MATH 158

MODULE 2

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
What is a system of linear equations?

A system of linear equations is a set of linear

equations having the same solution set.
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
The following are system of linear equations.
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 9
1.
−2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8 = 0

7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 10
2. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2
−5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 3
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
IN TWO VARIABLES
Graphical Representations of solutions
For a system of linear equations in two variables, the
number of solutions is given by one of the following.

Number of solutions Graphical Interpretation

1. Exactly one solution The two lines intersect at one point
2. Infinitely many solutions The two lines coincide ( are identical)
3. No solution The two lines are parallel
Graphical Representations of Solutions
Two lines that intersect: single point of intersection
Graphical Representations of Solutions
Two lines that coincide: infinitely many points of
intersection
Graphical Representations of Solutions
Two parallel lines : no point of intersection
TYPES OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
1. Independent or consistent system
a. System of equations in two or more variables represented
by curves intersecting at a common point.
b. Have finite number of solutions represented by the points
of intersection of the curves.
TYPES OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
2. Inconsistent system
a. System of equations in two or more variables represented
by non- intersecting curves.
b. System with no solution
3. Dependent system
a. System of equations in two or more variables represented
by curves coincident with one another.
b. System with infinite number of solutions.
TYPES OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

1. Independent system 2. Inconsistent system

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
≠ ≠ = 1≠ 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
3𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6
TYPES OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
3. Dependent system
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12
EXAMPLE
Classify whether the given set of equations represent a consistent,
inconsistent, or dependent system.
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 15
𝑥−𝑦 =8
1. 4. 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
1
𝑥+ 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1
3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 1
2. 5. 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 2𝑥 = 1
8𝑥 = 6𝑦 + 9 2
1
𝑧− 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2 ANSWERS:
2
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 1,2,4,5 Independent
3. 3 - Dependent
6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5
 Graphical Method of Solving a System of Linear
Equations
The graphical method of solving a system of linear
equations is a method that determines the solution in
terms of the common point(s) or the point(s) of
intersection among the graphs representing each of the
equations in the system.

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

The following are the basic steps to be followed:

1. Draw the graphs associated to the equations of the

system.
2. Determine the common point or the point of
intersection among the graphs.
3. Read the coordinates of the point giving the solution
( x , y ).

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

 Analytical Method of Solving a System of Linear
Equations

1. Elimination Of a Variable by Addition/Subtraction

This is an analytical method of solving a system of

equations that eliminates a variable
addition/subtraction of multiple equations.

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

Steps in Elimination Method By Addition or Subtraction
1. If the coefficient of the variables have the same coefficient,
proceed to second step. But if he variables do not contain the
same coefficients, multiply one equation or both by a number,
which will make the coefficients of one variable equal.
2. Add or subtract the resulting equations and solve for the value
of the remaining variable.
3. Substitute the value obtained in the second step to get the
value of the second variable.
4. Check by substituting the values of the variables in the original
equations.

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

 Analytical Method of Solving a System of Linear
Equations

2. Elimination Of a Variable by Substitution

This is an analytical method of solving a system of

equations that eliminates a variable by replacing one of
the variables in one of the equations by an equal
expressions obtained from the other equation

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

Steps in Elimination Method By Substitution
1. Choose the simpler equation and solve for one
variable in terms of the other.
2. Using the other equation, substitute the expression
obtained in first step to find the value of the other
variable.
3. Substitute the value obtained in the second step to
obtain the value of the second variable.
4. Check by substituting the values of the variables in
the original equations.
Mapua University – Department of Mathematics
Find the solution to each of the given system by the
graphical method.

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 9
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 13 P(3,1)

The intersection
point is at (3,1), then
the solution set is
S={(3,1)}

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

Find the x-intercept and y-intercept
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟗
Set y=o, x=4.5 , the point is (4.5, 0)
Set x=0, y= 3 , the point is (0,3)
Plot the points , then connect the points to draw the line

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑
Set y=o, x=4.3, the point is (4.3, 0)
Set x=0, y= 3.25, the point is (0,3.25)
Plot the points , then connect the points to draw the line

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

Solve each of the following applying any analytical method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
1.
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11
By Elimination, subtract the two equations, and eliminate y
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
−
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11
−2𝑥 = −6 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
is at point (3,1)
𝑥 = 3, substitute to any equation
Therefore the
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑠
3 + 2𝑦 = 5 S={(3,1)}
2𝑦 = 5 − 3
2𝑦 = 2 , y = 1
Mapua University – Department of Mathematics
 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 (𝑎)
2. Check: 2x +y =16, at(7,2)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11 (𝑏)
By Substitution method 2(7) +2 =? 16
From equation (b) 16=16
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 11, solve for x in terms of y
𝑥 = 11 − 2𝑦 , then substitute to equation (a)
from equation (a) From
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚, substitute y =2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐(𝟐)
2(11 − 2𝑦) + 𝑦 = 16 𝒙 =𝟕
22 − 4𝑦 + 𝑦 = 16 The intersection point is at
−3𝑦 = 16 − 22 (7,2)
−3𝑦 = −6 , 𝑦 = 2 Therefore the solution set is
S = {(7,2)}
Mapua University – Department of Mathematics
 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=2 (𝑎)
3. 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 31 (𝑏)
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13 (𝑐)
(a) &(b)
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2)(4) (a) & (c)
6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 31 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2)(−2)
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 8 −2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4
6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 31 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
10𝑥 + 9𝑧 = 39 (𝑑) 3𝑥 = 9
𝑥 = 3, substitute to (d)

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

From (d)
∴ 𝑺 = 𝟑, −𝟐, 𝟏 𝒐𝒓
10𝑥 + 9𝑧 = 39 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒚 = −𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝟏
10(3) + 9𝑧 = 39
9𝑧 = 39 − 30 Check:
9𝑧 = 9 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
𝑧=1 At x =3, y=-2, z=1
From (a) 5 3 + 2 −2 + 2 1 =? 13
Substitute x = 3 and z=1 15 − 4 + 2 =? 13
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2 13 = 13
3+𝑦+1=2
𝑦 =2−4
𝑦 = −2

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics