A PHD.

SYNOPSIS

ON

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
UNDERWATER OPTICAL WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
by

Gunjan Matta

2017CRZ8064
Under the Supervision of

Prof. Monika Agrawal

Prof. Rajendar Bahl

CENTRE FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ELECTRONICS

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

INDIA

April 2023

1
 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Motivation and Contribution of the Thesis 6

3 Significance and Limitations 14

4 Thesis Organization 15

5 Bibliography 18

List of Publications 21

List of Figures

1 Scheme representing the light power dissipation. . . . . . . . . 3

2 Absorption coefficient of pure seawater for different transmission wavelengths. . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 lower Bound vs OSNR for case 3 (signal dependent Gaussian noise model)…. 8

4 channel capacity vs OSNR of case 1 for α = 0.4, d =2, σ2 = 1 (additive Gaussian noise model).. 9

5 Non-Line of Sight UOWC Communication….. 9

6 Capacity analysis of fresh and saline water….. 10

7 Representation of the proposed SS-UOWC system with different spectrum slicing

techniques…… 11
8 Comparison of different line coding techniques for SS-UOWC system in terms of log BER.. 12

List of Tables
1 Distinct Values of absorption and scattering coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Comparision of Different MLA’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2
Introduction
According to a United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration survey, 97
percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water [1]. A reliable, quick and accurate
wireless data transmission in the underwater channel is important to elucidate the underwater
environment, especially for the military, industry and scientific communities. These
communities lean on long-distance and quick underwater communication links for undersea
surveys, data collection, imaging, and real-time video transmission, mineral exploration,
ocean observation, submarine communication and diver-to-diver communication [2],[3].
Various efforts have been made in the past to make underwater communication better, faster
and more secure since the world war era, and the research in the field is still expanding.
Underwater communication refers to data transmission through wireless carriers in an
unguided water environment: acoustic, Radio Frequency (RF), and optical waves. However,
each carrier has its limitation and constraint. The propagation of RF waves in water is limited
as radio waves get strongly attenuated in water. So, they cannot be used unless over ranges of
a few centimetres [4]. Underwater acoustic communication is well-established and acoustic
waves have been widely used for marine applications because sound waves travel long
distances in water. Despite this, sound waves can’t be used for high data rate applications due
to low bandwidth, susceptibility to multipath propagation, dispersion, frequency fading and
ambient noise [5].
A huge demand for high-speed data transfer equipment has promoted the analysis of other
methods, such as underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC). In the past few years,
high-efficiency LEDs have revolutionized the lighting industry, offering advantageous
properties such as reliability, lower power consumption, long sustainability and cost-
effectiveness [6]. The claim ability of these LEDs has been utilized in underwater wireless
communication to achieve high-speed, reliable data transmission [1]. Due to the high-
capacity optical bands, underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) has newly
drawn attention for its mastery in catering the high-speed services in the aquatic domain with
low power and mass requirements [7]. It is a fusion of visual and wireless technologies
having clever computing, intelligent sensing and communication abilities.

Figure 1: Scheme representing the light power dissipation

3
The underwater channel is not a perfect medium for light waves. It comprises various
particles suspended or dissolved in water that control light propagation. These particles can
absorb optical signals and induce light scattering. Absorption limits the transmission range of
an underwater optical wireless link by causing the total propagation energy of an emitted
light beam to decrease continuously. On the other hand, scattering spreads the light beam in
random directions and reduces the number of photons collected by the receiver, thereby
degrading the SNR of the system [13,14]. The absorbance, A and scatterance, B are given as
𝑃 ( λ) 𝑃 ( λ)
𝐴(λ)= 𝑃𝑎( λ) , B(λ)=𝑃𝑠 ( λ) (1)
𝑖 𝑖

The absorption coefficient a(λ) and scattering coefficient b(λ) is given as

Δ𝐴(λ) 𝑑𝐴(λ)
a(λ)= lim = (2)
Δ𝑟→0 Δ𝑟 𝑑𝑟

Δ𝐵(λ) 𝑑𝐵(λ)
b(λ) = lim = (3)
Δ𝑟→0 Δ𝑟 𝑑𝑟

The total energy loss due to absorption and scattering can be characterized by extinction
coefficient c(λ), which is expressed as [5]
c(λ) = a(λ) + b(λ) (4)
Here a(λ) and b(λ) respectively represent water's absorption and scattering coefficient, and λ
is the wavelength. Furthermore, the concentration of suspended particles changes with the
variations in ocean depth, thereby varying the related light attenuation coefficients. Figure 1
shows the light power dissipation. Here 𝛷𝑖 is the incident power, 𝛷𝑎 is the absorbed power,𝛷𝑠 is
the scattered power, 𝛷𝑡 is the transmitted power. The water absorption coefficient was
exhaustively measured with high accuracy from 300 nm to 700 nm, showing a minimum
between 400 nm–500 nm [8]. Figure 1 illustrates the absorption coefficient of light in pure
seawater.

Figure 2: Absorption coefficient of pure seawater for different transmission wavelengths [6]

4
Beer’s law is commonly used to describe the propagation loss factor (LP) as a function of
wavelength (λ) and distance (d).

Water type a(m-1) b(m-1) c(m-1)

Clear Ocean 0.114 0.037 0.151
Coastal Ocean 0.179 0.220 0.339
Turbid Ocean 0.336 1.829 2.195

Table 1: Distinct Values of absorption and scattering coefficients [6]

The propagation loss factor is given as follows:

Lp(λ,d) = h.e[−c(λ),d] (5)
In Equation (2), c(λ) represents the total attenuation coefficient as defined in Equation (1),
while h is a constant. Based on the concentration of suspended particles, the oceanic water
types are classified as pure sea water, coastal ocean water and turbid water. Pure water is
minimally attenuated in the wavelength range of 450nm-550nm. Table 1 shows the parameter
of the UOWC channel [14,15].
In addition to absorption and scattering, light waves propagating through oceanic water are
affected by turbulence. Optical turbulence is defined as the random nature of the refractive
index due to salinity, turbidity, temperature variation and the presence of air bubbles. This
variation in refractive index leads to the optical beam’s intensity and phase fluctuation, which
limits the widespread applications of UWOC. The atmospheric turbulence is categorized as
weak, moderate and strong based on its strength [16,17]. Scintillation index σ I2 is usually
adopted to describe the fluctuations of the refractive index for turbulent seawater, which can
be defined as
D(I)
σI 2 = (6)
𝐸(𝐼)

Usually, the value of σ(I) is used to indicate the strength of turbulence, i.e., strong turbulence
(σ(I) > 1) and weak turbulence (0 < σ(I) < 1). While lognormal distribution is adopted for
weak and moderate turbulence, Gamma-Gamma turbulence is acquired for strong turbulence
[18]. In short, it is important to characterize the correctly underwater optical channel as a
means to establish a high-quality optical link.
Noise, in communication terms, means any interference or unwanted signal that hinders
proper reception and reproduction of the transmitted signal. The presence of noise in the
system impedes the quality of the transmitted signal and may cause severe mathematical
errors. Noise can limit the range of systems for a given transmitted power. It may sometimes
even force a reduction in the bandwidth of a system. These unwanted signals arise from a
variety of different sources. In underwater optical wireless communication systems, there are
several noises, including background noise, thermal noise, dark current noise and shot noise,
which affect the system’s performance. Due to thermal fluctuation of electrons in any
receiver circuit, thermal noise is there.
4𝐾 𝑇𝑒 𝐵
Thermal noise variance: 𝜎𝑇2 = (A2) (7)
𝑅𝐿

5
Optical pre-amplifier, which is used to provide optical gain, generates ASE noise. Thermal
noise and amplifier noises are independent of the signal and are modelled by Gaussian
distribution [10]. Due to the random nature of photon emission in the lighting source, shot
noise is generated.
Shot noise variance: 𝜎𝑠2 = 2𝑞⟨𝑖⟩𝐵 (8)
These noises are independent of the channel's input, while we consider an input-dependent
noise model in some scenarios [2,5,6]. Most of the time, input-independent Gaussian noise
has been considered in the UOWC system. This presumption is realistic when the receiver is
hit by severe thermal noise. However, this conjecture may not hold for all real-life
applications because signal-dependent noise is generated at high power when APD and PIN
photodiodes are used. So, signal-dependent noise better models the properties of the UOWC
system in the high power regime. In this thesis we have considered both types of noises.So,
attenuation due to losses and turbulence and noises are the major reasons for the signal
quality deterioration in underwater optical systems,
Motivation
In this dissertation, we are interested in underwater optical wireless communication
(UOWC) technology which provides ultra-fast transmission speeds for mobile devices, where
the transmitter can be as casual as led. However, fading due to noises and turbulence can not
be avoided and causes performance degradation in UOWC, which motivates the research in
this dissertation. In more detail, we consider various factors which affect the performance of
UOWC systems and seek to instruct their design by studying their information-theoretic
capacity. The results unveil new capacity bounds for UOWC systems with noises, covering
various application scenarios with the line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS)
transmission.
After observing that on long-range UOWC links, various factors cause intensity fluctuations
and degrade links performance. The performance of an optical link can be improved by using
multiplexing techniques. It led to the developing of a novel spectrum-sliced (SS)-wavelength-
division multiplexed transmission system. In wavelength division multiplexing WDM,
several photonic information carriers with various wavelengths are multiplexed within an
optical laser beam. An utmost drawback of WDM is its cost of operation because the number
of channels is equal to the number of laser sources. Spectrum slicing (SS) is a convenient
solution for multiple channel systems with economical expenditure. The proposed SS-UOWC
link provides a feasible solution to execute ultra-high-capacity wireless transmission
networks in a wide coverage area, facilitating more users in high turbulence. Each channel
transmits independent 5 Gbit/s binary data through the underwater channel up to a distance of
1.5 km. The system’s performance is analysed for different line coding techniques and
different water types in high turbulence conditions using bit error rate, Q factor, eye diagrams
and maximum transmission range performance metrics.
To enable the development of next-generation autonomous optical networks to guarantee
reliable network management and maintenance, optical performance monitoring (OPM)
techniques are key. The performance monitoring techniques predict the possibility of fault
occurrence, guaranteeing stable and reliable network operation. Machine learning algorithms
(MLAs) have recently emerged for network performance prediction. This work accurately

6
predicts key performance indicators, Quality factor (Q) and Bit Error Rate (BER) of the
UOWC system using four MLA models: multi-linear, support vector, decision tree, and
random forest regression. These models are compared using the root mean square error and
the coefficient of determination as the primary performance indices. Attenuation caused by
suspended particles, air bubbles and turbulence in the water, and different internal system
parameters act as input features with BER and SNR of the received signal as the modelling
targets. The results of the decision tree and random forest models demonstrated a high
coefficient of determination and low mean square error compared to the other models. The
ML models significantly improve system performance monitoring compared to traditional
regression models.
4 Contribution of the Thesis
This thesis primarily focuses on Underwater optical wireless communications (UOWC), a
technology that employs optical signals to carry information in underwater wireless links.
UOWC complements radio-frequency (RF) communications and acoustic communication
when RF links are restricted and acoustic signals have limited bandwidth. It is a solution for
the crisis of ever-increasing demand on wireless communication. Underwater optical wireless
communication (UOWC) is a technology that aims to provide high-speed speed optical
wireless communication links in the underwater channel. UOWC has the potential to provide
high-speed links over relatively short distances that would be suitable for certain applications
as part of a wider network in combination with other technologies. However, some obstacles
need to overcome before a reliable UOWC system can be created. The main obstacle is the
lack of understanding of how the underwater channel affects light transmission. This thesis
aims to understand better how different underwater channel components impact light
propagation, specifically focusing on underwater noises and losses. This effect is
investigated, through simulation, to develop this understanding of high-speed UOWC
applications. Due to the channel properties of water, interference is hard to avoid in UOWC
links. To instruct the design of UOWC systems that communicate efficiently in the presence
of interference, we investigate the fundamental limits of the UOWC systems from an
information-theoretic perspective in this dissertation.
Channel capacity is an important performance metric for any communication system. It is
defined as the maximum achievable throughput that can be delivered reliably over a channel.
However, it's easy to calculate the capacity of various systems; it's not straightforward for
UOWC systems. UOWC systems often adopt the intensity modulation with direct detection
(IM/DD) technique, which uses the amplitude (or intensity) of light to transmit data [4].
Therefore, optical intensity signals X are restricted to be unipolar and have positive real
values.
X ≥ 0: (9)
Second, Due to the eye and skin safety regulations, the peak optical intensity of the LED is
limited, that is,
X≤ A (10)
where A is the peak optical intensity of the LED.

7
Their maximum and average values are also constrained to meet the cost, eye and skin safety
standards [5,6]..
E[X] = ∈P,where P∈(0,1] (11)
Because of these constraints, most of the theories evolved to calculate the capacity of radio
and wired communications cannot be used, and it's complicated to derive the closed-form
expression. Thatswhy, researchers have resorted to the concept of upper bound and lower
bound of capacity. The upper and lower capacity bounds give an upper and lower limit of
capacity such that capacity (lower bound) ≤ capacity ≤ capacity (upper bound). With these
bounds, we can comprehend the IM/DD systems in a better way. In this thesis, we study the
capacity of various classes of IM/DD channels, including the point-to-point (P2P) channel
with input-independent noise, the channel with input-independent noise, the saline water
channel, air-bubbled channel, the non-line of sight channel (NLOS) where the transmission of
data is done using surface reflection of the sea by considering sea surface is smooth and
negligible scattering over the same UOWC medium. We derive new closed-form capacity
lower bounds for the IM/DD P2P channel based on specified input distributions. Our
proposed upper and lower bounds are tight at a high optical signal-to-noise ratio. The derived
analytic expression of capacity also helps evaluate the available data rate in the presence of
different types of noises and water types.

Figure 3.lower Bound vs OSNR for case 3 (signal dependent Gaussian noise model)

8
Figure 4. channel capacity vs OSNR of case 1 for α = 0.4, d =2, σ2 = 1 (additive Gaussian
noise model)
Salinity is a seawater property related to the amount of matter, mainly consisting of salts,
dissolved in the water. Chlorides, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sulfates, calcium
carbonate, and magnesium carbonate are common salts dissolved in seawater. Salinity is
expressed in parts per thousand (ppt) or kilogram of salt in 1000 kilograms of water. For
different oceanic regions of the world, salinity is different for different layers of the ocean.
Refractive index of water changes with the salinity of the water. As the salinity is different for
different layers of the ocean, the refractive index changes layer by layer. This change in
refractive index modifies the behaviour of the optical signal propagating through it, leading to
an optical signal fading called oceanic turbulence, degrading the overall performance of such
systems [9,10], Therefore, the behaviour of the optical signal transmitted through the vertical
channel is different from the horizontal water channel. Hence, in this thesis, an analysis of
horizontal and vertical links is done.
In some communication scenarios the line of sight is not available due to obstructions,

Figure 5 : Non Line of Sight Communication

9
misalignment, or random orientation of the transceivers. To address this problem a reflective
communication link could be used.

Figure 6: Capacity analysis of fresh and saline water

After a detailed study of the capacity of the UOWC system in the different scenarios for
enhancement in link capacity and speed, the SS-UOWC system’s performance is observed in
the second part of this thesis. To make the UOWC system better and better, researchers have
anticipated different schemes. Different multiplexing techniques are used to enhance the
system's capability and deliver comprehensive coverage over instabilities in water. These
techniques mainly include time division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Considerable
difficulties are associated with different multiplexing techniques; OFDM has low power
efficiency and complexity issues, while there are synchronization problems at the receiver in
TDM [6]. \\
WDM is an eminent scheme implemented widely in the underwater environment to deal with
bandwidth-hungry services. In WDM, several photonic information carriers with various
wavelengths are multiplexed within an optical laser beam. Some frequency/wavelength
difference separates each wavelength, termed wavelength spacing and is used to minimize
data coupling due to interference between adjacent channels. Additional benefits include
higher speeds than TDM-based networks, scalability, dedicated connectivity to every user,
protocol transparency, better QoS with improvised security and simplified communication.
Nevertheless, WDM has their own set of drawbacks. An utmost drawback of WDM is its cost
of operation because the number of channels is equal to the number of laser sources [7,8].
Although the WDM system supports multiple users at a high bit rate and provides higher
reliability, the presence of numerous laser sources raises the general expense and complexity
of the system.\\
To overcome the limitations of the WDM technique, a SS (spectrum sliced) technique is
instigated, which has better performance characteristics. This technology allows slicing wide
waveforms in lower-speed slices and transmits each slice in parallel.

10
Figure. 7 Representation of proposed SS-UOWC system with different spectrum slicing
techniques
It is a substitute for WDM because it presents the prospect of a high data rate and broader
bandwidth communication and assures the distribution of multi-wavelength intensity sources
in numerous end users. The necessity for multiple laser sources is eliminated, making the
working process less complicated and price-efficient than wavelength division multiplexing.
Moreover, spectrum-slicing technology also improves optical system dispersion tolerance
[9],[10]. In [11], to mitigate the impact of atmospheric attenuation on signals, a spectrum
slicing (SS)-wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with Pre and Post
Amplification is developed. In [12], a high-speed SS-based free-space optical communication
system with a data rate of 2.5 Gbps up to a distance of 5 km is incorporated.[13]
demonstrated a temporally and spatially incoherent spectrum-sliced light source for
scintillation mitigation in free-space optical (FSO) communications. Much literature is
available on incorporating spectrum slicing in free-space optical communication. However,
there is an absence of study of spectrum slicing in the UOWC system.\\
Motivated by this, this chapter proposes a high-speed SS-UOWC communication system
based on the spectrum slicing technique. Several components for spectrum slicing in optical
communication systems like arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG), light emitting diodes
(LED), highly non-linear (HNLF), and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) are reported
in the literature. Because of physical constraints, HNLF and SOA cannot be used underwater.
Therefore, this paper evaluates the performance of the SS-UOWC system in high turbulence
for pure sea water, coastal ocean water and harbour water using AWG [14] and LEDs [16].
To find the better spectrum slicing technique, performance is compared to varying distances
in terms of BER and Q factor both for AWG and LEDs. Modulation techniques also play a
vital role in the conclusive performance of the UOWC system. Therefore, different
modulation techniques at different UOWC distances in terms of Q factor and log BER are
compared. The results in this chapter deliver helpful insights into the design of UWOC
systems.

11
Each channel transmits independent 5 Gbit/s binary data through the underwater channel up
to a distance of 5 km. Two spectrum slicing techniques are compared: Light emitting diodes
(LED) and Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The performance of these two techniques is
analyzed for different water types in high turbulence conditions using bit error rate, Q factor,
eye diagrams and maximum transmission range performance metrics. The outcome
demonstrates that AWG provides better performance than LED.
Line coding refers to converting a sequence of bits to digital signals. At the transmitter side,
digital data are encoded into a digital signal; at the receiver, the digital data are recreated by
decoding the digital signal. This work compares non-return-to-zero,return-to-zero, Gaussian
andraised cosine line coding techniques.. Therefore, the system's performance is evaluated
for different line coding techniques. Results revealed that the NRZ technique shows
promising results from the rest of the modulation formats.

Figure 8: Comparison of different line coding techniques for SS-UOWC system in terms
of log BER
The efficiency and reliability of the UOWC system are significantly degraded by different
factors, thus leading to an increase in the bit error rate (BER) of the UOWC system.
Therefore, real-time optical performance estimation is paramount to achieving high-quality
service. Underwater Optical Wireless communication (UOWC) is a promising solution for
high data rate requirements. The performance prediction of an optical communications link
over maritime environments has been extensively researched over the last two decades. When
the optical signal passes through the water, it gets impaired by turbulence and various
suspended particles, which causes a loss of SNR and induces signal fades. Therefore, real-
time optical performance estimation is paramount to achieving high-quality service. The
performance monitoring techniques predict the possibility of fault occurrence, guaranteeing

12
stable and reliable network operation. Machine learning algorithms (MLAs) have recently
emerged for network performance prediction. In this work, to estimate the Quality factor (Q)
and Bit Error Rate (BER) of UOWC system, four MLA models, namely, multi-linear
regression, support vector regression, decision tree regression and random forest regression,
have been employed and compared among each other using the root mean square error and
the coefficient of determination as the primary performance indices. Attenuation caused by
suspended particles, air bubbles and turbulence in the water, and different internal system
parameters act as input features with BER and SNR of the received signal as the modelling
targets.
The performance of the UOWC system can be evaluated in many ways, such as by analyzing
the BER and Quality factor (Q-factor). These two parameters are closely related. BER is used
to compute the errors in the transmitted bits due to attenuation, turbulence, or noise by
matching the transmitted binary data from the transmitter to the receiver.The Q-Factor is a
metric to identify the attenuation in the received signal and gives an estimate of the Optical-
Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (OSNR) at the optical receiver. The Q-factor suggests the minimum
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to obtain a specific BER for a given signal. The higher
the bit rate, the higher the OSNR ratio required. The receiver cannot correctly demodulate
signal information when the BER is large [9].Since the Q-factor and BER of UOWC
communication systems are main parameters used to determine the performance, in this
paper, we focus on predicting the value of the Q-factor and BER of UOWC links.

MLA 𝑹𝟐 RMSE
Linear Regression 0.2 0.82
SVM 0.3 0.75
Decision Tree 0.8 0.15
Random Forest 0.9 0.3

Table 2: The performance evaluation of different MLA's

A comparison between MLAs models in terms of 𝑅 2 values and RMSE value is shown in
Table 2. It is clear that Linear regression shows the worst results where 𝑅 2 equals 0.2, and
RMSE is about 0.82. The RF regression achieves the lowest RMSE value model, which is
equal to 0.9 while the DT model provided an RMSE value of about 0.8.It can also be seen
that both DT and RF regression models provided robust results in terms of 𝑅 2 coefficient and
RMSE. The ML models significantly improve system performance monitoring compared to
traditional regression models.
The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
• This work derives capacity for point-to-point underwater optical communication links in
various scenarios like in the presence of losses and input-independent noise and input-
dependent noise, is derived.
• To obtain a better understanding of optical channels, in this section, the fading effects
introduced by temperature, salinity, and bubbles are discussed. The effect of the transmitter’s

13
divergence angle and the receiver’s aperture area on the capacity of the UOWC system is
investigated. Then, the capacity for the non-line-of-sight UOWC system is derived.
• To improve the performance of the UOWC system, various spectrum-slicing multiplexing
techniques are discussed, and the performance of various line coding techniques is compared.
• Supervised machine learning techniques are used to predict the Q-factor and BER of the
UOWC links.
5 Organization of the Thesis
We organize this thesis into six chapters. The summary of the work presented in each chapter
is briefly outlined as follows:
Chapter 1
This chapter discusses underwater optical wireless communication systems. Moreover, a
literature review of the related work done is also presented. We also discuss the motivation
and the contribution of this thesis
Chapter 2
This chapter derives the capacity of a point-to-point underwater optical wireless
communication link in the presence of input-independent and input-dependent noises, along
with absorption and scattering losses. This way, novel lower and upper-bound expressions on
channel capacity are calculated when average and peak intensity constraints are imposed on
the channel input. Our proposed upper and lower bounds are tight at a high optical signal-to-
noise ratio. The derived analytic expression of capacity also helps evaluate the available data
rate in the presence of different noises and water types.
Chapter 3
In this chapter, the combined impact of noises and losses on channel capacity when peak
power and average power of the channel input are constrained is studied. This study also
presents how the beam’s divergence angle can be selected to minimize the losses and the
effect of air bubbles and salinity on the capacity. The capacity for non-line-of-sight UOWC
links is also derived.
Chapter 4
This chapter successfully demonstrates the spectrum-sliced-wavelength-division-multiplexed
UOWC system with four independent channels. Each channel transmits independent 5 Gbit/s
binary data through the underwater channel up to a distance of 1.5 km. Two spectrum slicing
techniques are compared: Light emitting diodes (LED) and Arrayed waveguide grating
(AWG). The proposed link is analyzed for different water types in high turbulence conditions
using bit error rate, Q factor, eye diagrams and maximum transmission range performance
metrics.
Chapter 5
This chapter discusses the importance of optical performance monitoring techniques for
underwater optical networks. Supervised machine learning techniques are used to predict the
Q-factor of the UOWC links using four machine learning algorithms.

14
Chapter 6
Finally, the conclusion and contributions of the presented work are discussed in this chapter.
Moreover, we discuss the possible research directions in the future.
References
[1] 1.Gussen C.M.G., Diniz P.S.R., Campos M.L.R., Martins W.A., Costa F.M., Gois J.N.,"A
survey of underwater wireless communication technologies",J. Commun. Inf. Syst., 31
(2016), pp. 242-255, 10.14209/jcis.2016.
[2] 2.Ali M.F., Jayakody D.N.K., Chursin Y.A., Affes S., Dmitry S.," Recent Advances and
Future Directions on Underwater Wireless Communications",Springer Netherlands (2019),
10.1007/s11831-019-09354-8
[3] Schirripa Spagnolo G, Cozzella L, Leccese F.,"Underwater Optical Wireless
Communications: Overview", Sensors (Basel),2020 Apr 16;20(8): 2261.doi:
10.3390/s20082261
[4] Xu, G., Shen, W., Wang, X.," Applications of wireless sensor networks in marine
environment monitoring: a survey", Sensors 14(9), 16932–16954 (2014)
[5] Mohsan, Syed Agha Hassnain and Mehedi, Md and Mazinani, Alireza and Abubakar,
Muhammad and Hammad, Muhammad and Islam, Asad and Laraba, Rokia Selsabil," A
Systematic Review on Practical Considerations, Recent Advances and Research Challenges
in Underwater Optical Wireless Communication", International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science and Applications,11. 10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0110722.
[6] Lian, J., Gao, Y. and Wang, H. Underwater optical wireless sensor networks using
resource allocation. Telecommun Syst 71, 529–539 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-
018-00541-9
[7] Y. Dong, J. Liu and H. Zhang, "On capacity of 2-by-2 underwater wireless optical MIMO
channels," 2015 Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications (RTUWO), 2015, pp.
219-222, doi: 10.1109/RTUWO.2015.7365756.
[8] Jing Li, Yong Ma, Qunqun Zhou, Bo Zhou and Hongyuan Wang,” Channel capacity
study of underwater wireless optical communications link based on Monte Carlo simulation”
J. Opt. 14 (2012) 015403 (7pp).
[9] Y. Rong, S. Nordholm and A. Duncan, "On the Capacity of Underwater Optical Wireless
Communication Systems," 2021 Fifth Underwater Communications and Networking
Conference (UComms), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/UComms50339.2021.9598156.
[10] Yigit Mahmutoglu, Cenk Albayrak, Kadir Turk,” Investigation of Underwater Wireless
Optical Communication Channel Capacity for Different Environment and System
Parameters”,Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering, 2020, 7 (4) 279–285 ISSN
NUMBER: 2148–4171 DOI: 10.17350/HJSE19030000197
[11] G. Matta, M. Agrawal and R. Bahl, "Channel Capacity for Underwater Visible Light
Communication Systems," OCEANS 2019 - Marseille, France, 2019, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.1109/OCEANSE.2019.8866885.

15
[12] P. Lacovara, “High-bandwidth underwater communications,” Marine Tech. Soc. J. 42(1),
93–102 (2008).
[13] A. Lapidoth and S. M. Moser, "The fading number of single-input multiple-output fading
channels with memory," in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 437-
453, Feb. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TIT.2005.862104.
[14] C. Geldard, J. Thompson and W. O. Popoola, "A Study of Non Orthogonal Multiple
Access in Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems," 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular
Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Porto, 2018, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/VTCSpring.2018.8417835.
[15] A. Lapidoth and S. M. Moser, “Capacity bounds via duality with applications to
multiple-antenna systems on flat fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 10,
pp. 2426–2467, Oct. 2003.
[16] F. Hanson and S. Radic, “High bandwidth underwater optical communication," Appl.
Opt., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 277, 2008.
[17] Chaaban A. and Hranilovic S.,"Capacity of optical wireless communication channels"
,2020 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.378:20190184
[18]. T. Cover and J. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory, Wiley inter science,2006.
[19] K. Xu, H. Yu, Y. Zhu and Y. Sun, "On the Ergodic Channel Capacity for Indoor Visible
Light Communication Systems," in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 833-841, 2017.See https:// doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2650965.
[20] G. Matta, R. Bahl and M. Agarwal, "Capacity Analysis of Indoor Visible Light
Communication Systems," 2019 Global LIFI Congress (GLC), Paris, France, 2019, pp. 1-4,
doi: 10.1109/GLC.2019.8864139
[21] Alqahtani, A.S., Kumar, U.A., Ramakrishnan, J. et al. Investigation of hybrid spectrum
slicing-wavelength division multiplexing (SS-WDM) in transparent medium for mode
division multiplexing applications. Opt Quant Electron 55, 243 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04518-6
[22] H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, "Underwater Optical Wireless Communication," in IEEE
Access, vol. 4, pp. 1518-1547, 2016.See https:// doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2552538.
[23] Schirripa Spagnolo, Giuseppe, Lorenzo Cozzella, and Fabio Leccese. 2020. "Underwater
Optical Wireless Communications: Overview" Sensors 20, no. 8: 2261.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082261
[24] Liu, J.and Dong, Y.,"On capacity of underwater optical wireless links under weak
oceanic turbulence",OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai. doi:10.1109/oceansap.2016.748552
[25] Xiang Yi, Zan Li, and Zengji Liu, "Underwater optical communication performance for
laser beam propagation through weak oceanic turbulence," Appl. Opt. 54, 1273-1278 (2015)

16
 List of Publications
Published
1. Gunjan Matta, Priya Pandey, Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl,” Capacity Analysis
of Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems over the lossy channel in the
presence of Noises”, JOSA A, Mar 1, 2022
2. Priya Pandey, Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal, “Effect of transmitter divergence-
angle on the performance of Underwater Visible Light Communication System”,
Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2022 – Springer
3. Gunjan Matta, Priya Pandey, Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl,” Capacity analysis
of the Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems over Salinity-Induced
Turbulence with Noises, The 15th International Conference on Underwater Networks
& Systems · May 1, 2021
4. Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl,” Channel Capacity for
Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems, Oceans, Jun 18, 2019
5. Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl,” Capacity Analysis of Indoor
Visible Light Communication Systems, International conference for Global lifi
congress, Paris · Jun 11, 2019
6. Gunjan Matta, Priya Pandey, Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl,” Analysis of the
underwater wireless optical communication system capacity over the composite
channel for different noises, IEEE Oceans2022
7. Priya Pandey, Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal,” High speed and long-range
underwater optical wireless communications”, IEEE oceans 2020
8. Priya Pandey, Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal,” Performance comparisons between
Avalanche and PIN photodetectors for use in underwater optical wireless
communication systems, IEEE OCEANS 2021
9. Priya Pandey, Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal,” Impact of Variable Aperture Area of
Receiver on High-Speed OOK Underwater Visible Light Communication System."
OCEANS-2022, Hamptons Road
10. Priya Pandey, Gunjan Matta, Monika Agrawal,” Effect of Variable LED Rise Time on
High-Speed OOK Underwater Visible Light Communication System." OCEANS-
2022, Hamptons Road

Communicated

1. Gunjan Matta Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl, "Analysis of Underwater Optical
Communication System Under 4-Channel Spectrum Slicing Wavelength Division
Multiplexing”, Optics communication, Elsevier,2022
2. Gunjan Matta Monika Agrawal and Rajinder Bahl, “Underwater Optical System's
Performance Monitoring through Machine Learning Models”, Optical and Quantum
Electronics, 2022 – Springer

17
18