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PROGRAMMING LA

C LANGUAGE
BASIC OF C

ABHISHEK SHARMA
C PROGRAMMING

INDEX
INTRODUCTION
KEYWORDS & IDENTIFIER, VARIABLES &
CONSTANTS, DATA TYPES, I/O,
OPERATORS
FLOW CONTROL
IF/ELSE , FOR LOOP , WHILE LOOP , BREAK
& CONTINUE , SWITCH CASE , GOTO
FUNCTIONS
STANDAD LIBRARY , USER DEFINE , TYPES ,
RECURTION , STORAGE CLASS
ARRAYS
ONE-DIMENTIONAL , MULTI-
DIMENTIONAL , FUNCTIONS
POINTERS
C PROGRAMMING
ARRAYS , FUNCTION , MEMORY
ALLOCATION
STRINGS
DEFINATION , FUNCTION
STRUCTURE & UNION
STRUCT & POINTERS , STRUCT &
FUNCTIONS ,UNIONS
FILES
I/O FILES
C PROGRAMMING
1.INTRODUCTION
. C programming language developed
by
DENNIS RITCHIE in 1972 at the bell
telephone laboratory.
. C was invented to write an operating
system called UNIX.
. C is a successor of B language which was
introduced around the early 1970s.
. The language was formalized in 1989 by
the AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
INSTITUTE.
. The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
FEATURES OF C
. It is a high level language.
. It is a small language and having only 32
keywords.
C PROGRAMMING
. It is a core language as many language
are depends on C.
. It is portable.
. It is having built-in functions and
operators.
. Compiler and execution is faster rather
than other language.
. It support feature of dynamic memory
allocation.
. It is a case sensitive language.
STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAM
. Document Section(optional)
. Link Section
#include<stdio.h> and many more.
. Definition section
. Global declaration section
C PROGRAMMING
. Main section
. Sub program section (user define
function). [optional]
CHARACTER SET
. A character set is a set of alphabets,
letters, and some special characters that
are valid in C language.
. ALPHABETS
. DIGITS
. SPECIAL CHARACTER
. WHITE SPACE CHARACTER
CONSTANT IN C
. Constants are having fix values.
. We have two types of constants:
.Numeric constants
. Integer constants
C PROGRAMMING
. decimal
. octal
. hexadecimal
. Floating/Real constants
.Character constants
. Single character constants
. String character constants
. Sky values
A to Z = 65-90
a to z = 97-122
0 to 9 = 48-57
Special character = 0-47,58-64,91-96
VARIABLES IN C
. Variable is a name that is used to store
the value of data.
. Declaration of variable
C PROGRAMMING
Datatype variablename;
int a;
. Initialization of variable
a =10;
. Rules for constructing a variable
. abc , average , sum12 ,sum_12 , are
valid in C.
. sum 12 , sum$12 , sum’12 , 123 are not
allowed in C.
. We can not use keyword as variable
name.
KEYWORDS
. Keywords are predefined reserved words
used in programming that have special
meaning to the compiler.
C PROGRAMMING
. Keywords are part of syntax and they can
not be used as identifier.
. For example: int money;
. As C is a case sensitive language, all
keyword must be written in lower case.
. In C language we have 32 keywords.
NOTE: \n is used for new line, \t is used
for take a 8 space gap.
IDENTIFIER
. Identifier refers to name given to entities
such as variables, functions, structures
etc.
. Identifier must be unique. They are
created to given a unique name to an
entity to identify it during the execution of
the program.
C PROGRAMMING
. For example: int money, double
actbalance.
. Here money & actbalance are
identifiers.
. Also remember, identifier name must be
different from keywords.
RULES OF NAMING IDENTIFIER
. A valid identifier can have letter (both
upper-case and lower-case), digits and
underscore.
. The first letter of an identifier should be
either a letter or an underscore.
. You can not use keywords like int, while
as identifiers.
. There is no rule of how long an identifier
can be. However, you may run into
problems in some compiler if the identifier
is longer then 31 characters.
C PROGRAMMING
. You can choose any name as an identifier
you follow the above rule. However, give
meaningful names to identifier that make
sense.
DATA TYPES
. In C programming data types are
declaration for variables. This determine
the type and size of data associated with
variables.
. For example: int myVAR
. Here, myVAR is variable of int type. The
size of int is 4 bytes.

TYPE SIZE (BYTES) FORMAT SPECIFIER

int at least 2,usally 4 %d
char 1 %c
float 4 %f
double 8 %lf
short int 2 usually %hd
unsigned int at least 2, usually 4 %u
long int at least4, usually 8 %ld,%li
long long int at least 8 %lld,%lli
unsigned long int at least 4 %lu
C PROGRAMMING
unsigned long long int at least 8 %llu
signed char 1 %c
unsigned char 1 %c
long double at least 10, usually 12 or 16 %Lf

SIGNED & UNSIGNED

. Signed and Unsigned are type modifiers.
You can alter the data type by using them.
. For example: unsigned int x, int y;
. Here, the variable x can hold only zero
and positive value because we have used
the unsigned variable.
DERIVED DATA TYPES
. Data types that are derived from
fundamental data types are called derived
data types.
. For example: arrays, pointers, functions
types, structures etc.
USER DEFINE DATATYPE
C PROGRAMMING
. typedef data type
. enum (enumerated) data type
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
short b;
long c;
double d;
clrscr();
printf(“The size of int=%d\n”, sizeof(a));
printf(“The size of short=%d\n”, sizeof(b));
printf(“The size of long=%d\n”,sizeof(c));
printf(“The size of double=%d\n”,sizeof(d));
getch();
C PROGRAMMING
}
sizeof() function tells us the size of the
keyword.
NOTE: to run a program press ctrl+f9 ,
to compile a program press alt+f9 , to
save a program press f2.
INPUT/OUTPUT(I/O)
. printf() is one of the main output
function. he function send formatted
output to the screen .
. All valid C programs must contains the
main() function. The code execution
begins from the start of the main()
function.
. To use printf() in our program, we need
to include stdio.h header file using the
#include<stdio.h> statement.
C PROGRAMMING
. scanf() is one of the commonly used
function to take input from the user. The
scanf() function reads formatted input
from the standard input such as keyboard.
NOTE: to exit from turbo C compiler
press alt+x
OPERATORS
. An operator is a symbol that operates on
a value or a variable. For example: + is an
operator to perform addition.
. C has a wide range of operators to
perform various operations.
. Arithmetic Operators
. Increment and Decrement Operators
. Assignment Operators
. Relational Operators
. Logical Operators
C PROGRAMMING
. Bitwise Operators
NOTE: to copy something press
ctrl+insert, to paste something press
shift+insert .
Arithmatic Operators
(+) for addition
(-) for substraction
(*) for multiply
(/) for division
(%) for remainder

Increment & Decrement Operators

(++) for increase the no by 1
(--) for decrease the no by 1

PROGRAM FOR ARITHMATIC OPERATORS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
C PROGRAMMING
{
int a=10,b=5,c;
clrscr();
c=a+b;
printf(“Addition of a & b=%d\n”,c);
c=a-b;
printf(“Subtraction of a & b=%d\n”,c);
c=a*b;
printf(“Multiply of a & b=%d\n”,c);
c=a/b;
printf(“Division of a & b=%d\n”,c);
c=a%b;
printf(“Remainder of a & b=%d\n”,c);
getch();
}
Output
Addition of a & b=15
C PROGRAMMING
Subtraction of a & b=5
Multiply of a & b=50
Division of a & b =2
Remainder of a & b=0

PROGRAM FOR INCREMENT &

DECREMENT OPERATORS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<cono.h>
void main()
{
int a=10,b=20;
clrscr();
printf(“Increment of a=%d”,++a);
printf(“\nDecrement of b=%d”,--b);
getch();
}
C PROGRAMMING
OUTPUT
Increment of a=11
Decrement of b=19

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

Assignment Operators
Operators Example Same as
= a=b a=b
+= a+=b a=a+b
-= a-=b a=a-b
*= a*=b a=a*b
/= a/=b a=a/b
%= a%=b a=a%b

PROGRAM FOR ASSIGNMENT

OPERATORS
#include<stdio.h>
C PROGRAMMING
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Int a=9,b=5;
clrscr();
printf(“%d+%d=%d”,a,b,a+b);
a+=b;
printf(“\na+b=%d”,a);
a-=b;
printf(“\na-b=%d”,a);
a*=b;
printf(“\na*b=%d”,a);
a/=b;
printf(“\na/b=%d”,a);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
C PROGRAMMING
a+b=14
a+b=14
a-b=4
a*b=20
a/b=4
RELATIONAL OPERATOR

Relational Operators
== equal to
> greater than
>= greater then or equal to
< less than
<= less than or equal to
!= not equal to

PROGRAM FOR RELATIONAL OPERATORS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
C PROGRAMMING
{
int a=2,b=2;
clrscr();
printf(“a is equal to b=%d”,a==b);
printf(“a is greater then or equal to b=
%d”,a>=b);
printf(“a is greater then b=%d”,a>b);
printf(“a is less then or equal to b=
%d”,a<=b);
printf(“a is less then b=%d”,a<b);
printf(“a is not equal to b=%d”,a!=b);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
a is equal to b=1
a is greater then or equal to b=1
a is greater then b=0
C PROGRAMMING
a is less then or equal to b=1
a is less then b=0
a is not equal to b=0
LOGICAL OPERATORS

Logical Operators
&& logical AND, true only if all conditions are true
|| logical OR, true if either one condition is true
logical NOT, change the result if the condition is true than it change
! into false and if the condition is false than it change into true

PROGRAM FOR LOGICAL OPERATORS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10,b=10;
clrscr();
printf(“a==b &&a>=b =%d”,(a==b)&&(
C PROGRAMMING
a>=b));
printf(“\na==b::a>b=%d”,(a==b)::(a>b));
printf(“\n!(a==b)=%d”,!(a==b));
getch();
}
OUTPUT
a==b && a>=b =1
a==b::a>b =1
!(a==b) =0

BITWISE OPERATORS
Bitwise Operators
input input output
A B C
AND 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
C PROGRAMMING
1 1 1
XOR 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Operation Decimal Binary

2 10
3 11
AND 2 10
OR 3 11
XOR 2 01
Complement 0 00

PROGRAM FOR BITWISE OPERATORS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=2,b=3;
clrscr();
printf(“a&b=%d\n”,a&b);
C PROGRAMMING
printf(“a:b=%d\n”,a:b);
printf(“a^b=%d\n”,a^b);
printf(“a~b=%d\n”,~b);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
a&b=2
a:b=3
a^b=1
~a=-4
2.FLOW CONTROL
if…else statement
. if..else statement is a conditional
statement.
. It uses relational operators for
comparison.
C PROGRAMMING
. In C programming we have following
if..else statement
. if
. if else
. if else ladder
. nested if

PROGRAM FOR IF STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=3,b=2;
clrscr();
if(a>b)
{
C PROGRAMMING
printf(“a is greater than b”);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
A is greater than b

PROGRAM FOR IF ELSE STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=1,b=2;
clrscr();
if(a>b)
{
printf(“a is greater than b”);
C PROGRAMMING
}
else
{
printf(“b is greater than a”);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
B is greater than a

PROGRAM FOR IF ELSE IF LADDER

STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=2,b=4,c=5;
C PROGRAMMING
clrscr();
if(a>b)
{
printf(“a is greater than b”);
}
else
if(a>c)
{
printf(“a is greater than c”);
}
else
{
printf(“a is lesser than b and c”);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
C PROGRAMMING
a is lesser than b and c

PROGRAM FOR NESTED IF ELSE

STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=8,b=10,c=9;
clrscr();
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
printf(“a is greatest\n”);
}
else
C PROGRAMMING
{
printf(“a is lesser than c\n”);
}
}
else
{
printf(“a is smallest\n”);
if(b>c)
{
printf(“b is greater than c\n”);
}
else
{
printf(“b is lesser than c\n”);
}
}
getch();
C PROGRAMMING
}
OUTPUT
a is smallest
b is greater than c
for loop
. The syntax of the for loop is:
. for(initialization; condition; updation )
{
//statement inside the loop
}

PROGRAM FOR for LOOP

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, mul, i ;
C PROGRAMMING
clrscr();
printf(“which no table do you want to
print=”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
mul=a*I;
printf(“%d*%d=%d\n”,a,i,mul);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
which no table do you want to print=2
2*1=2
2*2=4
2*3=6
2*4=8
C PROGRAMMING
2*5=10
2*6=12
2*7=14
2*8=16
2*9=18
2*10=20
while loop
. The syntax of the while loop is:
. while(test expression)
{
//statement inside the body of the loop
//update expression
}

PROGRAM FOR while LOOP

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C PROGRAMMING
void main()
{
int i=1;
clrscr();
while(i<5)
{
printf(“i=%d\n”,i);
i++;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
C PROGRAMMING
do-while loop
. The syntax of do-while loop is:
. do
{
//statement inside the body of the loop
}
while(test expression);
BREAK & CONTINUE STATEMENTS
BREAK
. The break statement ends the loop
immediately when it is encountered.
. It’s syntax is : break;
. break statement is almost always
used with if.. else statement inside the
loop.
for(initialization; test expression; update)
C PROGRAMMING
{
//codes
if(condition to break)
{
break;
}
//codes
}

PROGRAM FOR break STATEMENT

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
C PROGRAMMING
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i<1)
break;
printf(“i=%d\n”,i);

}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
i=5
i=6
i=7
C PROGRAMMING
i=8
i=9
i=10
CONTINUE
. The continue statement skips the current
iteration of the loop and continues with
the next iteration .
. it’s syntax is : continue;
. The continue statement is almost always
used with if..else statement.
for(initialization; test expression; update)
{
//codes
if(test expression)
{
continue;
C PROGRAMMING
}
}
PROGRAM FOR continue STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
continue;
printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
getch();
}
C PROGRAMMING
OUTPUT
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10

SWITCH AND GOTO STATEMENT

switch statement
. The switch statement allow us to execute
one code block among many alternatives.
. Syntax of switch case:
C PROGRAMMING
switch(expression)
{
case constant:
//statement
break;

case constant:
//statement
break;
.
.
.
Default:
//default statement
}
C PROGRAMMING
PROGRAM FOR switch STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter the number b/w 1 to 4=”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
printf(“you enter 1\n”);
break;
case 2:
printf(“you enter 2\n”);
C PROGRAMMING
break;
case 3:
printf(“you enter 3\n”);
break;
case 4:
printf(“you enter 4\n”);
break;
default:
printf(“you enter wrong choice\n”);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Entre the number b/w 1 to 4=1
you enter 1
goto STATEMENT
C PROGRAMMING
. The goto statement allows us to transfer
control to the specified label.
. Syntax of goto statement
goto label;
….. goto label;
….. ………
….. ………
label: label:
statement; ………
. The label is an identifier. When the goto
statement is encountered , the control of
the program jump to label: and start
executing the code.
PROGRAM FOR goto STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
C PROGRAMMING
void main()
{
int n=2;
if(n>1)
{
goto num;
}
else
printf(“Welcome to home”);
num:
printf(“Welcome to a arena”);
getch();
}

OUTPUT
Welcome to home
C PROGRAMMING
3.FUNCTION
. A function is a block of code that
perform a specific task.
. There are two type of function in C
programming.
1.standard library function
2. user define function
. The standard library function are built in
function in C programming. These
functions are defined in header file.
. C allows to define functions according to
your need, these functions are known as
user define functions.
# include<stdio.h>
C PROGRAMMING
void functionname();
void functionname()
{
…..
……
…..
}
void main()
{
…..
…..
functionname();
……
…….
}
PROGRAM FOR function
C PROGRAMMING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void sum();
void main()
{
clrscr();
sum();
getch();
}
void sum()
{
int a=10,b=20,c;
c=a+b;
printf(“sum=%d”,c);
}
OUTPUT
sum=30
C PROGRAMMING
4.ARRAY
. An array is a variable that can store
multiple values.
. Syntax : data type array name[array size];
. Array have 0 as the first index, not 1.
. If the size of an array is n, to access the
last element, the n-1 index is used.
. float x[3][4]
. Here, x is two dimensional (2d) array.
The
array can hold 12 elements. You can think
the array as a table with 3 rows and each
row has 4 columns.
PROGRAM FOR ARRAY
#include<stdio.h>
C PROGRAMMING
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5],i;
clrscr();
printf(“enter the value in array=”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
printf(“you entered these values in array\
n”);
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
printf(“%d ”,a[i]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the values in array
1
C PROGRAMMING
2
3
4
5
You entered these values in array
12345
5.POINTER
. If you have a variable var in your
program
, and var will give you its address in the
memory.
. We have use address numerous time
while using the scanf() function.
. scanf(“%d”,&var);
. Pointer (pointer variables ) are special
variables that are used to store addresses
C PROGRAMMING
rather than values.
. syntax : int *p;
PROGRAM FOR POINTER
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int *p, n=10;
clrscr();
printf(“The value of n=%d\n”,n);
printf(“The address of n=%p”,p);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
The value of n=10
The address of n=….
C PROGRAMMING
6.STRING
. String are one dimensional array of
character terminated by null character ‘\
0’.
Thus a null-terminated string contains the
character that comprise the string
followed by null.
. Syntax : char greeting[]=”Hello”;
. char greeting[6]={‘H’,’e’,’l’,’l’,’o’,’\0’};
. Actually , you do not place the null
character at the end of a string constant.
The C compiler automatically places the ‘\
0’ at the end of the string when it
initializes the array.
. Format specifier of string is %s.

Sr.no Function and

C PROGRAMMING
Purpose
1 strcpy(s1,s2);
2 strcat(s1,s2)
3 strlen(s1);
4 strcmp(s1,s2);
5 strchr(s1,ch);
6 strstr(s1,s2);
. strcpy(s1,s2) is used to copy s2 string to
s1 string.
. strcat(s1,s2) is used to add s2 string to s1
string.
. strlen(s1) is used to calculate a length of
a string.
. strcmp(s1,s2) is used to compare two
string.
. strchr(s1,ch) and strstr(s1,s2) is used for
finding a value between two string.
C PROGRAMMING
PROGRAM FOR STRING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[]=”abhishek”;
clrscr();
printf(“The value of a=%s”,a);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
The value of a =abhishek
7.STRUCTURE & UNION

STRUCTURE
C PROGRAMMING
. Structure is another user define data
type available in C that allows to combine
data items to different kinds.
. To define a structure , you must use the
struct statement . That struct statement
defines a new data type m with more than
one member.
. To access any member of a structure m
we use the member access operator(.).
. The format of the struct statement is as
follows:
struct[structure tag]
{
Member definition;
Member definition;
…..
Member definition;
C PROGRAMMING
}
[one or more structure variable];
UNION
. A union is a special data type available in
C that allows to store different data ypes
in the same memory location . You can
define a union with many members , but
only one member can contain a value at
any given time , Unions provide an
efficient way of using the same memory
location foe multiple purpose.
. The union tag is optional and each
member definition is a normal variable
definition . At the end of the union’s
definition , before the final semicolon ,
you can specify one or more union
variables , but it is optional . Here is the
C PROGRAMMING
way you would define a union type named
data having three members I, f and str-
union data
{
int a;
float b;
char str[20];
}data;
. To define a union , you must use the
format of the union statement is as
follows-
union[union tag]
{
Member definition;
Member definition;
Member definition;
C PROGRAMMING
……..
Member definition;
}[one or more union variables];

8.FILE HANDLING
. A file is a container in computer storage
devices used for storing data.
. Types of files
. Text file
. Binary file
. File operations
. Creating a new file
. Opening a new file
. Closing a file
. Reading from and writing information
to
C PROGRAMMING
a file.
. When working with files you need to
declare a pointer of type file. This
declaration is needed for communication
between the file and the program.
.Syntax :
FILE *fptr;

Opening Modes in Standard I/O

Mode Meaning of mode During Inexistence of file
r open for reading if the file does not exist , fopen() return NULL
rb open for reading in binary mode if the file does not exist , fopen() return NULL
w open for writing if the file exist , its content are overtwritten. If the file does not exist , it will be created
wb open for writing in binary mode if the file exist , its content are oberwritten. If the file does not exist , it will be created
a open for append. Data is added to the end of the file If the file does not exist , it will be created
ab open for append in binary . Data is added to the end of the file. If the file does not exist , it will be created
r+ open for both reading and writing if the file does not exist , fopen() return NULL
rb+ open for both reading and writing in binary mode if the file does not exist , fopen() return NULL
w+ open for both reading and writing if the file exist , its content are oberwritten. If the file does not exist , it will be created
wb+ open for both reading and writing in binary mode if the file exist , its content are oberwritten. If the file does not exist , it will be created
a+ open for both reading and appending If the file does not exist , it will be created
ab+ open for both reading and appending in binary mode If the file does not exist , it will be created