely used color vision
deficiency test and still used by most
optometrist and ophthalmologist all
around the world.
THE FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLATES
1. The Vanishing Design – only
people with good color vision
design can see the sign. If you
are color blind, you won’t see
anything.
2. Transformation Design – color
blind people who see a different
sign that people with color vision
can’t handicap.
3. Hidden Digit Design – only
color-blind people can spot the
sign. If you have perfect color
vision you won’t be able to see it.
 4. Classification Design – is used ➢ Inner Ear
to differentiate between red ➢ Cochlea (Basilar
and green blind persons. membrane, Organ of
Corti, and Hair Cells) –

THE HUMAN SENSES AUDITION: Sense of filled with fluid. When

the oval window vibrates,
hearing
it causes the fluid in the
➢ Receptor organ: The Ear
cochlea to vibrate. This
➢ Receptor cells: Hair cells fluids surrounds a
➢ Stimulus: Sound waves membrane running
THE ANATOMY OF HEARING through the middle of
cochlea called the basilar
➢ Outer Ear
membrane. Basilar
➢ Pinna – is the visible,
membrane is the resting
nocturnal part of the ear
place of the organ of
that serves as a kind of
corti, which contains the
concentrator, funneling
receptor cells for the
the sound waves from the
sense of hearing.
outside world.
➢ Auditory Nerve
➢ Auditory Canal – is the
➢ Sound waves – vibrations of the
short funnel that trans
down to the tympanic air or of another medium that

membrane or eardrum. vary in frequency and

amplitude.
➢ Tympanic Membrane – It
separates the outer ear ➢ Intensity – density of vibrating

from the inner ear. When air molecules, which determines

sound waves reach the the loudness of sound.

tympanic membrane they ➢ Pitch – the highness or lowness

cause it to vibrate. of tones or sounds, depending

➢ Middle Ear on their frequency.

➢ Ossicles (malleus, incus, ➢ Timbre – the characteristic

and stapes) quality of a sound as

➢ Oval Window determined by the complexity of

 hertz (a unit of frequency
representing one cycle
(vibration) per second)
➢ Decibel – measurement of the
intensity of perceived sound.
HEARING PROBLEMS
➢ Conduction deafness – temporary
deafness caused by the building up
of fluid that prevents the eardrum
and ossicles from vibrating.
➢ Nerve deafness – hearing loss
that stems from damage to the
nerve cells in the cochlea or by the
simple process of aging.
SOMESTHETIC SENSE: Sense of
touch/Cutaneous Sense
➢ Receptor organ – The
Skin
➢ Receptor cells –
Meissner’s corpuscle,
Merkel’s disc, free nerve
endings, Krause’s end
bulb, Pacinian corpuscle,
Corpuscle of Ruffini,
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscle.
➢ Stimuli – Pressure,
Temperature, and Pain
FOUR BASIC SENSATION OF THE BODY
➢ Pressure – caused by anything
that comes contact with skin.
➢ Pain – caused by the stimulus being
strong enough to cause damage to
skin.
➢ Warmth and Cold
SENSE OF OLFACTION
➢ Receptor Organ – The Nose
➢ Receptor cells – Olfactory
Receptors
➢ Stimuli – Gaseous Substances
(Chemical Energy)
The sense of smell of the chemical
senses, the other is the sense of
taste. They are so called because
they sense chemicals, and smells are,
chemicals.
➢ Sense of smell results from
stimulation of receptor cells
embedded in the olfactory
epithelium (a mucus-coated
membrane lining the top of the
nasal cavity)
 • Adaptation – Wearing-off
of olfactory sensitivity to
odors which seem initially
overpowering.
• Anosmia – Loss of smell

➢ Taste receptors for four basic

sensations: sweet, sour, salty, and
SEVEN WIDELY USED CLASSIFICATION OF ODORS bitter
AND THEIR EXAMPLES ➢ Papillae – small bumps on the
surface of the tongue that contain
1. Floral (Roses)
taste buds.
2. Resinous (Camphor)
➢ Taste buds – are flask-like
3. Minty (Peppermint)
structures containing taste cells in
4. Putrid (Rotten eggs)
the papillae.
5. Musky (Musky oil)
➢ Global sensation – both smell and
6. Ethereal (pears)
taste are working.
7. Acrid (Vinegar)
➢ Ageusia – loss of the sense of taste

THE CHEMICAL SENSES GUSTATION: Sense of

OTHER SENSES (PROPRIOCEPTION) KINESTHESIS &
Taste
VESTIBULAR SENSES
➢ Receptor organ – The Tongue
➢ Proprioception – the general of our
➢ Rceptor cells – Taste cells
sense of body position, involve two
➢ Stimuli – Liquids and Soluble senses:
Substances
➢ Kinesthetic
➢ Vestibular
KINESTHETIC SENSE
➢ Sense of movement
 ➢ Receptors are in the muscles,
tendons, and joints.
➢ Tells us when our muscles are
straining, when our arms are out
of control, and when our torso is
imbalanced.

VESTIBULAR SENSE
➢ Sense of balance
➢ Also called as aquilibratory or
labyrinthine sense
➢ Deals with the total body as a
whole.
➢ Located near cochlea in the
inner ear.

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Made by: Naihbwi A18
Credits to sir john sa content