Chapter 1

Question 2 – The most common penalty is a fine in the form of a sum of money, called damages.

Question 7 – The action in civil law is concerned with private or purely personal rights, whereas
criminal law concerns itself with offenses against society, and the breaking of laws that (generally)
damage/harm others or society as a whole.

Chapter 2

Question 4 -

a. Small claims court (inferior court)

b. Federal court (Tax court)
c. Court of appeals (State court of appeals or federal court of appeals depending on what the lower
court was))
d. Probate court
e. Domestic Relations court
f. Possibly a small claims (inferior) court, depending on the state and circumstances. Otherwise perhaps
a trial court, though this would be a civil matter.

Question 5 – No. A citizen may bring a suit against another party without the assistance or
representation of an attorney. Being a party to said suit does not require representation from an
attorney.

Chapter 3

Question 1 -

a. The plaintiff must show three things: 1.) An act was undergone by the defendant 2.) There was an
intention to cause the consequences of said act 3). The act was caused by the defendant or something
set in motion by the act.
b. The plaintiff must show four things: 1.) There was some form of duty from the tortfeasor to the
injured party 2.) There was breach of said duty 3.) The breach was the cause of the injury in this
instance 4.) There was injury or damage.

Question 8 – The three elements are: 1.) There has been copyright infringement 2.) The infringement
was willful 3.) The infringement was done for business advantage and/or financial gain.