Central Academy Sr. Sec.

School
Dadabari Kota (Raj.)

Session: 2023-24

Class- XII

Chemistry Practical

1
 Practical 1
A solution of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (mohr salt ) has been prepared by dissolving 17.0 gram in one
litre solution . determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of KMnO4 with the help of Mohrs
salt solution.
Theory ; 1. Molecular equation –
2KMnO4-+ 10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H20 + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2SO4+ 68 H2O
2) ionic equation
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self indicator.
End point : At the end point almost colourless solution will change in to light pink colour.
Observation table :

S.No. Volume of FAS taken by Burette reading Volume of Concordant

Pippete (v1) Initial Reading Final Reading KMnO4 solution Volume of
(a) (b) is used (b - a) KMnO4 (v2)
1 20 mL
2 20 mL
3 20 mL

Calculation : 1) molarity of FAS:

Molarity = conc. (in gm/lit.)/molar mass , M1 = 17.0/392M
2) molarity of KMnO4 solution :
Molarity balanced equation of the reaction suggests that 1 mole of KMnO 4 completely oxidies 5 moles of
FAS.
5 mole of FAS = 1 mol KMnO4
M1= molarity of mohrs salt solution 17.0/392M
Or M1V1= 5 M2V2
Or V1= vol. of mohrs salt solution = 20 ml
M2 = molarity of kMnO4 solution = ?
M2= ________ M V2= volume of KMnO4 = ________ ml

3) strength of KMnO4 solution gms / litre

Strength in grams / litre = molarity (M2) x molar mass
= ________ x 158 = ________ gL-1
Result: the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution are ________ M and strength ________ gL-
respectively.

2
 Practical no. 2
Find the concentration of potassium permanganate solution in gram per liter. For this purpose you are
provided with a standard solution of crystalline oxalic acid of molarity M/40.
Theory : 1) molecular equation –
2KMnO4 + 5(COOH)2.2H2O + 3 H2SO4→ K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 18 H2O
2) Ionic equation :
2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16 H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self indicator.
End point : at the end point almost colourless solution will change in to light pink colour.
Observation table

S.No. Volume of oxalic acid Burette reading Volume of Concordant

taken by Pippete (V1) Initial Reading Final Reading KMnO4 solution Volume of
(a) (b) is used (b - a) KMnO4 (V2)
1 20 mL
2 20 mL
3 20 mL

Calculation :1) calculation of molarity of KMnO4 solution :

Its clear from the balanced equation that 5 moles of oxalic acid are oxidized by 2 moles of KMnO 4 solution.

i.e. 5 mole of oxalic acid = 2 mol KMnO4

M1= molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/40
Or M1V1= 5/2 M2V2
Or V1= vol. of oxalic acid solution = 20 ml
M2 = molarity of kMnO4 solution = ?
M2= ________ M V2= volume of KMnO4 = ________ ml
2) concentration of KMnO4 solution gms / litre
Conc. In grams / litre = molarity (M2) x molar mass
= _________ x 158 = _________ gL-1
Result: the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution are ________ and strength _______ gL -1
respectively.

3
 Practical no. 3

A solution of ferrous ammoinium sulphate (mohr salt ) has been prepared by dissolving 17.5 gram in one
litre solution . Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of KMnO4 with the help of Mohrs
salt solution.
Theory ; 1. Molecular equation –
2KMnO4-+ 10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H20 + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2SO4+ 68 H2O
2) ionic equation
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self indicator.
End point : At the end point almost colourless solution will change in to light pink colour.
Observation table :

S.No. Volume of FAS taken by Burette reading Volume of Concordant

Pippete (V1)(ml) Initial Reading Final Reading KMnO4 solution Volume of
(a) (b) is used (b - a) KMnO4 (V2)
1 20 mL
2 20 mL
3 20 mL

Calculation : 1) molarity of FAS:

Molarity = conc. (in gm/lit.)/molar mass , M1 = 17.5/392M
2) molarity of KMnO4 solution :
Molarity balanced equation of the reaction suggests that 1 mole of KMnO 4 completely oxidies 5 moles of
FAS.
5 mole of FAS = 1 mol KMnO4
M1= molarity of mohrs salt solution 17.5/392M
Or M1V1= 5 M2V2
Or V1= vol. of mohrs salt solution = 20 ml
M2 = molarity of kMnO4 solution = ?
M2= ________M V2= volume of KMnO4 = ________ml

3) strength of KMnO4 solution gms / litre

Strength in grams / litre = molarity (M2) x molar mass
= ________ x 158 = ________ gL-1
Result: the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution are ________ M and strength ________ gL-
respectively.

4
 Practical no. 4
Find the concentration of potassium permanganate solution in gram per liter. For this purpose you are
provided with a standard solution of crystalline oxalic acid of molarity M/30.
Theory : 1) molecular equation –
2KMnO4 + 5(COOH)2.2H2O + 3 H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 18 H2O
2) ionic equation :
2MnO4- + 5C2O4 2- + 16 H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self indicator.
End point : at the end point almost colourless solution will change in to light pink colour.
Observation table:

S.No. Volume of oxalic acid Burette reading Volume of Concordant

taken by Pippete (V1) Initial Reading Final Reading KMnO4 solution Volume of
(a) (b) is used (b - a) KMnO4 (V2)
1 20 mL
2 20 mL
3 20 mL

Calculation :1) calculation of molarity of KMnO4 solution :

Its clear from the balanced equation that 5 moles of oxalic acid are oxidized by 2 moles of KMnO 4 solution.

i.e. 5 mole of oxalic acid = 2 mol KMnO4

M1= molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/30
Or M1V1= 5/2 M2V2
Or V1= vol. of oxalic acid solution = 20 ml
M2 = molarity of kMnO4 solution = ?
M2= ________ M V2= volume of KMnO4 = ________ ml
2) concentration of KMnO4 solution in gms / litre
Conc. In grams / litre = molarity (M2) x molar mass
= _________ x 158 = __________ gL-1
Result: the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution are _______M and strength _____ gL -1
respectively.

5
 Practical no. 5

Prepare 0.05 M solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate . using this solution find out the molarity and
strength of the given KMnO4 solution
Theory ; 1. Molecular equation –
2KMnO4+ 10FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H20 + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2SO4+ 68 H2O
2) ionic equation
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self indicator.
End point : At the end point almost colourless solution will change in to light pink colour.
Observation table:

S.No. Volume of FAS taken by Burette reading Volume of Concordant

Pippete (V1) Initial Reading Final Reading KMnO4 solution Volume of
(a) (b) is used (b - a) KMnO4 (V2)
1 20 mL
2 20 mL
3 20 mL

Calculation : 1) molarity of FAS:

Molarity = conc. (in gm/lit.)/molar mass , M1 = ……/392M
2) molarity of KMnO4 solution :
Molarity balanced equation of the reaction suggests that 1 mole of KMnO 4 completely oxidizes 5 moles of
FAS.
5 mole of FAS = 1 mol KMnO4
M1= molarity of mohrs salt solution 17.0/392M
Or M1V1= 5 M2V2
Or V1= vol. of mohrs salt solution = 20 ml
M2 = molarity of kMnO4 solution = ?
M2= ________ M V2= volume of KMnO4 = ________ ml

3) strength of KMnO4 solution gms / litre

Strength in grams / litre = molarity (M2) x molar mass
= …………………… x 158
= 1.432 gL-1
Result: the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution are ………….. M and strength …………. gL-
respectively.

6
 Experiment -6
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one onion and one cation. Make your observation in a tabular
form.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour White Cu+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Mn+2, Fe+3 salt
absent
3 Odour No characteristic odour CH3COO- and NH4+ salt are absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble CO32-, SO32-, S2- of Ba, Sr, and Ca
absent
5 Flame Test Apple green flame Ba+2 may be present
6 Action with air No. action of air MgCl2, CaBr2, AlCl3, ZnCl2, Fecl3,
Cu(NO3)2 absent
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 +  No reaction take place CO32-, SO32-, S2-, CH3COO-, NO2-
absent
8 Salt + Conc H2SO4 +  Brown flames come out NO3- may
with pungent smell
9 Put a small ball of filter paper Brown flames become NO3- confirm
+ copper turning the above. dense and comes out very
Test Tube of S.No.8 +  vigorously
10 Take small amount of salt in a Blue colour comes out NO3- confirmed
T.T. little amount of H2O +
diphenylammine
11 Salt + NaOH +  No smell of NH3 gas comes Zero group (NH4+) absent
out
12 Salt + H2O + dil HCl No ppt comes out I group absent
13 Slightly heat the solution of No ppt comes out II group absent
above S.No. 11 and passed H2S
gas
14 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt comes out III group absent
solution of above S.No.12 and
by strong boiling + Cool it + 2,
3 drops of conc. HNO3 + boil it
strongly + cool it + 1 gm solid
NH4Cl + NH4OH in excess
15 Slightly heat to above sol no. No ppt comes out IV group absent
of S.No. 13 passed H2S gas
16 Remove H2S gas from above White ppt comes out V group present out of Ba+2, Sr+2,
solution of S.No.14 by strong Ca+2 one may be
boiling + cool it + NH4Cl (1 gm)
+ NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
17 Filter the ppt of S.No.15 + dil
CH3COOH, and divided the
solution into 3 parts
I part + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt Ba+2 confirm
II part + (NH4)2 SO4 White ppt Ba+2confirm
III part + (NH4)2 C2O4 White ppt Ba+2 confirm
18 Flame Test: make the paste Apple green flame Ba+2 confirm
salt with conc. HCl and heat it
7
 on flame
Result: The given in organic salt contain one Anion NO3- and one cation Ba+2 so the salt is Ba(NO3)2.
Experiment -7
Aim: To analyse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method make your
observation in a tabular form.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour Light green Iron salt may be
3 Odour No characteristic odour CH3COO- and NH4+ salt absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble 5th group carbonate of Ba+2, Sr+2,
and Ca+2 absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame 5th group radicals (Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2)
absent
6 Action with air No action of air MgCl2, CaBr2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, FeCl3,
(Deliquescence) Cu(NO3)2 absent
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 +  No reaction takes place CO32-, S2-, SO32-, CH3COO-, NO2-
absent
8 Salt + conc. H2SO4 +  No reaction takes place Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- absent out of SO42-
, PO43-, C2O42- one may be
9 Salt + H2O + dil HCl + BaCl2 White ppt comes out SO42- may be
solution
10 Filter the white ppt. of Ppt. remains insoluble SO42- confirmed
above S.No. 9 + Aquaregia
11 Salt + NaOH +  No smell of NH3 comes out No Zero group (NH4+) absent
reaction takes place
12 Salt + H2O + dil HCl No ppt Ist group absent
13 Slightly heat the solution No ppt IInd group absent
of above S.No. 12 and
passed H2S gas
14 Remove H2S gas from the Brown ppt comes out IIIrd group present Fe+3 may be
above solution of S.No. 13
by strong boiling + Cool it
+ 2, 3 drops of conc.
HNO3+ boil it, Strongly fill
the brown flame comes
out from test tube + Cool
it + 1 gm solid NH4Cl +
NH4OH in excess
15 Filter the brown colour ppt dissolve out
ppt of above S.No. 14 + dil
HCl and divide in two part
I part + K4[Fe (CN)6] Prussian blue colour Fe+3 confirmed
II part + KCNS Red blood colour Fe+3 confirmed

Result: The inorganic salt contain one anion SO42- and one cation Fe+3 so the salt is Fe2(SO4)3.

8
 Experiment -8
Aim: To analyse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method make your
observation in a tabular form.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Sate Crystalline solid
2 Colour Colourless So Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn Salts are
absent
3 Odour No characteristic odour CH3COO- and NH4+salt are absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble Carbonates, Sulphides and
Sulphites of Ba, Sr and Ca absent
5 Flame test No characteristic flame 5th group radicals Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2,
and Cu2+ absent
6 Action with air Salt absorb moisture from the Mg+2, Ca+2 , Zn+2, Al+3 Salt may be
atmosphere and goes in to
liquid state
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 +  No reaction takes place CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-, CH3CHOO-
absent
Salt + conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas comes out with Cl- may be
pungent smell
8 Put smell amount of MnO2 Colourless gas becomes Cl- confirmed
in the Test Tube of above yellowish greenish and comes
S.No. 8 +  out very vigorously
9 Salt + H2O + dil HNO3 + White ppt comes out Cl- may be
AgNO3
10 Take out white ppt + Ppt. dissolve out
NH4OH
11 Put small amount of dil Again white ppt comes out Cl- confirmed
HNO3 in the test tube of
above S.No.11
12 Salt + NaOH +  No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
13 Salt + water + dil HCl No. ppt 1st group absent
14 Slightly heat the solution No. ppt 2nd group absent
of above S.No. 14 and
passed H2S gas
15 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt 3rd group absent
solution of above S.No. 15
by strong boiling + Cool it
+ 2, 3 drops of conc. HNO3
+ boil it strongly till the
brown flames comes out
from the Test Tube + Cool
it + 1gm solid NH4Cl
+NH4OH
16 Slightly heat the solution No ppt 4th group absent
of above S.No. 16 and
passed H2S gas
17 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt 5th group absent
solution of above S.No. 17
by strong boiling + Cool it
9
 + 1gm NH4Cl + NH4OH +
(NH4)2 CO3
18 Put Na2HPO4 in the White ppt 6th group present
solution of above S.No. 18
19 Put dil HCl in the ppt of
above S.No. 19 and
divided the solution in 2
parts
I part + Titon yellow + Pink colour ppt comes out Mg+2 confirmed
NaOH
II part + cobalt nitrate Violet colour ppt comes out Mg+2 confirmed

Result: The given inorganic salt contain one anion i.e. Cl-and one cation Mg+2 the salt is MgCl2.

10
 Experiment -9
Aim: To analyse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method make your
observation in a tabular form.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 State Crystalline Solid
2 Colour Light pink So Mn+2 Salt may be
3 Odour No characteristics Odour CH3COO- and NH4+ absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble So CO32-, SO32-, S2- of 5th group
absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame Cu+2, and 5th group radicals absent
6 Action with air No effect of air HgCl2, CaBr2, ZnCl2, AlCl3,
FeCl3,Cu(NO3)2
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 +  No reaction takes place CO32-, S2-, SO32-, CH3COO-, NO2-
absent
8 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Violet flames comes out with I- may be
pungent smell
9 Put little amount of MnO2 Very vigorously and pungent I- confirm
+ smell
10 Salt + water +  the test Yellow (dark) ppt comes out I- confirmed
tube to boil of CO2 + Cool
it _ dil HNO3 (1ml) +
AgNO3 solution
11 Yellow ppt + NH4OH Ppt remains insoluble I- confirmed
12 Salt + NaOH +  No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
13 Salt + water + dil HCl No ppt comes out 1st group (Ag+, Pb+1, Hg+) absent
14 Slightly heat the above No ppt comes out 2nd group (Pb+2, Cu+2, Hg+2, As+3,
solution of S.No. 13 and Bi+3, Sn+) absent
passed H2S gas
15 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt comes out 3rd group Al+ and Fe+3 absent
above solution of S.No.14
by strong boiling + Cool it
+ 2,3 drops of Conc. HNO3
+ boil it strongly till the
brown falmes comes out
from T.T. + Cool it + 1 gm
solid NH4Cl + NH4OH in
the larger amount till the
smell of NH3 comes out
from the Test Tube
16 Slightly heat the solution Buff colour ppt comes out 4th group present.
of above S.No. 15 and Mn+2 may be
passed H2S gas
17 Filter the ppt and divided
in to two parts
I part + PbO2 + Conc. Pink color or ppt comes out Mn+2 confirmed
HNO3 + boil it
II part + NaBiO3 (Sodium Pink color or ppt comes out Mn+2 confirmed
Bismuthate) + conc. HNO3
+ boil it
11
Result: The given inorganic salt contain one anion I- and cation Mn+2 so the salt is MnI2.
Experiment -10
Aim: To analyse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method make your
observation in a tabular form.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour Dark green Ni+2 may be
3 Odour No characteristic Odour CH3COO- and NH4+ salt are absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble in water CO3-2, S2-, SO3-2of 5th group absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame Cu+2 and 5th group radicals are
absent
6 Action with air No effect MgCl2, CaCl2, CaBr2, Cu(NO3)2 AlCl3
(Deliquescence) are absent
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 +  No reaction takes place CO32-, S2-, SO32-, CH3COO-, NO2-
absent
8 Salt + conc. H2SO4 +  Colourless gas comes out with Cl-may be
pungent smell
9 Put little amount of Mno2 Greenish, yellowish gas comes Cl- confirmed
in the above Test tube of out vigorously and pungent
S.No. 8 +  smell
10 Salt + water + dil HNo3 White ppt comes out
11 Take out white ppt of Ppt dissolve out
above S.No.10 + NH4OH
12 Put dil HNo3 in the T.T. of Again white ppt comes out Cl- confirmed
above S.No. 11
13 Salt + NaOH +  No reaction takes place Zero group NH4+ absent
14 Salt + water + dil HCl No ppt comes out 1st group absent
15 Slightly heat thw solution No ppt comes out 2nd group absent
of above S.No. 14 and
passed H2S gas
16 Remove H2S from the No ppt comes out 3rd group absent
solution of above S.No. 15
by strong boiling + Cool it
+ 2, 3 drops of conc. HNo2
+ boil it strongly till the
brown flames comes from
the Test Tube + cool it +
1gm solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
17 Slightly heat the above Black colour ppt comes out 4th group present out of Ni+2 and
solution of S.No. 16 and CO+2 one may but the salt is
passed H2S gas greenish colour so CO+2 absent
18 Filter the black ppt of Brick red ppt comes out Ni+2 confirmed
above S.No. 17 + boil it
with Aquaregia (3 parts
conc. HCl + 1 part conc.
HNo3) + Cool it + dimethyl
glyxime

12
Result: The given inorganic salt contain anion Cl- and cation NiCl2.

13
 Experiment -11
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method. Make your
observations in tabular form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline
2 Colour White Cu+2, Fe+3, Mn+2, Ni+2 and Co+2 are
absent
3 Odour Ammonia like smell NH4+ salt may be
4 Solubility in water Soluble CO32- of Barium, Sr+2 and Ca+2 are
absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame 5th group radicals (Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2)
absent
6 Action with air i.e. No effect of air MgCl2, CaBr2, AlCl3, Zncl2, Fecl3,
deliquescence Cu(NO3)2 salts are absent.
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 No reaction takes place CO32-, S2-, SO32-, CH3COO- ad NO2-
absent
8 Salt + conc. H2SO4 No reaction takes place Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- absent out of SO43-,
C2O42- one may be
9 Salt + H2o + conc. HNO3 + Cannary yellow ppt comes out PO43- confirmed
boil it + Cool it +
(NH4)2MoO4 (ammonium
molydate)
10 Salt + NaOH + Δ Coloureless gas comes out with Zero group present (NH4+ may be)
ammonia a like smell
11 Bring a glass rod at the White flames become very NH4+ confirmed
mouth of above Test Tube dense and comes out vigorously
dipped in conc. HCl
12 Salt + H2O + K2HgI4 Brown ppt comes out NH4+ confirmed
(Nesseler’s request) +
NaoH
13 Salt + H2O + CuSO4 Deep blue colour comes out NH4+ confirmed
solution + NaOH

Result: The given inorganic salt contain one anion i.e. PO43- and one cation NH4+ so the salt is (NH4)3 PO4.

14
 Experiment -12
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method. Make your
observations in tabular form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour White So Cu+2, Hg+2, Fe+2, Fe+3, Ni+2, Co+2
salt are absent
3 Odour No characteristic odour CH3Coo- and NH4+ salt are absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble CO32-, S2- of 5th group absent
5 Flame Test Brick red flame Ca+2 may be
6 Action with air Salt become wet is nature when Out of MgCl2, CaBr2, AlCl3, FeCl3
exposed to air for some time one may be, but flame test of Ca+2
so Ca+2 may be
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 + Δ No reaction takes place CO2-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- and CH3COO-
absent
8 Salt + conc. H2SO4 Red flame comes out with Out of NO3- and Br - one may be
pungent smell and deposition
on the walls of T.T.
9 Put little amount of MnO2 Red flames comes out very Br- confirmed
in the above T.T. of S.No.8 vigorously with pungent smell
+Δ
10 Salt + water + dil HNO3 + Light yellow ppt comes out Br- confirmed
AgNO3 solution
11 Take out light yellow ppt Ppt dissolve out Br- confirmed
of S.No. + 10 + Excess of
NH4OH
12 Put dil HNO3 in the above No further ppt comes out Br- confirmed
T.T. of S.No.11
13 Salt + NaOH + Δ No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
14 Salt + water + dil HCl No ppt comes out 1st group (Ag+, Hg+2, Pb+2) absent
15 Slightly heat the solution No ppt comes out 2nd group (Hg+2, Pb+2, Cu+2, Bi+3,
of above S.No.14 and As+3, Sr+4) absent
passed H2S gas
16 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt comes out 3rd group (Al+3, Fe+3) absent
above solution of S.No.15
by strong boiling + cool it
+ 2, 3 drops conc. HNO3 +
boil it strongly till the
brown flames comes out
form T.T. + cool it + 1 g,
solid NH4Cl + NH4OH in
larger amount till the
smell of NH3 comes out
from T.T.
17 Slightly heat the above No ppt 4th group (Zn+2, Mn+2, Ni+2, Co+2)
solution of S.No.16 and absent
passed H2S gas
18 Remove H2S gas from the White ppt comes out 5th group present out of Ba+2, Sr+2,

15
 above solution of S.No.17 Ca+2 one may be
by strong boiling + cool it
+ 1 gm NH4Cl + NH4OH +
(NH4)2 CO3
19 Filter the above ppt + dil Ppt dissolve out
CH3COOH and divided into
three parts
I part + K2CrO4 No ppt Ba+2 absent
II part + (NH4)2 SO4 No ppt Sr+2 absent
III part + (NH4)2 C2O4 White ppt Ca+2 confirmed
Flame Test Brick red falme Ca+2 confirmed

Result: The given inorganic salt conation one anion Br- and one cation Ca+2 so the salt is CaBr2.

16
 Experiment -13
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method. Make your
observations in tabular form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour White Cu+2, Fe+3, Mn+2, Ni+2 and Co+2 are
absent
3 Odour Vinegar like odour CH3COO- salt may be
4 Solubility in water Soluble Carbonate (CO32-) of Barium, Sr+2
and Ca+2 absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame 5th group radical absent Ba+2, Sr+,
MgCl2, CaBr2, AlCl3, ZnCl2, Fecl3,
Cu(NO3)2 salts are absent
6 Action with air No action MgCl2, CaBr2, AlCl3, ZnCl2, FeCl3,
(Deliquescence) Cu(NO3)2 Salts are absent
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 + Δ Vinegar smell comes out CH3COO- may be
8 Take + part salt + 2 parts Vinegar smell comes out very CH3COO- confirmed
oxalic acid on your palm + vigorously
2, 3 drops of water + rub it
9 Salt + water + neutral Brown ppt comes out CH3COO- confirmed
Fecl3 soln.
10 Salt + NaOH + Δ No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
11 Salt + H2O + dil HCl White ppt comes out First group present Pb+2 may be
12 Filter the white ppt to
above S.No. 11 + wash it
with water + boil it with
water divided in two parts
I part + KI solution Yellow ppt comes out Pb+2 confirmed
II part + K2 CrO4 Yellow ppt comes out Pb+2 confirmed

Result: The given inorganic salt contain one anion CH3Coo- and one cation Pb+2 so the salt is (CH3COO)2 Pb.

17
 Experiment -14
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method. Make your
observations in tabular form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour Dark Blue Salt Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Pb, Zn, AL
absent
3 Solubility in water Soluble and form blue colour Sulphite, Sulphide, Carbonates of
solution Ba+2 and Ca+2 absent
4 Odour No characteristic odour CH3COO- and NH4+ salt absent
5 Action with air No effect of air So Mg, Ca, Al, Fe and Zn salts are
absent
6 Flame Test Dark blue flame Cu+2 may be
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 No reaction takes place CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2- one CH3COO-
absent
8 Salt + conc. + H2SO4 Colourelss gas comes out with Cl- may be
pungent smell
9 Put small amount of MnO2 Colourless gas becomes light Cl- confirmed
in the test tube of S.No.8 yellowish, greenish and comes
+Δ out very vigorously
10 Salt + water + dil HNO3 + White ppt comes out Cl- may be
AgNO3
11 Take out white ppt of Ppt dissolve out
S.No.10 put NH4OH
12 Put dil HNO3 in the test Again white ppt comes out Cl- confirm
tube of above S.No. 11
13 Salt + NaOH + Δ No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
14 Salt + Water + dil HCl No ppt 1st group absent
15 Slightly heat the solution Black ppt comes out 2nd groups present Cu+2 may be
of above S.No.14 and
passed H2S gas
16 Take out the black ppt of Ppt dissolve out
above S.No.15 and boil it
with 50% HNO3 and
divided into two parts
I part K4[Fe(CN)6] Chocolate brown ppt Cu+2 confirmed
II part + NH4OH Dark blue colour Cu+2 confirmed
17 Flame Test Dark blue flame Cu+2 confirmed

Result: The given inorganic salt contain one cation i.e. Cu+2 and one anion Cl- so the salt is CuCl2.

18
 Experiment -15
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method. Make your
observations in tabular form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour Colourless Cu+2, Fe+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Mn+2 are
absent
3 Odour No characteristic odour Acetate and ammonium salt are
absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble CO32-, SO42-, SO32-, S2 of 5th group
radicals absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame 5th group radicals Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2
absent
6 Action with air Absorb moisture from Mg, Ca, Cu, Al, Fe, Zn salt may be
atmosphere
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 + Δ No reaction takes place CO32-, SO32-, S2-, CH3COO-, NO2-
absent
8 Salt + conc. H2SO4 + Δ Brown flame comes with NO3- may be
pungent smell
9 Put copper turning + a Brown flames becomes dense NO3- confirm
small ball of filter paper + and comes out very vigorously
Δ
10 Take small amount of salt Dark blue colour comes out NO3- confirm
(only two particles) + H2O
+ diphenymmine
11 Salt + NaOH + Δ No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
12 Salt + water + dil HCl No ppt comes out 1st group (Ag+, Hg+ and Pb+2)absent
13 Slightly heat the above No ppt comes out 2nd group (Hg+2, Cu+2, Pb+2, As+3,
solution and passed H2S Bi+3) absent
gas
14 Put 2, 3 drops of conc. White gelatinous ppt comes out Al+3 may be
HNo3 remove H2S from
the solution of S.No.14 by
strong boiling till the
brown flames escape from
the Test Tube + cool it + 1
gm solid NH4Cl + NH4OH in
larger amount till the
smell ammonia comes out
from the test table
15 Filter the white ppt + Ppt dissolve out
NaOH and divide the
solution in two part
I part + NH4Cl + heat Again white comes out Al+3 confirm
II part + HCl + blue litmus Blue colour ppt float inside the Al+3 confirm
soln. + NaOH solution

Result: The given inorganic salt contain one anion NO3- and one cation Al3+ so the salt is Al(NO3)3.
19
 Experiment -16
Aim: To analyses the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation by dry and wet method. Make your
observations in tabular form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour White So Cu+2, Hg+2, Fe+3 are Fe+2 Ni+2,
Co+2 salt are absent
3 Odour No characteristic odour CH3COO- and NH4+ salts are absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble in water CO32-, SO32-, S2- of 5th group absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame Cu+2 and 5th group radicals are
absent
6 Action of air No effect MgCl2, CaBr2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, CaBr2,
ZnCl2, AlCl3, CaBr2, Fecl3 Cu(NO3)2
absent
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 + Δ Colourless gas comes out with SO32- may be
pungent smell (and suffocating
in nature like) burning rubber
8 Bring a filter paper at the Filter paper becomes green in SO32- confirmed
mouth of above T.T. colour
dipped (moist) in dil H2SO4
and K2Cr2O7
9 Salt + water + 1 ml White ppt comes out
CH3COOH + 2 ml Bacl2
solution
10 Filter the white ppt + dil Ppt dissolve out put 2, 3 drops SO32- confirmed
HCl of KMnO4 in the same T.T. pink
colour of KMnO4
11 Salt + NaOH + Δ No smell of NH3 gas comes out Zero group (NH4+) absent
12 Salt + H2O + dil HCl No ppt comes out 1st group (Pb+2, Hg+, Ag+) absent
13 Slightly heat two above No ppt comes out 2nd group (Pb+2, Cu+2, Hg+2, As+2,
solution of S.No.12 and Bi+3, Sn+4) absent
passed H2S gas
14 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt comes out 3rd group (Al+3, Fe+3) absent
above solution of S.No.13
by strong boiling + cool it
+ 2,3 drops conc. HNO3 +
boil it strongly till the
brown flame comes out
from T.T. + cool it + 1 gm
solid NH4Cl + NH4OH in
excess till the smell of NH3
gas comes out from test
tube
15 Slightly heat the above Grey colour ppt comes out 4th group present Zn+2 may be
solution of S.No. 14 and
passed H2S gas
16 Filter the ppt of above

20
 S.No. 15 wash with water
+ dil HCl shake it and
divided in three part
I part + boil it + H2S gas Grey ppt comes out Zn+2 confirmed
II part + boil it + NaOH White ppt comes out Zn+2 confirmed
solution + cool it
III part + K4[Fe (CN)6] + dil Light blue colour ppt comes out Zn+2 confirmed
HCl

Result: The given in organic salt contain one anion i.e. SO32—and one cation Zn+2 so the salt is ZnSO3.

21
 Experiment -17
Aim: To analyze the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation make your observation in a tabular
form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Crystalline solid
2 Colour Dark pink Co+2 may be
3 Odour No characteristic odour CH3COO- and NH4+ salt absent
4 Solubility in water Soluble So CO32-, SO32, S2- of 5th group
absent
5 Flame Test No characteristic flame Cu+2 and 5th group radicals are
absent
6 Action of air No action of air MgCl2, CaBr2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, FeCl3,
Cu(NO3) absent
7 Salt + dil H2SO4 + Δ No reaction takes place CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-, CH3COO-
absent
8 Salt + conc. H2SO4 Colpourless gas comes out with Cl- may be
pungent smell
9 Put little amount of Mn2 Greenish yellowish gas comes Cl- may be
in the above T.T. of S.No. out very vigorously with
8+Δ pungent smell
10 Salt + water + HNO3 + White cardy ppt comes out Cl- confirmed
AgNO3 solution
11 Filter the above ppt + White ppt dissolve out Cl- confirmed
NH4OH
12 Put dil HNO3 in the T.T. of Again white cardy ppt comes Cl- confirmed
above S.No. 11 out
13 Salt + NaOH + Δ No smell of NH3 gas comes ppt Zero group (NH4+) absent
14 Salt + H2O + dil HCl No ppt comes out 1st group (Hg2+2, Ag+, Pb+2) absent
15 Slightly heat the above No ppt comes out 2nd group (Hg+2, Pb+2, Cu+, Bi+3,
solution of S.No. 14 and As+3 Sn+4) absent
passed H2s gas
16 Remove H2S gas from the No ppt comes out 3rd group (Al+3, Fe+3) absent
solution of above S.No. 15
by strong boiling + cool it
+ 2,3 drops conc. HNO3 +
boil it strongly till the
brown flames comes out
from T.T. + cool it + 1 gm
solid NH4OH in larger
amount till the smell of
NH3 comes out from the
T.T.
17 Slightly heat the above Black ppt comes out 4th group present out Ni+2 and Co+2
solution of S.No. 16 and one may but our salt is dark pink
passed H2S gas so Ni+2 (dark green) absent Co+2
may be
18 Filter the black ppt to of Blue colourisation or blue ppt Co+2 confirmed
above S.No. 17 + Aqua comes out

22
 regia (3 parts conc. HCl + 1
part conc. HNO3) and
Evaporate the solution up
to dryness + cool it + 1 ml
Amyl alcohol + small
amount of NH4SCN +
shake it well

Result: The given inorganic salt contain one anion i.e. Cl- and one cation Co+2 so the salt is CoCl2.

23
 Experiment-18
Exercise: Identity the functional group present in the give organic compound.
Physical Properties: (i) Physical state – solid (ii) Colour – white
(iii) Odour – like vinegar (iv) Solubility in water – soluble in water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the Compound
Put a crystal of the compound
on moist blue litmus paper
2 Burning Test:Take
someorganic compound on
copper wire and bring it in to
the flame.
3 Detection of element-
(i) Lassaigne solution + NaOH +
FeSO4 (freshly prepared)
(ii) Add few drops of dil. H2SO4
4 Test for Functional Group
(i) Aqueous solution of
compound + a pinch of
NaHCO3
(ii) Ester Test
Organic compound + 2-3 drops
H2SO4 + 0.5 mL C2H5OH. +
Warm
Litmus paper turns to red
The compound burns with
non-sooty blue flame.
Green ppt is obtained
Solution does not turns
green or blue
Brisk effervescence
colourless odorless gas
evolved
Fruity smell evolved
Organic compound is acidic in
nature organic compound contain
may be
-COOH or
Ar-OH
Functional group.
Compound is aliphatic.
N-absent
Ar-OH group absent
–COOH group is present
-COOH group present

Result: Carboxylic acid (-COOH) group is present in the given organic compound.

Structural formula

24
 Experiment-19
Exercise: Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical Properties: (i) Physical state – Liquid (ii) Colour – Colourless
(iii) Odour – Pleasant smell like that of sprit (iv) Solubility in water – soluble in water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the Compound – No reaction Organic compound is neutral.
Put a Drop of liquid on moist
blue litmus paper and moist
red litmus paper respectively
2 Burning Test- Bring a copper The compound burns with Compound is aliphatic.
wire dipped in the given liquid non-sooty blue flame
into the flame
3 Detection of element- Green ppt
(i) Lassaigne solutions + NaOH +
Freshly prepared FeSO4
solution
(ii) Add few drops or dil. H2SO4 Solution does not turns N- absent
green or blue
4. Test for Functional Group
(i) Sodium metal test- Organic Brisk effervescence with the -OH (alcoholic) group is present.
liquid + Na piece evaluation of H2 gas
(ii) Ceric ammonium nitrate test- Solution turns red -OH group is present.
Aqueous solution of the
compound + ceric ammonium
nitrate solution
(iii) Ester Test- Compound + Solid Fruity smell evolved -OH group is present.
CH3COONa + few drops of
conc. H2SO4 and heat

Result – The given organic compound has alcoholic (-OH) functional group in it.

Structural formula

25
 Experiment-20
Exercise: Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical Properties: (i) Physical state – Solid (ii) Colour – Light pink
(iii) Odour – Phenolic smell (iv) Solubility in water – soluble in water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the Compound- Put Litmus paper turns red. The given compound is acidic. May
a drop of liquid on moist blue has –COOH or
litmus paper Ar-OH
Group in it.
2 Burning Test – Bring a crystal The compound burns with Organic compound is aromatic
of the compound on glass rod sooty flame
in bring it in to the flame.
3 Detection of element- Green ppt
(i) Lassaigne solution + NaOH +
FeSO4 solution. Solution does not turns N-absent
(ii) Add few drops of dil. H2SO4 green or blue
4 Test for Functional Group Solution turns green Phenolic
FeCl3 Test – Aqueous solution Ar-OH
of the compound + neutral Group is present
FeCl3 solution
5 Libermann Nitrosso Test-
(i) Compound + Solid NaNO2 + Blue coloured solution is Ar-OH
dilute H2SO4 obtained Group is present
(ii) Dilute the solution with H2O The solution becomes red
(iii) Above red solution + NaOH The colour of the solution
solution again becomes blue

Result – Phenolic Ar-OH group is present in the given organic compound.

Structural formula  OO OH

26
 Experiment-21
Exercise: Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical Properties: (i) Physical state – Liquid (ii) Colour – Colourless
(iii) Odour – Pungent smell (iv) Solubility in water – soluble in water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Natural of the compound- Put No action Organic compound is neutral
a drop of given liquid on moist
blue and red litmus paper
separately
2 Burning Test- Bring a glass rod The compound burns with Given compound is aliphatic.
dipped in the given liquid into no-sooty blue flame
the flame.
3 Detection of element- Green ppt
(i) Lassaigne solution + NaOH +
FeSO4 solution Solution does not turns N-absent
(ii) Add few drops of dil. H2SO4 green or blue
4 Test for Functional Group
(i) Organic compound + 2,4 – Yellow ppt is found Carbonyl (>C=O) group is present
dinitrophenyl hydrazine, shake may be-CHO or >C=O group
(ii) Organic compound + Tollen’s Silver mirror is formed -CHO present >C=O absent
Reagent and warm
(iii) Equal amount of Fehling’s Red ppt is formed -CHO present >C=O absent
solution A and B in a test tube
and add to it 1 mL given
organic compound and heat
(iv) Schiff’s reagent and the given Red colouration Aldehyde group (-CHO) is present
organic liquid

Result – Adehyde group (-CHO) is present in the given organic compound.

Structural formula 

27
 Experiment-22
Exercise: Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Observations:

Physical Properties: (i) Physical state – Liquid (ii) Colour – Colourless

(iii) Odour – Smell like nail polish remover (iv) Solubility in water – Insoluble in water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the Compound- Put No action Organic compound is neutral
a drop of given liquid on moist
blue and red litmus paper
separately
2 Burning of element-Bring a The compound burns with Given compound is aliphatic.
glass rod dipped in the given non-sooty blue flame
liquid into the flame
3 Burning of element- Green ppt
(i) Lassaigne solutions + NaOH +
fresly prepared FeSO4 solution
(ii) Add few drops of dil. H2SO4 Solution does not turns N-absent
green or blue
4 Test for Functional Group
(i) Organic compound + 2,4- Yellow ppt is formed (>C-O) carbonyl group is present is
dinitrophenyl hydrazine shake present may be aldehyde (-CHO)
or ketonic (>C=O) group
(ii) Totten’s Test- Organic No Reaction -CHO group is absent
compound + Tollen’s reagent
(iii) Nitroprusside Test- Organic A wine red colouration >C=O group is present
compound + sodium
nitroprusside solution + NaOH
(iv) m-dinitrobenzene test- A violet colour appears (>C=O) ketonic group is present
Organic compound +
powedered m-dimitrobenzene
+ dil. NaOH in excess, shake
well

Result – The given organic liquid has Ketonic (>C=O) functional group.

Structural formula 

28
 Experiment-23
Exercise: Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Observations:

Physical Properties:
(i) Physical state – Liquid
(ii) Colour – Brownish red (Colourless when pure)
(iii) Odour –Pungent smell
(iv) Solubility in water – Partly soluble in water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the compound- Put Litmus paper turns blue The compound is basic in nature
a drop of given liquid on moist
blue and red litmus paper
separately
2 Burning test- Bring a glass rod Compound burns with sooty Given compound is aromatic.
dipped in the given liquid into flame
the flame.
3 Detection of Element-
(i) Lassaigne solutions + NaOH + Green ppt
freshly prepared FeSO4 N-absent
solution
(ii) Add few drops of dil. H2SO4 A blue colour appears
4 Test for Functional Group Aromatic amino (Ar-NH2) group is
Organic compound + few Orange-red dye is formed present.
drops of conc. HCl + solid
NaNO2. Cool the solutions in
ice bath. Add alkaline -
napthol and cold

Result – Amino (-NH2) group is present.

Structural formula 

29
 Experiment -24
Aim: Identify the presence of food stuff in give sample make observation in a table form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Cystalline solid
2 Colour White
3 Solubility in water Soluble
4 Action with air No action Neutral
5 Take small amount of A black residue formed with a Carbohydrate confirmed
given sample in a T.T. + 2 characteristic smell of a burnt
ml conc. H2SO4 + Δ sugar
6 Take 0.5 gm of food stuff A red ring is formed at the Carbohydrate confirmed
in a T.T. + 1,2 ml of water function of two solution
+ 1 molisch reagent +
conc. H2SO4 at the side
T.T. slowly and slowly
7 0.5 gm food stuff + 1 ml Red ppt formed Carbohydrate confirmed
water + 1 ml Benedict
solution + Δ
8 0.5 gm food stuff + 1 ml Red ppt formed Carbohydrate confirmed
water + 1ml fehling
solution A + 1 ml fehling
solution B + Δ
9 0.5 gm food stuff + Silver mirror is formed Carbohydrate confirmed
Tollen’s reagent + Δ the
T.T. in water bath for 5
minutes

Result: The given sample contain carbohydrate.

Experiment - 25
Aim: Identify the presence of food stuff in give sample make observation in a table form.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 State Solid
2 Odour No characteristic odour
3 Colour Light yellow Protein may be
4 Solubility in H2O Partially soluble
5 Xanthprotic test take Yellow ppt comes out Protein confirmed
small amount i.e. 2 ml or 1
gm given food stuff in a
T.T. + ½ ml conc. HNo3 +
boil it
6 Put NaOH solution in the Yellow ppt turns in to orange Protein confirmed
T.T. of S.No. 5
7 Biuret Test: Take small Violet colour comes out Protein confirmed
amount of food stuff in a
T.T. + dil solution of CHSo4
(1 ml) + NaOH solution

30
Result: The given food stuff contains protein.

Experiment - 26
Aim: To prepare a collodial solution from egg albumin.

Theory: Egg albumin forms hydrophilic sol with water at room temperature. The sol obtained is quite
stable and are not affected by the presence of any impurities.

Chemical: Egg and distilled water

Procedure: Break the egg shell with the help of glass rod carefully and collect the liquid content into a
beaker, Decant only white part of the egg i.e. egg albumin. It is mainly contains hydroprotein. Take 100 ml
of distilled water in a another beaker. Put egg albumin drop wise drop with constant stirring. Filter the
solution flask and labeled it as colloid solution of egg “albumin”.

Precautions:
1. Break the egg carefully
2. Decant only white part of egg
3. String must be contains
4. Use distilled and cold water
5. All apparatus must be neat and clean.

31