1j - Overcurrent Protection and EF

Overcurrent Protection
Fundamentals of Operation and Application
Protection notice / Copyright notice

Structure of the Electrical Energy System
GENERATORS
Busbars
Auto-Transformers
TRANSMISSION NETWORK Interconnected Feeders
Busbars
Interconnectors
Double Wound Transformers
DISTRIBUTION Radial Feeders
NETWORK Ring Mains
Embedded Generation
Motors
G M
UTILISATION

Page 2 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
1a) Overcurrent Condition
OVERCURRENT CONDITION OVERLOAD CONDITION
Current increases
Short
with load
circuit
MOTOR MOTOR
Overcurrent protection Overload protection is

is provided for short related to thermal
Load capacity of the plant
circuit clearance Load
Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays

2a) Overcurrent Protection for Phase Faults
3 Phase
Fuses Overcurrent
Relay
3 Phase Fault Detect and interrupt overcurrents
Relays are used in conjunction

Fault magnitude limited by with circuit breaking device
impedances of primary plant
2 Phase
2 Phase Fault Overcurrent
Relay
Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications

2b) Overcurrent Protection for Earth Faults
3 PH - E Fault
EF current path thru

generator earth
2 PH - E Fault
Zero output
for balanced
or phase fault
PH - E Fault Residually conditions
connected
relay
EF current path thru
transformer earth
Fault magnitude limited by:

Primary plant impedance
Method of earthing
System neutral resistance Core
Balance
Sensitive protection may be required CT
- settings below load current
3) Methods of System Earthing
SOLID ISOLATED NEUTRAL RESISTANCE

Low 400 - 1200A
High EF Current Zero EF Current High 5 - 100A
EARTHING REACTANCE
PETERSON COIL Smaller and less
TRANSFORMER Reactance chosen to expensive than resistance.
Used where system equal system capacitance Can cause high over-volts.
neutral not available

2c) Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
2 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault 3 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault
Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications

Electromechanical vs Numeric Relays
2TJM Electromechanical Relay Argus Numeric Relay

Single function device. Multifunction device.
Overcurrent characteristic Multi user selectable characteristics.
determined by relay design. Additional control, supervision and
protection functionality.
Single Current input – 1A or 5A Up to 4 Current inputs – 1A and 5A
Relatively high burden Very low burden
2 o/p contacts Up to 11 o/p contacts
Flag indicator LED indicators
Start
No power supply required! Trip
Healthy
8 settings groups
Up to 9 binary inputs
LCD
Data storage
Data comms PC software
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION AND GRADING
Non-unit protection

4) Radial Distribution System
S/Stn A S/Stn B S/Stn C S/Stn D S/Stn E S/Stn F

HV
MV
Power
Load
Source
LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD
Selective fault clearance is required for

PHASE-PHASE and PHASE-EARTH faults
Radial Power System
Instantaneous overcurrent protection at each
Power source feeds through a number of location would not provide discrimination.
substations - load taken from each S/Stn
UNNACCEPTABLE TO SHUT DOWN WHOLE
SYSTEM FOR EVERY FAULT

4.1) Current Graded Protection
630A (Equivalent
Fault Max. 13100A 8800A 2900A 1200A 600A HV Currents)
current Min. 6850A 5400A 2400A 1100A E
MV
F1 Load
Relay at 'A' set to
F2 F
operate for max. fault 8800A
current at remote end
A RADIAL B C D
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
D C B A
AIM - Protection co-ordinated to ensure minimum unfaulted load is t
disconnected
Unreliable Scheme
Currents F1 and F2 may be similar - loss of discrimination
For minimum infeed A - B may be unprotected
NOTE: Max. fault at S/Stn. E < min. fault current between D-E Amps
63
12
29
88
0A
00
00
00
A
A
4.2) Time Graded Protection
Infeed E
MV
Load
F
1.4s 1.0s 0.6s 0.2s
A B C D
Relays nearer to power source are set to 1.4s A

operate in progressively longer times Operating
1.0s B
characteristic:
DISADVANTAGE Definite time
Longest clearance time for faults nearest 0.6s C
delay
to source
0.2s D
Amps

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Operating Characteristic
Operate current = 1.05 x setting
At 2x setting operate time = 10s

Time Multiplier = 1.0
3/10 operating curve
Operating Time
Definite minimum time
10s
Numeric IDMT relay operating algorithm:
3s
2s
0.14
t= 0.02
×T.M.
⎛I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1 2x 10x 30x
⎝ IS ⎠ Multiple of Current Setting

Current and Time Grading of IDMT Curves
Current Setting 1A
Current Setting 1A Current Setting 1.5A
Time Multiplier 1.5
Time Multiplier 1.0 Time Multiplier 1.0
Time Multiplier 0.1
15s 24.5s
10s
4.5s
3s 3.62s
3s
2s 2.27s
1s
0.3s
0.2s
2A 10A 30A 2A 10A 30A 2A 10A 30A

4.3a) IDMTL Curves - Time and Current Grading
10000
IDMT Curve - General applications
0.14
t= 0.02
× T .M .
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1
⎝ IS ⎠
1000
VIDMT Curve
Closer grading where fault
levels differ significantly
13.5
t= × T .M . 100
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
⎝ IS ⎠
Time
(sec)
EIDMT Curve – Grading with fuses
10
80
t= 2
× T .M .
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1 Long Time Inverse
⎝ IS ⎠
Normal Inverse
LTIDMT Curve - Grading with liquid resistor 1
120
t= × T .M . Very Inverse
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
⎝ IS ⎠
0.1
Extremely Inverse
Characteristics can be supplemented with LS and HS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 50 70 100
Stages e.g. to assist grading with complex characteristics
Current (multiples of setting)

4.3b) Fuse Co-ordination
EIDMT relay &

Recommended current ratio 3:1 fuse characteristics
- avoids overlap of characteristics
Between Fuse
two characteristics
fuses
Required Relay
Time Overshoot
Delay Between
"Grading relay Recommended current ratio > 2:1
Margin" Arcing
and
fuse
Safety
Margin
Minimum
Relay Pre-Arcing Pre-
Arcing
Operating Arcing
Time 0 ms Pre-
Arcing
t' = 0.4tf + 0.15s 0 ms
T.D. of 0.2s will ensure

grading at high fault levels
4.3c) Co-ordination between Time Graded Relays
R2 R1
Recommended current ratio 3:1
Safety
Margin
Overshoot
(R2) Overshoot
Required Required
Time Circuit Time
Delay Breaker Delay
"Grading Between Between
Tripping "Grading Arcing
Margin" two Time Margin"
relay and
relays fuse
CT Error
- IDMT only
Minimum
Maximum Pre-
Relay
Relay Arcing
Minimum Operating
Operating Time
Relay 0 ms
Time
Operating
Time
0 ms

4.3d) Time Grading - Nominating Grading Margin
Older System
Safety
Margin
Newer System
Overshoot Safety
Margin
Older Newer Overshoot

Required
System System
Circuit Time
Required Breaker 2TJM Argus Delay Circuit
Time Tripping "Grading Breaker
Delay Time Timing Error 7.5% 5% Margin" Tripping
"Grading Time
Margin" Over-shoot 80ms 40ms
250ms CT Error
Safety Margin 50ms 40ms
400ms
CB Trip Time 150ms 80ms
CT Error Max. Op. Time
Min. Op.
Time 0 ms
Min. Op. Max. Op. Time

Time 0 ms Protection notice / Copyright notice
4.3e) System Study for IDMT Protection
3ph Max. Fault 12596A 5753A 2882A 1410A 626A

3ph. Min. Fault 6846A 4156A 2417A 1289A 601A
11kV/415V
A B C D 1 MVA
400/5 390A 300/5 225A 200/5 130A 100/5 E
1600A
33/11kV X = 4%
Infeed F
10 MVA
165A 50A
X = 7% 95A 80A
33kV Bus 11kV Bus
PROCEDURE
Grade: D with Fuse Current Setting - Higher than max. load

C with D
B with C Time graded @ max. 3ph. fault current
A with B

4.3f) IDMT Grading Calculation Results
3ph Max. Fault 12596 5753A 2882A 1410A 11kV/415V 626A

A B C D 1 MVA
400/5 390A 300/5 225A 200/5 130A 100/5 E
1600A
33/11kV X=
Infeed 4% F
10 MVA
50A
X= 165A 95A 80A

33kV Bus 7% 11kV Bus
Current
Relay TMS
Setting
A 125% 0.375
B 100% 0.275
C 75% 0.175
B A
@ D: P.S.M. = 626/(100 x 1.25) = 5 D 125% 0.05
For p.s.m. 5: NI operating time = 4.3s C
t
4.3 x TMS = 4.3 x 0.05 = 0.215s D
Grading margin steps 0.4s 1.05

0.63
Relay at 'A' operates for a close up fault in 0.75s. 0.54
IDMT fault clearance time < DTL time 0.205
DTL system relay at 'A' operate time

= 0.2 + 3 x 0.4 = 1.4s
Amps
62
14
28
57
6
10
82
53
4.4a) Industrial System Protection Co-ordination Study
280 MVA
Single Line Diagram

11/0.4 kV
1500 kVA
Power and Voltage Ratings 5%
Equipment Impedances 2500/1

2500/1
CT Ratios
1600/1
Fuse Ratings
Relay Characteristics
450A
Protection Grading Software – OC & EF Studies
Fig. 3.1A Phase Fault Grading

1000.00 Fig. 3.1B Earth Fault Grading
33kV S/S 304
1000.00
Max/min 3PF
@ 33kV 12.5kA
300/1 R2
33/11kV
15MVA 11.8MVA
20.4% X'd = 23% NE
600/5
1
800/5 1F 600/5 1C 11.8MVA

X'd =
23%
11kV S/S 100

11kV S/S 100
Max/min 3PF
600/1 2D @ 11kV EF Level
28.1 / 21.2kA 600A
100.00 600/5 2D
11/6.6kV 100.00
10/12.5MVA
15.5%
1000/5 2J
1C
6.6kV S/S 20A
Max/min 3PF
@ 6.6kV
1000/5 1L 16.8 / 12.7kA
2D
R2
10.00
10.00
Operating Time (Seconds)

Operating Time (Seconds)
2J
NE
1
1L
2D
1.00 1.00
11kV Max. Fault
12.5MVA Tx. Let Thru
Device Is TM Inst.
15MVA Tx. Let Thru
0.10 Device Is TM Inst. 0.10

MCGG61 OC 1.5 x In 0.75 7.0 x Is NE1 PBO2 EF 0.6 x In 0.1
R2 MCGG11 EF 0.6 x In 0.1
FM- OC 1.50 x In 1.0 12.0 x In
0.6 x In, (32V ph-n) TM 0.9 EI 2D AG2-
1C OC
11kV EF 600A
Gamma See generator prot. report SEF 0.2 x In 0.4s
OC 1.50 x In 1.0 EI 12.0 x In
2D AG2-
SEF 0.2 x In 0.4s DTL
OC 1.50 x In 0.6 NI
2J FM-
EF 0.4 x In 0.65 NI
OC 1.25 x In 0.2 NI
1L AG1-
EF 0.4 x In 0.45 NI
0.01
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
100 1000 Current (Amps @ 11kV) 10000 100000 Current (Amps @ 11kV)

Relay Reset Grading
FAULT
R3 R2 R1 Clashing conductors or re-sealing cable
Electro-mechanical Relay Argus (Inst. Reset) Argus (DTL Reset)

TRIP
% of Algorithm
TRIP
Disc Travel
Time Time
Loss of grading /discrimination may occur:
If R2 Electromechanical & R1 Inst. reset or if R2 DTL reset and R1 electromechanical
Some compromise may be necessary where more than two relay points are in series

Application - Overcurrent Blocking Scheme Logic
Power Flow
HS1 HS1
50ms 50ms
DTL DTL
Block Inst. LS Block Inst. LS
Metallic connection required between relaying points
IDMT characteristic of relays toward source have a supplementary HS1 tripping

characteristic with a DTL of 50ms
Inst. LS output of downstream relay arranged to block upstream HS1 characteristic
If metallic link is lost graded IDMT protection is not affected

Application of Blocked Argus 1 Protection to Radial Substation
Incomer
Pow er flow
Block
HS1 Trip
IDMT
HS1
RADIAL SUBSTATION
IDMT
F1
Output from starters

F2

PROTECTION FOR LOW EARTH FAULT
CURRENT LEVELS

5.1) Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
SEF relay current setting as low as possible

limited by residual unbalance capacitance -
established by test
Low CT burden required - e.g. numeric relay
DTL characteristic, back-up function

S.E.F. Relay
Semi insulating object
Low earth fault current
Core summates fluxes of primary currents
Only one core is used - CT magnetising current

is reduced by approximately 3 to 1
Core Number of secondary turns need not be related

Balance to rated current of protected circuit - can be
CT optimised to protection setting

Application of Neutral Overvoltage
No earth fault current flows

from MV side of transformer
due to Delta winding
33kV Transformer Feeder
HV/HV HV/MV
HV CB MV CB
OC/EF Earth
fault
HV CB tripped
NVD
by local
protection
MV CB must therefore be tripped by:
1) Feeder unit protection or

2) Intertrip from HV feeder protection or
3) MV NVD protection

5.2) Neutral Displacement Protection
Balanced
System R phase EF
EF on non-effectively earthed system voltages
Faulted phase must not remain energised.
EF current very small VRES

VRES = 0
- OC detection may be impractical = VYR + VBR
= 3VPH
NDR detects residual voltage to earth
Operation not discriminative

- time delay required
NDR
HIGH-SET INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION

6a) High Set Overcurrent Protection
12500 7000 5700

Reach of high set
A B
Inverse
Inverse time element
time element
Set above max. fault Instantaneous high-set
current at s/stn. B primary setting 7000A Plain Feeder
Reach of high set
Transformer Feeder
6b) HSOC Example - Calculating System Impedances
33kV
Transformer Feeder
Max fault 1000 MVA
33/11kV
Min fault 650 MVA
24MVA
Z = 22.5% 11kv
20km (0.3 + j0.43) Ohms/km
Instantaneous high-set
To determine system impedances:
OHL impedance = 20(0.3 + j0.43) = 6 + j8.6 Ohms
Source impedance Min = j330002/1000 x 106 = j1.09 Ohms

Max = j330002/650 x 106 = j1.68 Ohms
Transformer 100% impedance @ 33kV = j330002/24 x 106

= j45.38 Ohms
22.5% impedance on 24MVA = 0.225 x 45.38
= j10.21 Ohms
6c) HSOC Example - Establishing Relay Setting
33kV Source
33/11kV
Max impedance = j1.68 Ohms
j10.21 Ohms 11kV
Min impedance = j1.09 Ohms 6 + j8.6 Ohms
IDMT element
Min infeed: 3ph max infeed
HSOC 3ph fault 1601A 917A @ 33kV
ph-ph fault 1387A
Min. system impedance to LV busbars = min source + line + transformer

= j1.09 +(6 + j8.6) + j10.21 = 20.78 Ohms
Max. LV 3-phase fault = 33000/(1.732 x 20.78) = 917A
Max. system Z to transf. HV side = max source + line

= j1.68 +(6 + j8.6) = 11.9 Ohms
Min. HV 3-phase fault = 33000/(1.732 x 11.9) = 1601A
Min. HV PH-PH Fault = 0.866 x 1601 = 1387A
Best achievable grading margin = (1387/917)^0.5 = 23%

i.e. RELAY SETTING OF APPROX 1128A PRIMARY
Where compromise is necessary: Stability is preferred to high speed protection

APPLICATION OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

7.1a) Effect of System Capacitance in Resistance Earthed System
IYC
IBC
IC
F1 Delta or Un -
Earthed Star IYC
Winding
VR
IC
IBC
Instantaneous earth fault protection can be used to protect
feeder and un-earthed transformer winding, however:
For an earth fault at F1: N

EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = IBC + IYC = 3 x nominal charging current/phase
VB VY

7.1b) EF Protection Applied to Non-Earthed Transformer Feeder
33kV 7km Feeder

Charging current - 1.8A/km
IYC
IBC
IC
F1
IYC = 21.8A
VR
IC = 37.8A
On occurence of an EF (F1) the affected phase will be earthed. 33kV
system is resistance earthed, healthy phase voltage rises to line
volts level. IBC
Normal per phase capacitance increased by a factor of 1.732
For fault F1: N

EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = 7 x 1.8 x 3 = 37.8A primary
Set relay 2 to 3 x 37.8A i.e. 75 - 112.5A

VB VY

7.2) HSOC & EF Protection for Transformer Feeders
Earthed Winding
F1
F3 E1
F2
Provides inst. prot for transformer feeder phase and earth faults
For fault F3 E2 will not operate

For fault F2 E1 will not operate
P
P Set to
> 1.5 x max. lv fault current
E2 > 2 x min. in zone (hv) fault current
TRIP
E2 Set to
P = Phase fault protection relay < P (for faults at F2 E2 may operate but P must not)
E1 = Residual earth fault relay > LV infeed to a fault at F3
E2 = Earth fault check relay (since E2 operated by +ve and -ve sequence currents)

7.3) Faults on Star Delta Transformers
I I
K K
3 3
I
SOURCE K I
3
I F
SOURCE
F
I 2I
I K I I
K I I 3 K
3 3
Earth faults on star side of transformer is seen as a phase fault on Delta side
A phase fault on the star side of the transformer requires an additional current grading margin of :
Care must be taken if applying 2 phase overcurrent protection to HV side:

2P protection suitable if minimum fault current/full load current > 4
2I
− I = 16%
3
7.4) - Two Stage Overcurrent Protection
HV Source HV Source
DTL
Stage
2 Trip
IDMT IDMT
2 Stage Overcurrent
Protection
Separate
HV and LV Improved discrimination
Overcurrent Reduced grading margin
Protection
CT and Relay cost saving
Not applicable if there is a

IDMT
possibilty of LV infeed to
transformer faults
Stage
1 Trip

7.5) - Interlocked Overcurrent Protection
F1
F2
Interlocked Overcurrent Relay
Busbar
Normally Inhibited - Until
Protection
Operation of Busbar Prot.
Unit Feeder Protection
F1 - Cleared by busbar protection

F3
F3 - Cleared by circuit protection
F2 - Operates busbar protection

Feeder Will not be cleared by fdr. prot.

7.6) Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection
NETWORK
Generator
Overcurrent relay must be graded with network protection
Close up generator faults - initially high current.

May reduce rapidly - limited by amplitude of exitation
current and direct axis synchronous reactance
Volts Restrained OC Characteristic

Setting at Rated Voltage
100
Tap Setting as % of Tap
75 Volts Controlled OC
Inhibits overcurrent protection unless

50
voltage is below set-point:
Typically 0.7 - 0.9 Vn
25
25 50 75 100
Input Voltage (% of rated voltage)

DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION

8a) Parallel Feeders - Application of OC Protection
51 A C 51
LOAD
51 B D 51
I1 I1 + I2
A&B
51 A C 51
I2
LOAD
C&D
51 B D 51
Conventional grading:
Grade A with C
Grade B with D Faulted feeder:
A and B have the same setting Fault current can flow in both directions
C and D have the same setting Relays C and D operate together
Both feeders will be tripped

8b) Parallel Feeders - Directional Protection
I1 + I2 Solution to faulted feeder problem:

I1
Directional control of Relays C and D
Relay D on unfaulted feeder does not operate
51 A C 67
I2
51 E LOAD
51 B D 67
SETTING PHILOSOPHY: GRADING PROCEDURE
Load current always flows in non-operate direction Grade A and B with E, assuming one
feeder in service
Any current flowing in operate direction is indicative
of a fault condition. Grade A with D (and B with C)
assuming both feeders in service
Therefore relays C and D may have sensitive setting,
fast operating time
C & D usually set to 50% full load, low T.M.S (0.1)

9a) Ring System - Application of Time Graded OC Protection
RMU
A B' B C' C D'
67 67 67 67
51 67
2.1 0.1 1.7 0.5 1.3 0.9

RMU RMU
LOAD LOAD LOAD

Source
Substation
A' F F' E E' D
67 67 67 67
51 67
2.1 0.1 1.7 0.5 1.3

RMU RMU 0.9
LOAD LOAD
With ring closed both load and fault current may flow in either direction - directional relays are required
Directional relays look into feeders - away from busbars
Non-directional relays can be used: At the source substation

On the RMU circuit with the longer time delay
9c) Grading of Ring Main with Argus Numerical Relays
RMU
67 67
51 67
RMU RMU
Directional (Argus2) numerical relays can be set to tri-state, allowing LOAD

Source
Substation totally independent forward and reverse settings to be applied.
Outputs of Argus configured to trip relevant circuit breaker
Cost saving - less relays, CTs, installation etc.
67 67
51
RMU RMU

9d) Problem of Grading Ring Main with Two Sources
Correct discrimination between directional overcurrent relays is not possible:
For F1 - B' must operate before A', A before D
For F2 - B' must operate after A', A after D
F1
A B' B C'
67 67 67 67
Source
Substation 67 67 67 67
A' F2 D D' C
RMU

9e) Grading Ring Main with Two Sources
Option 2 Source 2
Option 1
Fit pilot wire protection to Substation
Trip least important
circuit A - B source instantaneously
50
Consider S/Stns A & B as Then treat as ring main
common source busbar with single source
A B' B C'
67 67 67 67
87 87
Source 1
Substation
67 67 67 67
A' D D' C
RMU

10a) Establishing Current Direction for Phase Faults
Directional OC protection required if current can flow in both directions through relay location e.g.
Parallel feeders, Ring main circuits
Direction of a.c. is by inference not an absolute quantity, it is measured relative to some reference quantity alternating at
the same frequency - the system voltage.
I = OPERATING QUANTITY
Reference V = POLARISING QUANTITY
Comparing phase current (e.g. IRED) with relevant phase voltage (e.g. VRED) would indicate dirn of current flow, however;
P.F. USUALLY LOW (Power system apart from loads is reactive)
USE OF FAULT VOLTAGE IS UNRELIABLE (System volts at point of fault will collapse towards zero)
Each phase of directional overcurrent relays must be polarised with a voltage which will not be reduced excessively (close
up 3-phase faults notwithstanding)

10b) Table Illustrating Relay Connections
600 No.1 Connection 600 No.2 Connection

300 Connection Requires delta Risk of mal-operation 900 Connection
connected CTs for all fault types
APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED

CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE
Red
IR VR-B IR-Y VR-B IR -VB-N IR VY-B
Phase
Yellow
IY VY-R IY-B VY-R IY -VR-N IY VB-R
Phase
Blue
IB VB-Y IB-R VB-Y IB -VY-N IB VR-Y
Phase
VR VR-B VR VR
VR VR-B
IR-
300 IR IR
IR Y 600
-VB-N
0
60
VY-B
VB VY VB VY VB VY
VB VY
Example – Red Phase Example – Red Phase

Example – Red Phase Example – Red Phase

10c) Considerations for Phase Fault Relays
3 phase relays
4 types of fault
3P, P-E, P-P, 2P-E
4 types of connections
300, 600-1, 600-2, 900
Location of relay in system

Zero sequence source behind relay
Zero sequence source in front of relay
Dy or Yd transformer between relay and fault
Can be reduced to 86 combinations?

10d) 900 Relay Connection with Selectable MTA
Relay Applied Applied MTA

Relay Circuit
Phase Current Voltage (I wrt V)
R IR VY-B I
MTA
MTA = displacement of
Y IY VB-R 30 I'
current and voltage
300
applied to relay
B IB VR-Y V
R IR VY-B I
MTA 90 - 45 Relay ITzero
Balanced
primary
Y IY VB-R 45 I' system
conditions -450
450 V
B IB VR-Y V 450 IUPF
1350
ITzero
For balanced system conditions:
90 - 30 Relay ImaxT
MTA: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 600

Zero torque limits: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 1500
Primary system volts lags primary system current by 300
90 - 45 Relay
MTA: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 450 W.K Sonnemann:
Zero torque limits: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 1350 This relay gives the best characteristic
Primary system volts lags primary system current by 450 to fit the spread of possible phase angles
10e) 2 out of 3 Logic
When used the DOC elements will only operate where currents in 2 or more phases are detected in the
operate direction.
Can be used to ensure protection security against operation by load currents during power system faults
when very low current settings are applied.
Will limit the use of DOC elements against earth faults i.e. DEF elements may be required.

11a) Establishing Current Direction for Earth Faults
Require:
OPERATING QUANTITY, POLARISING QUANTITY
Operating Signal
Obtained from residual connection of line CTs IOP = 3Io
Polarising Signal
Ph - Ph or Ph - E voltages used in overcurrent protection
become inappropriate.
Residual voltage is used as the polarising quantity
11b) DEF - Extracting Residual Voltage
To allow for the flow of zero

sequence voltage components:
VT primary must be earthed

VT can be of 3 phase, 5 limb construction or
3 single phase units
Open delta VT
secondary
VRES = VA-G + VB-G + VC - G = 3VO

RES

11c) DEF - Residual Voltage for Solidly Earthed Systems
S ZS R ZL F
Source Line
impedance impedance
System
Volts
ZS/ZL high
VR =
VR Residual
Residual VR
Volts Voltage
System
Volts
ZS/ZL low
VR May limit
Residual use of voltage VR
Volts polarised relays
- modern relays
very sensitive
CHECK FOR SUFFICIENT POLARISING VOLTAGE!
11d) DEF - Residual Volts for Non-Effectively Earthed Systems
S R F
Z
ZS
L
S Volts drop S
R due to earth R
resistance Neutral point
System raised above
Volts earth potential
Resistance
Earthed VR
VR
VR (may
Residual approach
Volts 3VPH)
SUFFICIENT
POLARISING
VOLTAGE SHOULD
ALWAYS BE
AVAILABLE Neutral
System fully
Insulated or Volts displaced
Peterson
Coil
Earthed
Residual
Volts
VR VR VR

11.2) DEF - Relay Connection with Selectable MTA
MTA (I wrt V)
O0 -150 -450 -650 -900
Resistive Neutral Reactive Neutral
VRES VRES
VRES
VRES
VRES
IRES IRES
IRES
Resistance IRES
Earthing Transformer IRES
Earthed
Systems with Resistor Distribution System Transmission System Reactance
- Solidly Earthed - Solidly Earthed Earthed
Systems
VRES VRES
IRES VRES/IRES = 00 VRES/IRES = 900

IRES

11.3a) Polarising with Neutral Current
VOLTAGE POLARISING MAY NOT BE PRACTICABLE

A
i) A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system
may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point.
ii) VTs may not be available
iii) VTs may not be suitable - no zero sequence path

Polarising
If a reliable polarising signal is not available then the relay may be signal B
polarised from a suitable current source:
e.g. from a CT located in a suitable system neutral to earth.
For relay operation:

Polarising and operating current should be in phase
Neutral current of a power or earthing transformer may be used

- but only if earth fault neutral current always flows towards the system
Neutral of Star/Delta will always flow in correct direction for polarising
Double earthed Star/Star and Auto-transformers require study.

11.3b) Current Polarising from 2 Winding Transformers
CORRECT
POL OP
DEF Relay
POL OP
CORRECT
DEF Relay
POL OP POL OP
DEF Relay DEF Relay
INCORRECT INCORRECT

1j - Overcurrent Protection and EF

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1j - Overcurrent Protection and EF

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Overcurrent Protection

Fundamentals of Operation and Application

Protection notice / Copyright notice

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OVERCURRENT CONDITION OVERLOAD CONDITION

Overcurrent protection Overload protection is

Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays

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Relays are used in conjunction

Can provide cost saving - widely used,

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EF current path thru

Fault magnitude limited by:

SOLID ISOLATED NEUTRAL RESISTANCE

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Can provide cost saving - widely used,

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2TJM Electromechanical Relay Argus Numeric Relay

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S/Stn A S/Stn B S/Stn C S/Stn D S/Stn E S/Stn F

LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD

Selective fault clearance is required for

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Relays nearer to power source are set to 1.4s A

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Operate current = 1.05 x setting

At 2x setting operate time = 10s

At 10x setting operate time = 3s

At 30x setting operate time = 2s

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2A 10A 30A 2A 10A 30A 2A 10A 30A

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LTIDMT Curve - Grading with liquid resistor 1

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EIDMT relay &

T.D. of 0.2s will ensure

Recommended current ratio 3:1

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Older Newer Overshoot

Min. Op. Max. Op. Time

3ph Max. Fault 12596A 5753A 2882A 1410A 626A

Grade: D with Fuse Current Setting - Higher than max. load

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3ph Max. Fault 12596 5753A 2882A 1410A 11kV/415V 626A

X= 165A 95A 80A

Grading margin steps 0.4s 1.05

DTL system relay at 'A' operate time

Single Line Diagram

Equipment Impedances 2500/1

Fig. 3.1A Phase Fault Grading

800/5 1F 600/5 1C 11.8MVA

11kV S/S 100

Operating Time (Seconds)

0.10 Device Is TM Inst. 0.10

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Electro-mechanical Relay Argus (Inst. Reset) Argus (DTL Reset)

Loss of grading /discrimination may occur:

If R2 Electromechanical & R1 Inst. reset or if R2 DTL reset and R1 electromechanical

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Block Inst. LS Block Inst. LS

Metallic connection required between relaying points

IDMT characteristic of relays toward source have a supplementary HS1 tripping