APPENDIX 7 WORKED EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE METHODS GIVEN IN THE PAPER Example 1. Approach widths The estimated flows in the design year are 300 vehicles per hour on the south arm of a T-junction and 2400 vehicles per hour on the east and west arms. ‘What ratio of approach widths should be considered as a first step in the design of the signal-controlled junction and what green-time ratio would be necessary’? From equation (3) in “The approach’ Wew gew _ [2400 Ws Jas N 600 ~? 2 /s300 nd SEW _ Eg eal. i as qs 300 Thus, consideration should be given, as a first step, to making the east-west approaches twice as wide as the south approach and having four green time. Example 2. Right-turning vehicles Port 1. At an intersection where the right-turners from a particular arm have their own lane and are not hindered by an opposing flow, they follow a path having an average radius of curvature of 30 ft. What is the estimated saturation flow of this stream? From equation (7) in ‘Effect of right-turning traffic’ 1800 oy jn — 1800230 5/30” 35 If the layout is altered so that the right-tumers can proceed in double file with an average radius of curvature for both lanes of 35 ft, what is the estimated saturation flow for the combined stream? From equation (8) 1545 push 3000. _ 3000%35 +5735 40 Part 2. What fixed carly cut-off period is necessary to cater for a right-turning flow of 570 vehicles per hour at an intersection where the right-tuners are in a single lane with a headway under saturated conditions of 24 seconds per vehicle and where there is an opposing flow of 750 vehicles per hour in two lanes? The effective green time for the opposing flow is 30 seconds and the cycle time is 60 seconds. The saturation flow of the opposing arm is 4750 vehicles per hour. From Fig. 22 (p. 42), s, can be seen to be 510 vehicles per hour, and sub- stituting in equation (9) in “Effect of right-turning traffic’ gives ny = 510 [30(4750) -750(60) "= 3600) 4750-750 = 3°5 vehicles per cycle 2625 p.ewu,/h ‘The right-turning flow of 570 vehicles per hour gives an average of 9-5 vehicles cycle. P=lus, om average, st rightturers wil be left at the end ofthe green petiod and they will take 6 24=15 seconds to discharge. AA fixed early cut-off period plus the following intergreen period should in this example be 15 seconds (see Fig. 23, p. 43). Thus, assuming the intergreen period is 4 seconds, the early cut-off period should be set at 11 seconds (or the nearest controller setting). Fig. 39. Layout used in worked example No. 3 Example 3. Saturation flow Part 1. An approach to a signal-controlled intersection has the layout shown in Fig, 39. The intersection is in a busy shopping street with many pedestrians, There is a 3 per cent uphill gradient. What is the saturation flow of the approach in p.c.u./h? ‘The standard saturation flow is 160w (see ‘Estimation of saturation flow’ “The site can be classed asa ‘poor’ site, thus s = 16085 To comet for the gradient, multiply by 7h, ie. $= 160x0-85x0-91w 124w Since w=22 ft, s=2730 p.. Part 2. £0 pet cent of the vehicles turn right, and they are not given exclusive lanes for queueing in, what is the saturation flow under these conditions of the approach described in Part 1? Each right-turner can be said to be equivalent to 13 straight-ahead vehicles. Out of every 100 vehicles the 20 which turn right are equivalent to 35 straight- ahead vehicles. Thus, 100 vehicles of mixed turning movements are equivalent to 115 vehicles going straight ahead. 2730% 100 1s ‘The saturation flow is therefore 380 p.c.u.[h.