10/25/00

13.1 Introduction to Buckling

ME111
Instructor: Peter Pinsky
Column failure is always sudden, total and
Lecture #13
unexpected and hence dangerous.
October 25, 2000

Today’s Topics A column loaded in compression experiences a force-deflection

instability when a critical load is reached:

• Introduction to buckling
e P
• Euler buckling theory. P P
Euler (e=0)
• Johnson formula for intermediate columns.
Pcr
v max
vmax
eccentric (e > 0)

Reading Assignment Euler column -- Column with

no load load eccentricity
Juvinall, Section 5.10 – 5.12 eccentricity vmax

Columns can be categorized as:

1. Long columns with central loading

2. Intermediate-length columns with central loading
3. Columns with eccentric loading
4. Struts or short columns with eccentric loading.

10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 1 10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 2

ME111 Lecture 17 1
 10/25/00

13.2 Euler Buckling Theory

The Euler Buckling Formula

Governs columns with central loading

d 2v P
• Governing equation: + v=0
dx2 EI
Free body
P diagram • General solution:

B RB = 0 P  P   P 
v( x) = Asin  x  + Bcos x 
 EI   EI 
Lateral deflection
v(x) • Boundary conditions: Evaluate constants A and B:

v( 0) = 0 ⇒ B = 0
v( 0) = v( L) = 0
 P 
v( L) = 0 ⇒ Asin  L  = 0
x  EI 
C • We have two possibilities:
V
A  P 
v( x) RA = 0 M A = 0, or sin L  = 0
P  EI 
P
• Since A = 0 is not interesting because then v(x) = 0 (no buckling),
we conclude that:
• Free-Body Diagram:
P
L = n p , n = 1,2 ,3,K
Equilibrium: Beam theory: EI
M d 2v
∑ M C = 0 : M ( x) − Pv( x) = 0 − = • Solving for the smallest P (n = 1):
EI dx2
p 2
EI Euler buckling load
d 2v P Pcr =
• Combining: + v=0 L2
dx2 EI

10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 3 10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 4

ME111 Lecture 17 2
 10/25/00

13.3 Euler Column Formula Example 13.1

Define Radius of gyration slenderness ratio A structural steel strut is pin-supported at each end and has a rectangular
cross-section of 6.35x30.5 mm and is 25.4 cm long. What compressive
I L axial load will cause the strut to fail by buckling if E = 203 GPa?
r = Sr =
A r

Pcr  p 2 E   I  p 2 Er 2
Define s cr = =   =
A  L2   A  L2

Which gives
p 2E p 2
E
s cr = =
(L/ r ) 2
Sr
2

s cr

Failure by yielding --
short-column line

Sy

Failure by elastic buckling --

Euler line

Sr
E
( Sr ) y =p
Sy

10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 5 10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 6

ME111 Lecture 17 3
 10/25/00

13.4 Euler Column Formula Modified for Support Conditions Example 13.2

Determine the diameter of a round ccolumn 1.5 m long which is to carry

a maximum load of 22 kN. Use a factor of safety of 4 and consider the
p 2
E Leff
s cr = 2 , Sr = column to pinned-fixed. The material has Sy = 500 MPa and E = 207 GPa.
Sr r

Pinned-pinned Fixed-free

L Leff = L Leff = 2 L
( use Leff = 2. 1L ) ∗

∗
AISC recommende
d

Pinned-fixed Fixed-fixed

L Leff = 0 .707 L Leff = 0.5 L

( use Leff = 0 .80L) ( use Leff = 0. 65 L )

10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 7 10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 8

ME111 Lecture 17 4
 10/25/00

13.5 Johnson Formula Example 13.3

Find the buckling load for the rectangular connecting rod shown below.
• As the load increase toward the fully-plastic failure line, buckling is Assume that the material behaves elastically for all values of stress
observed to occur at loads below the Euler load due to local imperfections. considered. Take E = 30 Mpsi, S y = 50 kpsi

Failure by yielding --
short-column line

s cr Empirical failure due to

defects -- Johnson line
2
1  S y Sr 
s cr = Sy −  
E  2p 
Sy
Failure by elastic buckling --
Euler line
p 2E
Sy / 2 s cr = 2
Sr

intermediate long
Sr
( Sr ) y / 2 2E
= p
Sy

Intermediate column Long column

2E 2E
Sr ≤ p Sr > p
Sy Sy
2
1  S y Sr  p 2E
s cr = Sy −   s cr = 2
E  2p  Sr

10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 9 10/25/00 ME111 Lecture 13 10

ME111 Lecture 17 5