FIRST AID MANAGEMENT AND CARE

FIRST AID
First aid can be define as a temporary and immediate help given to a
casualty before arrive to the doctor or transportation to the hospital in
accordance with the principles of medicine
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
First aid is define as the skilled application of acceptance principle of
treatment on the occurance of an accident or in the case of sudden illness
using materials and facilities available at the time.
FIRST AIDER
Is any person who is trained and licenses by a recognized body and charge
with rendering immediate help to casualty before the full medical
intervention within his or her jurisdiction.
QUALITIES OF FIRST AIDER
i. A first aider must be knowledgeable:- the person has undergo trining
by a recognized body and issued with a licensed
ii. A person must be sympathetic:- has the ability to sympathize wich
one thinking that one thinking that one time he may be involved.
Remember that he is dealing with an injured person whose wored has
suddenly turn upside down
iii. A person must be creative:- have the ability of one to improve with
available resources
iv. A person must be very smart:- in undertaking all his procedure
carefully and effectively.
v. A peron must have ability to control one self, and the distressful
situation i.e fatals seenes
vi. First aider must act as a teacher to his client, therefore must give
 good exemplary behaviours e.g avoid rampant smoking, always
looks tidy and walk gentle and calm but not slowgish
QUALITIES OF FIRST AIDER
i. Knowledgeable
ii. Sympathetic
iii. Creative
iv. Very smart and careful
v. Must act as a teacher
PRINCIPLE OF FIRST AIDER
i. Do the first thing in order of priority
ii. Give artificial respiration and maintain patient air way
iii. Re-assure the patient
iv. Allow fresh air and ventilation
v. Stop bleeding
vi. Refer the victim to the hospital
AIMS OF FIRST AIDER
i. To save life
ii. To prevent illness or injury from becoming worse
iii. To relieve pain as soon as possible
iv. To prevent further damages
v. To assist medical doctor
VITAL SIGN
Is an indication of index shown patient sign
 Temperature
 Respiration
 Pulse rate
 Blood pressure
 EMERGENCY
Is define as a sudden, unexpected situation when it happens it may cause
injury, damage to property and lost of life
EMERGENCY
Emergency is a serious situation requiring immediate action also is any
condition that require urgent attention of medical intervention e.g burn and
scald
CHARACTERISTIC OF EMERGENCY
i. Life threatening
ii. Sudden unset
iii. Cannot wait and otherwise
EMERGENCIES
i. Asphyxiation
ii. Unconsciousness
iii. Syncope
iv. Snake bite
v. Burning
vi. Insect sting
vii. Drowning
viii. Apoplexy
ix. Fall
x. Hemorrhagic

CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL EMERGENCY

It refer to injury or illness that is acute and possess an immediate rise to
person life include:-
i. Abdominal pain
 ii. Chronic disease
iii. Severe burning
iv. Chemical burning
v. Drugs over dose
vi. Intestinal obstruction
Which may lead to the following
i. Nausea or vomiting
ii. Possible convulsion
iii. Headache and high body temperature
SOME MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
i. Shock
ii. Asphyxiation
iii. Snake bite
iv. Burning
v. Drawing
vi. Unconsciousness
vii. Poisoning
viii. Insect bite
ix. Aproplexy
x. Fall
xi. Syncope (fainting)
VITAL SIGNS THAT DETERMINE THE SYMPATHY OF
EMERGENCY
i. Low body temperature
ii. Rapid pulse rate
iii. Decrease or respiration
iv. High blood pressure
 v. Shallow and gasping
vi. Dizziness
THREATENING
Is the medical application and concept for controlling difficulties and
condition, which happen to a patient by the use of drugs and skills or
special care
SUDDEN UNSET
Is refers to the adverse condition a situation suddenly happen to a person
that affect his well being e.g shock, vomiting and diarrhea
FIRST AID BOX
Can be define as a container where drugs requirement and equipment of
first aid are kept for the purpose of rendering first aid management
USES OF EQUIPMENT OF THE FIRST AID
i. Arresting the bleeding
ii. Re association of the patient
iii. For compression of injured point
iv. For dressing injured
v. For immobilizing fracture and dislocation
CONTENT OF FIRST AID BOX
i. Cotton wool
ii. Gauze
iii. Syringe and needle
iv. Sarlon (citrimide)
v. Sphygmomanometer
vi. Strethoscope
vii. Clinical thermometer
viii. Methylated spirit
 ix. Bandage
x. Linaere of iodine
xi. Iodine
xii. Forceps
PROPER LOCATION OF FIRST AID BOX
- Room:- on the wall out of reach of children
- Factory:- silk belt
- Office:- administrative department or sick bag
- Private:- on the wall
- Mass transit:- on the wall of the bus closer to the driver
- Public:- on a table in the office
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Is a state of unawareness which lead to brain disorder and other special
sense organ in which the patient lost general respond
CAUSES
i. Cerebral anaemia
ii. Injury to the brain
iii. Tumors of the brain
iv. Electric shock
v. Poisoning by alcohol
MANAGEMENT OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
i. Place the patient in prone position with the head down and the other
part of the body in order to have enough flow of blood to the blood
ii. Improve ventilation by fanning
iii. Keep the patient warm for temperature control
iv. Transport the patient to hospital
 DESCRIBE HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION OF
UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT
The handling and transportation of injured person after stage and treatment
should be accomplished the final stage is free hospital management of a
mass. Casualty incident is the transportation of injured person or ill to
hospital for more definitive care. This is usually accomplish using
ambulance vehicle such as:
a. Police care
b. Fire truck
c. Civiliance vehicles
APROPLEXY
Is a state of controlled bleeding into the brain in which terminate the supply
of oxygen to the brain cell
CAUSES
i. High blood pressure
ii. By haemorrhage shock
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
i. Dizziness
ii. High blood pressure
iii. Headache
iv. Paralysis
MANAGEMENT
i. Improve ventilation by opening doors/windows or by fanning in order to
have a fresh air
ii. Remove and loose any tighting material
iii. Arrange the patient aid and for medical treatment
ASPHYXIATION
Is the condition that happen to a person which is not be able to inhale an
oxygen or inhale sufficient oxygen due to the accumulation of carbondioxide
in the blood
CAUSES
i. Strangulation
ii. Inhalation of blood or vomit
iii. Paralysis of respiratory organ
iv. Burning of mouth and throat
v. Accumulation of smoke
MANAGEMENT
i. Remove the patient from source of danger
ii. Loose ant tightly material e.g neck, waist
iii. Remove the patient from smoke gas
iv. Clear any obstruction from mouth e.g saliva, vomit blood etc
v. Apply artificial respiration e.g
- mouth to mouth
- holger mele on method
- sulvestor method
- eves cucking method
SHOCK
Is a sudden act condition that occur due to the escape and failure of blood
supply to the brain which may lead to injury and lost of life
CAUSES
i. Severe hemorrhage
ii. Severe diarrhea
iii. Sever burning
iv. Heart attack
v. Multiple fracture
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
i. Slow pulse rate
ii. Rapid breathing/respiration
iii. Confused and vomiting
iv. Pale skin sign of anaemia
v. Faint and collapsing
vi. Anxiety
vii. Confusion
viii. Tire
ix. Unconsciousness
MANAGEMENT
i. Remove the patient and laydown on the bed or floor
ii. Raise the patient or head down to lower than the other part of the
body so that to allow blood supply to brain
iii. Cover the patient with blanket i.e warm and down his normal
temperature
iv. Do not give any stimulate to the patient
v. Remove or look any tightly material or cloth
vi. Do not give fluid and check for vital sign e.g pulse rate
vii. Arrange the patient to close hospital
DROWNING AS AS EMERGENCY
Drowning can be define as a death cause by suffocation in water. Or is an
accident in which a person may have some difficulty in breathing by
inhaling the water which lead to unconsciousness by the lost of oxygen and
lead to death
MANAGEMENT OF DROWNING
 i. As far as possible drow out the patient from the water
ii. Hold the victim head down the rest of the body which lead allow the
inhale water to drain from respiratory track
iii. Find a clean material to remove any sand or mud that is remain in the
mouth
iv. Start artificial respiration e.g mouth to mouth
v. Arrange the patient to hospital for medical aid
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY
Can be define as an accidental emergency that is occur in our environment
that may occur inform of disaster, flooding famine, fire accident global
warming and drought which may lead to the loss of lives and property which
need immediate emergency respond to the effect client (effect people)
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY
i. Disaster
ii. Flooding
iii. Fire accident
iv. Global warming
v. Drought
vi. Soil pollution
vii. Earthquake
viii. Bush fire (bush burning)
ix. Chemical pollution
x. Ice storm
xi. Oil spillage
MANAGEMENT
i. Development of respond system in case of any accident
ii. Implement early whether remedies, in case of whether change which
occur as a result of the emergency incident
iii. Give emergency aid to the effected client increase diseases surveillance
and notification of environmental emergencies
iv. Provision of food, portable water and cloths
v. An oil spillage should be avoided by proper management of refineries
vi. Construction of building around near the river bank should stop
WOUND
Wound refers to an abnormal break in the continuity of skin tissue which
permit the escape of blood from the blood vessels whether externally or
internally and may allow the entrance of pathogenic organism causing
infection
TYPES OF WOUND
i. Incised or clean wound:- those are wounds caused by sharp straight
instrument e.g knife, razor blade, broken glass, bottles etc
ii. Punctured or step wound:- those are wound caused by sharp pointed
object or instrument e.g needle, nail, digger, arrow, garden fork etc
iii. Continused or bruished wound:- these are wounds by below from
blunt (less sharp) e.g hammer, or something very hard
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
i. The affected part is painful
ii. The affected part is radish
iii. The affected part is swelling
MANAGEMENT OF WOUND
i. Washing hand with soap and water and apply some infection disinfection
ii. Remove the casualty from source of danger
iii. Re-assure the casualty
iv. Immobilize the effect part like in case of fracture
v. Apply sterilize dressing
vi. Refer to the hospital for further management
SYNCOPE (FAINTING)
Syncope is a condition of low unconsciousness, it occur due to temporary
insufficient supply of blood into the brain cells
CAUSES
i. Hypertension (low blood pressure)
ii. Serious anxiety
iii. Hypoxia
iv. Chronic infection
v. Accumulation of carbondioxide
SIGN/SYMPTOMS
i. Fears
ii. Protracted coughing boats
iii. Long standing chest disease
MANAGEMENT OF SYNCOPE
i. Lay the victim down with his head lower than the other part of the body
ii. Loosing all tight clothing
iii. Fan him gently
iv. Arrange for medical treatment
v. Re-assure the relative of the patient
POISONING
Poisoning is any substance which is liable to have the harmful action on
human body. A poisonous may enter through inhalation, the skin, mouth,
poison may be accidental, suicidal or homicidal
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 i. Nausea
ii. Diarrhea
iii. Vomiting
iv. Acute abdominal pain
v. Shock
MANAGEMENT OF POISONING
i. An emetic substance should be given in order to vomit out the
poisoning substance
ii. Arrange the patient to the hospital for medical treatment
iii. Treat shock immediately
iv. Olive, oil, peak milk should be given
MANAGEMENT OF NOSE BLEEDING
i. Laying the patient up the ground
ii. Place ice block at nose region
iii. Use adrenalin injection in severe condition
iv. Should avoid exposing the patient or client in sunny or high
temperature
BURN AND SCALD
Burn:- is an injury to the tissue which caused by moist or wet heat
Scald:- is an injury to the tissue which caused by dry heat
Different between burn and scald
S/No Burn Scald
1. Is an injury to the tissue cause Is an injury to the tissue caused by
by moist or wet heat dry heat
2. Is an injury caused by hot water Is an injury caused by flame fire
3. Is an injury caused by acid Is an injury caused by ho rod
4. Is an injury caused by hot oil Is an injury caused by ultraviolet
ray and gamma ray
5. Is an injury caused by melted Is an injury caused by electrical
aluminium sparkling

PARTS OF THE BODY PERCENTAGE AREA

i. Head and neck 9%
ii. Each upper limb (front 18%)
iii. Each upper limb (front and back 18%)
iv. The trunk (front and back 18%)
v. Perineum 1%
vi. Arm front only 9%
vii. Leg front only 18%
COMPLICATION OF BURN AND SCALD
i. Formation of pouse
ii. Decaying of affected area
iii. Severe pain
iv. Blister formation
v. Ampulation of affected part
vi. Death
MANAGEMENT OF BURN AND SCALD
i. Carry the patient away from danger or danger away from the victim
ii. Lay the patient down and give him fluid to drilling
iii. Never prick plasters unless in hospital
iv. The patient will become frightened and in pain, therefore one should re-
assure as possible
SNAKEBITE
Is an accident which suddenly happen to a person in which snake cut and
bite a person to a person and include a venom that cause the patient to die
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF SNAKE BITE
Sometimes blister appear.skin may die and separate to leave an ulcer sign of
generalized poison
i. Spitting of blood, bleeding from the gums or other places
ii. Drooping of the eyelids
iii. Difficulty in breathing
iv. Mental confusion
v. Severe pain in the muscles
vi. Dark-brown or red urine
vii. Convulsion
viii. Painfulness
ix. Swelling of the affected area
MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITE
i. If conscious re-assure him
ii. Wipe out any left over poison with a handkerchief
iii. Tie piece of cloth above the bite area
iv. Keep the specimen of the snakebite after killing it
INSECTBITE
It cause by insect e.g scorpion, spider and bees which is seriously painful
and some people react because it act like foreign body
MANAGEMENT
i. As soon as quickly anti histamine should be use
ii. Reassure the patient if he is unconscious
iii. If symptoms develop aid for medical aid in the hospital
iv. As immediately to remove the string which may reduce the pain
 FALL FROM HIGH LEVEL
Is a sudden unset condition which may collaps a patient down or flat
CAUSES
i. High blood pressure
ii. Bad news
iii. By accident
iv. Serious headache
v. Dizziness
MANAGEMENT
i. As soon as possible place the head down position which allow the blood
flow to the brain
ii. Check the vital sign e.g pulse or respiration
iii. Clear any obstruction in air ways e.g mouth, nose
iv. Arrange the patient and send him to hospital for medical treatment
BANDAGE
Bandage is a piece of soft material which is used in dressing wound and
immobilizing fracture
USES OF BANDAGE
i. It is use in immobilizing the effected are
ii. It is use for arresting bleeding
iii. It is used to reduce pain of an injured part
iv. It is used to restored the severity of an injury
v. It is used to prevent the entrance of pathogenic organism
METHOD OF APPLYING BANDAGE
Is a method that is apply to support effected part of an individual in order
to reduce pains to mobilized the effect part, to restruct severity from
simple to complex, from accurate to chronic to treat the effected part, to
 arrest bleeding
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE (part of the body used)
i. Capital of the hand
ii. Shoulder of the arm
iii. Ribs of the starnum
iv. Angle of the leg
v. Neck joint
vi. Neck of the cervical
vii. Radial of the joint
viii. Famour of the lips
ix. Lower limp
x. Upper limp
STROKE
Stroke is a condition resulting from bleeding of ruptured cerebral blood
vessel causing cerebral thrombosrs. It is more common in elderly person
who had hypertension
SIGN/SYMPTOMS OF STROKE
i. Headache
ii. Confusion
iii. Slarred speech
iv. Sudden loss of poor or sensation in limb
v. Sudden loss of consciousness and collapse
HEMORRHAGE (Bleeding)
Is the escape of blood from blood vessels and it`s the most important
common complication of injury
CLASSES OF HEMORRHAGE
i. According to their source
 a. Arterial bleeding:- bleeding from artery the blood is bright red and
sport out with each pulse beat. This type of bleeding may endanger
life
b. Veneus bleeding:- bleeding fro vein, the blood comes out quickly but
not sport out. The blood is dark red. It is the commonest bleeding
sports which can be stoped by simple firm pressure
c. Capillaries bleeding:- is the slight oozing of blod from a small cuts,
such as that made during shaving it`s stops out by it`s own
ii. According to the situation
Internal bleeding: this can only be seen in vomiting, urine, stool etc
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
i. Open wound
ii. Escape of blood
iii. In severe cases the sign of aneamia may be presented
iv. The pulse rate rises below 100mm systolic
v. As bleeding continous patient sweat, cold, blue skin, patient restless
and cannot co-operate
vi. Patient infrightened and anxious
vii. Finally patient loses consciousness
MANAGEMENT OF HEMORRHAGE
i. Keep the casualty lie down (lying down warmly wrapped up)
ii. Loose tight clothing around neck and abdominal region
iii. If the symptoms become very severe, raise legs above
iv. Do not allow the patient to walk about
v. Seek medical aid immediately
METHOD OF TAKING BODY TEMPERATURE
 By mouth (orally)
 By rectum (rectally)
 By axilla armpit
GENERAL RULES FOR TAKING TEMPERATURE
 Patient must be ]at rest
 Not hot or cold drink giving within 15 minutes of taking the temperature
 Not taking immediately or before
 No talking while thermometer is in patient mouth
 Thermometer must be shaking down
PULSE
Is the wave of the distension elongation felts in artery wall due to
contraction of the left ventricle pumping out about 100mm of blood to
already fall aorta. Or is a local rythmic expansion of an arteries correspond
to each contraction of the left ventricle of the heart, felt over an arteries
posses.
METHOD OF TAKING PULSE
 Inform or explain the procedure for the patient
 The patient must be at rest either sitting or lying
 The arms should be placed in a relax position
 The right hand of the health worker is usually used
 The general character of the paker should be noted before the beginning
or count the rate
OBSERVATION IN TAKING PULSE
1. Before birth 140 - 160
2. At birth 120 - 160
3. Infant 120 - 140
4. First year 120 - 140
5. Second year 110 - 120
6. Third year 100 - 115
7. Fouth year 80 - 100
8. Children 86 - 100
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
Is the highest degree of pressure existed by the blood against the arteries
wall as left ventricles contract and forces the blood from it into aorta
PRESSURE POINT IN THE BODY
i. Facial pressure
ii. Artificial pressure point
iii. Bronchial pressure point
iv. Carotic pressure point
v. Radial pressure point
vi. Inguinal pressure point
vii. Femoral pressure point
TYPES OF FRACTURE
i. Simple:- close fracture
ii. Compound:- open fracture
iii. Green stick fracture
iv. Implicated fracture
v. Dispressed fracture
vi. Multiple fracture
TREATMENT OF FRACTURE
i. Position of patient by lying down the victim unless of ribs, in which the
patient can sit down
ii. To applied clean dressing to prevent infection
To stop bleeding to avoid