MATRIX Theory and Questions

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Percentile Classes
Matrices
Matrices
Definition:- A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or complex numbers) in rows and
columns, is called a matrix. This arrangement is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. The numbers are called
the elements of the matrix or entries in the matrix.
Order of a matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m  n or simply m  n matrix (read as an m by
n matrix). A matrix A of order m  n is usually written in the following manner
 a11 a12 a13 ...a1J ...a1n 
a 
 21 a22 a23 ...a2 j ...a2n 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  or A = aij 
  mn
 ai 1 ai 2 ai 3 ...a3 j ...ain 
 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
a 
 m1 am 2 amj ...amj ...amn 
i = 1,2......m
where
j = 1,2.....n
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and j th column.
3 −1
Example: order of matrix 
5
is 2  3 .
6 2 −7 
A matrix of order m  n contains mn elements. Every row of such a matrix contains n elements and every
column contains m elements.
Equality of matrices
Two matrix A and B are said to be equal matrix if they are of same order and their corresponding elements are
equal.
Types of matrices
Rectangular matrix A = [ a ij] m n where m  n
(1) Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row matrix or row vector if it has only one row and any number of
columns. Example : [5 0 3] is a row matrix of order 1 3 .
(2) Column matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix or column vector if it has only one column and any
number of rows.
2
Example:  3  is a column matrix of order 3  1 and [2] is a column matrix of order 1 1 .
 −6 
Observe that [2] is both a row matrix as well as column matrix.
(3) Singleton matrix: If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton matrix.
Thus, A = aij  is a singleton matrix, if m = n = 1
mn
Example: [2], [3], [a], [-3] are singleton matrices.
No Substitute to Hardwork
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(4) Null or zero matrix : If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally
denoted by 0. Thus A = aij  is a zero matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j .
mn
Example: [0], 
0 0  0 0 0 
,  ,0 0 are all zero matrices, but of different orders.
0 0  0 0 0 
(5) Square matrix : If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a square
matrix.
Thus A = aij  is a square matrix if m = n .
mn
 a11 a12 a13 
Example: a21 a22 a23  is a square matrix of order 3  3
a31 a32 a33 
(i) If m  n then matrix is called a rectangular matrix.
(ii) The elements of a square matrix A for which i = j , i .e.a11, a22, a33 ........ann are called diagonal elements and the
line joining these elements is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A.
(6) Diagonal matrix: If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero, it is called a
diagonal matrix. Thus a square matrix A aij  is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 , when i  j .
2 0 0 
Example: 0 3 0  is a diagonal matrix of order 3  3 which can be denoted by diag [2, 3, 4].
0 0 4 
(7) Identity matrix: A square matrix in which elements in the main diagonal are all '1' and rest are all zero is
1, if i = j
called an identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus, the square matrix a = aij  is an identity matrix, if aij = 
0, if i  j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by l n .
1 0 0
1 0  
Example: 1   , 0 1 0  are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
 0 1  
0 0 1
(8) Scalar matrix: A square matrix whose all non diagonal elements are- zero and diagonal elements are equal
is called a scalar matrix. Thus, if A = aij  is a square matrix and
3 0 0
 ,if i = j  
aij =  , then A is a scalar matrix. A = 0 3 0
 0,if i  j  0 0 3 
3 3
Scalar Matrix can be expressed as multiplication of any constant to identity matrix i.e. A = KI
Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar matrices.
(9) Triangular matrix: A square matrix aij  is said to be triangular matrix if each element above or below the
principal diagonal is zero. It is of two types
(i) Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix aij  is called the upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i  j .
3 1 2 
Example: 0 4 3  is an upper triangular matrix of order 3  3
0 0 6 
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(ii) Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix aij  is called the lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i  j .
 1 0 0
Example:  2 3 0  is a lower triangular matrix of order 3  3
 4 5 2
10) Singular Matrix |A | = 0 , Non Singular matrix | A |  0
Trace of a matrix
The sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix. A is called the trace of matrix A , which is denoted by tr A.
n
i .e. trA =  aii = a11 + a22 + ...ann
i =1
Addition and subtraction of matrices

If A = aij  and B = bij  are two matrices of the same order then their sum A + B is a matrix whose each
nn nn
element is the sum of corresponding elements i .e., A + B = aij + bij  .

mn
Similarly, their subtraction A - B is defined as A − B = aij − bij 

mn
Matrix addition and subtraction can be possible only when matrices are of the same order.
Properties of matrix addition: If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then

(i) A + B = B + A (Commutative law)
(ii) ( A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) (Associative law)
(iii) A + O = O + A = A, where O is zero matrix which is additive identity of the matrix.
(iv) A + ( − A ) = 0 = ( − A ) + A, where (-A) is obtained by changing the sign of every element of A, which is additive
inverse of the matrix.
A + B = A + C
(v) B =C (Cancellation law)
B + A = C + A
Scalar multiplication of matrices

Let A = aij  be a matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying every element of
mn
A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.
Thus, if A = aij  , then kA = Ak kaij  .
mn mn
Properties of scalar multiplication

If A, B are matrices of the same order and ,  are any-two scalars then
(i)  ( A + B ) =  A +  B (ii) (  +  ) A =  A +  A
(iii)  (  A ) = (  A ) =  (  A ) (iv) ( − A ) = − (  A ) =  ( − A )
• All the laws of ordinary algebra hold for the addition or subtraction of matrices and their multiplication by
scalars.
Q1. The number of zero elements in a scalar matrix of order n  n is
(a) n2 (b) n(n – 1)(c) (n – 1)2 (d) (n – 1)(n – 2)
Q2. The minimum number of zero elements in a triangular matrix of order 3  3 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
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Q3. The number of matrices which can be formed using 6 different numbers is,
(a) 6 (b) 6 ! (c) 2  6 ! (d) 4  6 !
Q4. If 
1  + 
0 a 1  2 1
−  −1 b = 2 −2 , then the values of a, b are
 3 4     
(a) 1, – 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) –1, 2 (d) –1 , –2
Multiplication of matrices
Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A (pre-multiplier) is same
as the number of rows in B (post multiplier). Thus, if A aij  and B bij  are two matrices of order mn
mn n p
and n  p respectively, then their product AB is of order m  p and is defined as
𝑏1𝑗
𝑛
𝑏
(𝐴𝐵)𝑖𝑗 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑗 = [𝑎i1 𝑎i2 ...ain ] 2𝑗 = (𝑖 𝑡ℎ rowof𝐴)(𝑓 𝑡ℎ columnof𝐵)
⋮
𝑟=1
[𝑏𝑛𝑗 ]
where i = 1,2..., m and j = 1,2,...p
Now we define the product of a row matrix and a column matrix.
𝑏1
Let A a1a2 .....an  be a row matrix and 𝐵 = [ 2 ] be a column matrix.
𝑏
⋮
𝑏𝑛
Then AB = a1b1 + a2 b2 + .... + an bn  ....(ii)
Thus, from (i), ( AB )ij = Sum of the product of elements of ith row of A with the corresponding elements of jth
column of B.
Properties of matrix multiplication

If A,B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then
(i) AB  BA, (Generally not commutative)
(ii) ( AB ) C = A ( BC ) , (Associative law)
(iii) IA = A = AI, where I is identity matrix for matrix multiplication.
(iv) A ( B + C ) = AB + AC, (Distributive law)
(v) If AB = AC  B = C, (Cancellation law is not applicable)

(vi) If AB = 0 , it does not mean that A = 0 or B = 0 , again product of two non zero matrix may be a zero matrix.
Remember that if A and B are two matrices of the same order, then
(i) ( A + B ) = A + B + AB + BA
2 2 2
(ii) ( A − B ) = A + B − AB − BA
2 2 2
(iii) ( A − B )( A + B ) = A2 − B 2 + AB − BA
(iv) ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2 − AB + BA
(v) A ( −B ) = ( − A )( B ) = − AB
Positive integral powers of a matrix

The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix.
Also then A2 = A.A, A3 = A.A.A. = A2 A.
Also for any positive integers m and n,
m n m +n
(i) A A = A
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( ) ( )
n m
m
(ii) A = Amn = An
(iii) I n = I,I m = I
(iv) A0 = In , where A is a square matrix of order n.
cos  sin  
If A =   then (i) An = An (ii) A .A = A + (iii) A A' = I
− sin  cos 
Cayley-Hamilton theorem
Every matrix satisfies its characteristic equation e.g. let A be a square matrix then | A − xI |= 0 is the
characteristics equation of A. If x 3 − 4 x 2 − 5 x − 7 = 0 is the characteristic equation for A, then

A3 − 4 A2 − 5 A − 7I = 0 .
Roots of characteristic equation for A are called Eigen values of A or characteristic roots of A or latent roots of A.
−1
If  is characteristic root of A, then  −1 is characteristic root of A
0 −i 
If A = 
0 1
Q5.  , B =  , then
 1 0  i 0 
(a) AB = BA (b) AB = B2
(c) AB = – BA (d) None of these
Q6. If A = 
a b
and A2 =    then
b a     
(a)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2
(b)  = a2 + b2,  = ab
(c)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab
(d)  = 2ab,  = a2 + b2
 cos2  sin  cos   cos 2  sin  cos 

Q7. If A =   B= sin  cos  sin 2  
sin  cos  sin  
2
 
and  and  differs by /2 , then AB =
(a) I
(b) O
(c) – I
(d) none of these
 1 0 2  2 
Q8. 1 2 3 2 0 1 4 is equal to
 0 1 2   6
(a) [82] (b) [84] (c) [76] (d) [58]
If A = 
3 1
Q9. ,then true statement is
−1 2
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(a) A2 – 5A + 7I = 0 (b) A2 + 5A – 7I = 0
(c) A2 – 5A – 7I = 0 (d) A2 + 5A + 7I = 0
If A = 
4 2
Q10. then (A – 2I) (A – 3I) equals
 1 1
−
(a) 0 (b) A (c) I (d) 5I
cos  sin  
Q11. If f() =  and if , ,  are angles of a triangle, then f().f().f() =
− sin  cos  
(a) I2 (b) –I2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
If A = 
0 1
Q12. , I is the unit matrix of order 2 and a, b are arbitrary constants,
0 0
then (aI + bA)2 is equals to
(a) a2I + abA (b) a2I + 2abA
(c) a2I + b2A (d) None
1 −3 2 1 4 1 0 2 1 −1 −2
Q13. If A = 2 1 −3 , B = 2 1 1 1 and C = 3 −2 −1 −1 , then which of the
     
4 −3 −1 1 −2 1 2 2 −5 −1 0
following statement is true
(a) AB  AC (b) AB = AC
(c) B  C  AB  AC (d) None of these
k
 2 2 
cos 3 − sin 3  1 0
Q14. If   =  
2 2 0 1 
 sin cos 
 3 3 
find the least value of k( where k  0),
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 2 (d) 0
1 1 0 
Q15. For the matrix A = 1 2 1 , which of the following is correct ?
 
2 1 0
(a) A3 + 3A2 – I = O
(b) A3 – 3A2 – I = O
(c) A3 + 2A2 – I = O
(d) A3 – A2 + I = O
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Transpose of a matrix
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns or columns into rows is called
T
transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A or A'.
From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m  n then order of A is nm .
T
Example:
a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 
Transpose of matrix   is a2 b2 
 1 2 3  23 a b 
b b b
 3 3 32
Properties of transpose: Let A and B be two matrices
( )
T
T
then, (i) A =A
(ii) ( A + B ) = A + B , A and B being of the same order

T T T
(iii) ( kA ) = kA , k be any scalar (real or complex)

T T
(iv) ( AB ) = B A , A and B being conformable for the product AB

T T T
(v) ( A1A2 A3 .....An −1An ) = AnT AnT−1.....AT A2T A1T

T
3
T
(vi) I = I
 2 1
1 −2 1
Q16. If A =  and B =  3 2 , then (AB)' equals
 2 1 3  
 1 1
−3 −2  −3 10
(a)  (b) 
10 7   2 7 
−
−3 10 
(c)  (d) None of these
 7 −2
Q17. Which of the following is not true?

(a) (AB)n = An Bn where n N and AB = BA
(b) (A’)’ = A
(c) (A – I ) (A + I ) = O  A2 = I
(d) (A + B) (A – B) =A2 – B2 ,
A and B being square matrices of the same type
Special types of matrices

(1) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = aij  is called symmetric matrix if aij = aji for all i , j or A = A. .
T
a h g
Example:  h b f 
g f c 
(2) Skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = aij  is called skew-symmetric matrix if aij = −aij for all i , j or
AT = − A . aij = −aij  aij = 0

 0 h g
Example:  −h 0 f 
 −g −f 0 
All principal diagonal elements of a skew- symmetric matrix are always zero because for any diagonal element.
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Properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices

T
(i) If A is a square matrix, then A + AT , AAT , AT A are symmetric matrices, while A − A is skew-symmetric
matrix.
(ii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then − A, KA, AT , An , A−1, BT AB are also symmetric matrices, where n  N, K  R
and B is a square matrix of order that of A.
(iii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
2n
(a) A is a symmetric matrix for n  N.
2n +1
(b) A is a skew-symmetric matrix for n  N.
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k  R. .
T
(d) B AB is also skew- symmetric matrix where B is a square matrix of order that of A.
(iv) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A  B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices,
(b) AB − BA is a skew- symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA .
(v) If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
(a) A  B, AB − BA are skew-symmetric matrices,
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(vi) If A a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column matrix, then CT AC is a zero matrix.
(vii) Every square matrix A can unequally be expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix
1
2
( )
 1
 2
( 
i .e., A =  A + AT  +  A − AT  .

)
(3) Singular and Non-singular matrix : Any square matrix A is said to be non-singular if A  0. and a square
matrix A is said to be singular if | A |=0 .
Example : A = 
2 3 2 3
then A = = 10 − 12 = −2  A
4 5  4 5
is a non-singular matrix,
(4) Hermitian and Skew-hermitian matrix : A square matrix A = aij  is said to be hermitian matrix if
aij = aij ;ji .e., A = A .

Example:
 3 3 − 4i 5 + 2i 
 a b + ic  
b − ic , 3 + 4i 5 −2 + i 
 d  
 5 − 2i −2 − i 2 
are Hermitian matrices. If A is a Hermitian matrix then aij a ij  aij is real i , , thus every diagonal element of
a
Hermitian matrix must be real.

A square matrix, A =| aij | is said to be a Skew-Hermitian if aij = −aij .i , ji .e.A = − A. . If A is a skew-Hermitian
matrix, then aij = −aij  aij + aij = 0 i .e.aij must be purely imaginary or zero.
 3i −3 + 2i −1 − i 
 0 −2 + i  
Example:  , 3 + 2i −2i −2 − 4i 
2 − i 0  
 1 − i 2 − 4i 0 
are skew-hermitian matrices.
T T −1 T
(5) Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AA = I = A A i.e. if A = A
cos  − sin 
Example: A = 
 sin cos  
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cos  sin 
is orthogonal because A−1 =  = AT
 − sin cos  
In fact every unit matrix is orthogonal. Determinant of orthogonal matrix is - 1 or 1.
2
(6) Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A = A.
Example: 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 is an idempotent matrix, because
1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 4 + 1/ 4 1/ 4 + 1/ 4  1/ 2 1/ 2 
A2 =  = =A
1/ 4 + 1/ 4 1/ 4 + 1/ 4  1/ 2 1/ 2 
Also, A = 
1 0
and B = 
0 0
 are idempotent matrices because A2 = A and B 2 = B
0 0  0 1
In fact every unit matrix is idempotent.
2 −1
(7) Involutory matrix: A square matrix A is called aninvolutory matrix if A = I or A = A
Example:
1 0
is an involutory matrix because A2 = 
1 0
A=   =I
0 1 0 1
In fact every unit matrix is involutory.
(8) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is called anilpotent matrix if there exists a p  N such that A p = 0 ,
where p is index of matrix.
Example: A = 
0 0
is a nilpotent matrix because A2 = 
0 0
 = 0 (Here P = 2)
1 0 0 0 
Determinant of every nilpotent matrix is 0.
(9) Unitary matrix: A square matrix is said to be unitary, if A ' A = I since | A ' |=| A | and | A ' A |=| A ' || A | therefore if
A ' A = I, we have | A ' || A |= 1
Thus the determinant of unitary matrix is of unit modulus. Fora matrix to be unitary it must be non-singular.
Hence A ' A = I  AA ' = I
k +1
(10) Periodic matrix: A matrix A will be called a periodic matrix if A = A where k is a positive integer. If,
k +1
however k is the least positive integer for which A = A , then k is said to be the period of A.
 f ( x ) g ( x )
(11) Differentiation of a matrix: If A =   then
h ( x ) I ( x ) 
dA  f ' ( x ) g ' ( x ) 
=  is a differentiation of matrix A.
dx h ' ( x ) I ' ( x ) 
 x 2 sin x  dA 2 x cos x 
Example: If A =   then =
2x 2  dx  2 0 
 1 −2 −3
Q18. If A = 2 1 −2 then A is
 
3 2 1 
(a) A symmetric matrix (b) A skew symmetric matrix
(c) An invertible matrix (d) None of these
Q19. If A is an orthogonal matrix , then | A | equals
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c)  1 (d) 0
Page 10 of 66
 ab b2 
If A =  2
−ab
Q20. , then A is
−a
(a) Involuntary matrix (b) Idem potent matrix
(c) nilpotent matrix (d) None of these
1 −2 −3
Q21. If A = 2 2 −4 , then A2 is
 
3 4 3 
(a) symmetric matrix
(b) skew symmetric
(c) both symmetric and skew symmetric
(d) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
Q22. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew symmetric matrix then for n  N wrong statement is
(a) An is symmetric (b) An is symmetric only when then n is even
(c) Bn is skew symmetric when n is odd (d) Bn is symmetric when n is even
Q23. If A and B are square matrices of the same typed such that AB = A and BA = B, then
(a) A is idempotent
(b) B is idempotent
(c) neither A nor B is idempotent
(d) both A and B are idempotent
1 2 2 
1 
Q24. If A =  2 1 − 2  is orthogonal, then x + y =
3
 x 2 y 
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) –3 (d) 1.
Q25. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then
(a) A is a diagonal matrix
(b) A is a null matrix
(c) A is a unit matrix
(d) A is a triangular matrix
Page 11 of 66
(12) Conjugate of a matrix: The matrix obtained from any given matrix A containing complex number as its
elements, on replacing its elements by the corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called conjugate of A
and is denoted by A.
 1 + 2i 2 − 3i 3 + 4i 
Example: A =  4 − 5i 5 + 6i 6 − 7i 
 8 7 + 8i 7 
 1 − 2i 2 + 3i 3 − 4i 
Then A =  4 + 5i 5 − 6i 6 + 7i 
 8 7 − 8i 7 
Properties of conjugates
( )
(i) A = A
(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐴 + 𝐵,
(iii) ( A ) =  A, being any number
(iv) ( AB ) = AB, A and B being conformable for multiplication
(13) Transpose conjugate of a matrix: The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called transposed

conjugate of A and is denoted by A . The conjugate of the transpose of A is the same as the transpose of the
conjugate of A i.e. (𝐴′) = (𝐴)′ = 𝐴𝜃

If A = aij  then A = b ji  where b ji = aij
mn nm
i.e., the ( j , i ) ( i, j )th element A.

th 
element of A = the conjugate of
 1 + 2i 2 − 3i 3 + 4i 
Example: if A =  4 − 5i 5 + 6i 6 − 7i 
 8 7 + 8i 7 
 1 − 2i 4 + 5i 8 
then A =  2 + 3i

5 − 6i 7 − 8i 
3 − 4i 6 + 7i 7 
Properties of transpose conjugate
( )

(i ) A =A

(ii ) ( A + B ) = A + B

(iii ) ( kA ) = KA , K being any number

(iv ) ( AB ) = B , A
Adjoint of a square matrix

Let A = aij  be a square matrix of order n and let cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the transpose of the matrix
of cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A
T
Thus, adj = A = Cij   ( adjA )ij = C ji = cofactor of a ji in A.
 a11 a12 a13 

If A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33 
Page 12 of 66
T
C11 C12 C13  C11 C21 C31 
   
then adjA = C21 C22 C23  = C12 C22 C32  ;
C31 C32 C33  C13 C23 C33 
where C ij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.
p q
Example: A =   ,C11 = s,C12 = −r ,C21 = q,C22 = p
r s
T
 s −r  s −q 
 adj A =   =
 −q p   −r p 
Properties of adjoint matrix: If A, B are square matrices of order n and I„ is corresponding unit matrix, then
(i) A ( adjA ) = A In = ( adjA ) A

(Thus A ( adjA ) is always a scalar matrix )
n −1
(ii) adjA = A
n −2
(iii) adj ( adjA ) = A A; A  0.
(iv) adj ( adjA ) = A ( n −1)

2
( )
(v) adj AT = ( adjA )
T
(vi) adj ( AB ) = ( adjB )( adjA )
( )
(vii) adj Am = ( adjA ) , m  N
m
(viii) adj ( kA ) = k n −1 ( adjA ) , k  R

(ix) adj ( In ) = In
(x) adj (O ) = O
(xi) A is symmetric matrix  A is also symmetric matrix.
(xii) A is diagonal matrix  adj A is also diagonal matrix.
(xiii) A is triangular matrix  adj A is also triangular matrix.
(xiv) A is singular  | adjA |= 0
If A = 
a b
Q26.  , then (adjA) + AT equals
 c d 
a + d −b + c  a+d b−c 
(a)   (b) 
 b−c a+d   −b + c a + d 
a+d a+d b+c 

(c) 
0 
 (d) 
 0 a + d   b + c a + d 
cos  − sin  0
Q27. If A =  sin  cos  0 , then adj A =
 
 0 0 1
(a) A' (b) I (c) O (d) A2
 −4 −3 −3
Q28. Adjoint of the matrix N =  1 0 1  is
 4 4 3 
Page 13 of 66
(a) N (b) 2N
(c) –N (d) None of these
1 −2 3
Q29. If A =  4 0 −1 , then (adj A)23 is equal to
 
 −3 1 5
(a) 13 (b) –13 (c) 5 (d) None
cos  sin  
If A =  and A. adj A =  0 k  ,then k is
k 0
Q30. 
− sin  cos   
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin  cos  (d) cos 2
Q31. If A is a matrix of order n  n then | adj (adj A) | is
( n −1) 2 ( n −2 ) 2
(a) | A | n–1 (b) | A | n–2 (c) A (d) A
2 0 0
Q33. If A = 2 2 0 , then adj (adj A) is equal to
 
2 2 2 
1 0 0 1 0 0
(a)8 1 1 0 (b)16 1 1 0
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0
(c) 64 1 1 0 (d) None of these
 
1 1 1
Q34. In the following, false statement is
(a) adj (AT) = (adj A)T (b) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
(c) adj (AB) = (adjA) (adjB) (d) None
a 0 0 
Q35. If A =  0 a 0 then | A | | adj A | is equal to
 
0 0 a 
(a) a3 (b) a6 (c) a9 (d) a27
Inverse
A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order suchthat
AB = In = BA.
−1
In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write A = B. The inverse of A is given by
1
A−1 = adjA.
| A|
The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the inverse of a square matrix A is that | A | 0. i.e.,
matrix should be non-singular.
Properties of inverse matrix
Page 14 of 66
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
( ) =A
−1
−1
(i) A
(ii) ( A ) = ( A )
−1 T
T −1
−1
(iii) ( AB ) = B −1A−1
( ) = ( A−1) ,k  N ( ) = ( A−1) , ]
−1 k −1 2
k 2
(iv) A [In particular A
( )
(v) adj A−1 = ( adjA )
−1
1
(vi) | A−1 |= =| A |−1
| A|
(
(vii) A = diag ( a1a2 ....an )  A−1 = diag a1−1a2−1...an−1 )
(viii) A is symmetric matrix  A−1 is also symmetric matrix.
(ix) A is diagonal matrix, | A | 0  A−1 is also diagonal matrix
(x) A is a scalar matrix  A−1 is also a scalar matrix.

(xi) A is triangular matrix, | A | 0  A−1 is also triangular matrix .
(xii) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(xiii) Cancellation law respect to multiplication
−1
If A is a non-singular matrix i.e., if | A | 0, then A exists and
AB = AC  A−1 ( AB ) = A−1 ( AC )
( ) (
 A−1A B = A−1A C )
 IB = IC  B = C
 AB = AC  B = C | A | 0
If A = 0 i / 2 , then A–1 =
i 0
Q36.
 
−i 0 
(a) 0 i / 2 (b)  (c) 0 2i  (d) 
i 0 i 0 0 i
  
 0 −2i  
 
 2i 0
cos  − sin  0
Q37. Let F() =  sin  cos  0 ,where   R. Then [F()]–1 is
 
 0 0 1
(a) F(–) (b) F(–1)
(c) F(2) (b) None
 
 1 tan 
2 and AB = I then B =
Q38. If A =  

− tan 1 

2
  T
(a) cos2 /2A (b) cos2 A
2 2
Page 15 of 66

(c) cos2 /2A.I (d) None
2
Q39. If a matrix A is such that 3A3 + 2A2 + 5A +I = 0, then its inverse is
(a) – (3A2 + 2A + 5I) (b) 3A2 + 2A + 5I
(c) 3A2 – 2A – 5I (d) None of these
1 1 1
0 1 2   2 −2 2
Q40. If A = 1 2 3 and A–1 = − 4 3 c  , then
  5 3 1
3 a 1  − 
 2 2 2 
1
(a) a = 2, c = – (b) a = 1, c = –1
2
1 1
(c) a = –1, c = 1 (d) a= ,c=
2 2
 3 2
Q41. If A =   , then (A–1)3 is equal to
 0 1
1  1 − 26 1  −1 26 
(a)   (b)  
27  0 27 27  0 27
1  1 − 26 1  −1 − 26 
(c)   (d)  
27  0 − 27  27  0 − 27
 1 −2 3
Q42. If A =  0 −1 4 , then (A')–1 =
 −2 2 1
 −9 −8 −2   1 0 −2
(a)  8 7 2  (b) −2 −1 2 
   3 4 1 
 −5 −4 −1
 −9 8 −5 1 0 0
(c)  −8 7 −4  (d) 0 1 0
 2 2 −1 0 0 1
2 0 0 
Q43. 
If A = 0 cos x sin x  , then (adj A)–1 =
 
0 − sin x cos x 
(a) A (b) 2A
1
(c) A (d) none of these
2
Q44. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then
(a) adj(AB) = adj A adj B
(b) (A + B)–1 = A–1 + B–1
Page 16 of 66
(c) AB = O  | A| = 0 or | B | = 0
(d) AB = O  | A| = 0 and | B | = 0
Rank of matrix
Definition: Let A be a m  n matrix. If we retain any r rows and r columns of A we shall have a square sub-
matrix of order r .The determinant of the square sub-matrix of order r is called a minor of A order r . Consider
any matrix A which is of the order of
1 3 4 5 
3  4 say,A = 1 2 6 7  It is 3  4 matrix so we can have
1 5 0 1
minors of order 3, 2 or 1. Taking any three rows and three columns minor of order three. Hence minor of order 3
1 3 4 
= 1 2 6  = 0
1 5 0 
Making two zeros and expanding above minor is zero. Similarly we can consider any other minor of order 3 and
it can be shown to be zero. Minor of order 2 is obtained by taking any two rows and any two columns.
1 3
Minor of order 2 =   = 2 − 3 = 1  0. Minor of order 1 is every element of the matrix.
1 2
Rank of a matrix: The rank of a given matrix A is said to be r if
(1) Every minor of A of order r + 1 is zero.
(2) There is at least one minor of A of order r which does not vanish. Here we can also say that the rank of a
matrix A is said to be r ,if
(i) Every square sub matrix of order r + 1is singular.
(ii) There is at least one square sub matrix of order r which is non-singular.
The rank r of matrix A is written as p ( A ) = r .
Working rule for finding the rank of a matrix

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎3𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ]
(1) Make a11 = 1 by elementary row transformations.
(2) Make a21, a31..., am1 all zeros using the transformations
R2 → R2 − a21R1R3 → R3 − a31R1...Rm → Rm − am1R1
(3) Make a22 = 1by elementary row transformations.
(4) Make a32 , a42 ...am 2 all zeros using the transformations
R3 → R3 − a32R2 , R4 → R4 − a42R2 ...
(5) Repeat this process until the matrix A is reduced to Echelon form.
(6) Count the number of non-zero rows in it which will be the rank of the matrix A.
Echelon form of a matrix

A matrix A is said to be in Echelon form if either A is the null matrix or A satisfies the following conditions:
(1) Every non- zero row in A precedes every zero row.
(2) The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is less than the number of such zeros in the
next row.
If can be easily proved that the rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equal to the number of non-zero row of the
matrix.
Page 17 of 66
Rank of a matrix In Echelon form: The rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equal to the number of non-zero
rows in that matrix.
Homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems of linear equations

A system of equations AX = B is called a homogeneous system if B = O . If B  O , it is called a non-homogeneous
system of equations.
e.g., 2x + 5y = 0
3 x − 2y = 0
is a homogeneous system of linear equations whereas the system of equations given by
e.g., 2x + 3y = 5
x+y =2
is a non-homogeneous system of linear equations.
(1) Solution of Non-homogeneous system of linear equations
−1
(i) Matrix method: If AX = B , then X = A B gives a unique solution, provided A is non-singular.
But if A is a singular matrix i.e., if | A |= 0 , then the system of equation AX = B may be consistent with infinitely
many solutions or it may be inconsistent.
(ii) Rank method for solution of Non-Homogeneous system AX = B
(a) Write down A, B
(b) Write the augmented matrix [A : B]
(c) Reduce the augmented matrix to Echelon form by using elementary row operations.
(d) Find the number of non-zero rows in A and [A : B] to find the ranks of A and [A : B] respectively.
(e) If p ( A )  p ( A : B ) , then the system is inconsistent.
(f) p ( A ) = p ( A : B ) = the number of unknowns, then the system has a unique solution.
If p ( A ) = p ( A : B )  number of unknowns, then the system has an infinite number of solutions.
(2) Solutions of a homogeneous system of linear equations: Let AX = O be a homogeneous system of 3

linear equations in 3 unknowns.
(a) Write the given system of equations in the form AX = O and write A.
(b) Find | A | .
(c) If | A | 0 then the system is consistent and x = y = z = 0 is the unique solution.
(d) If | A |= 0, then the systems of equations has infinitely many solutions. In order to find that put z = K (any real
number)and solve any two equations for x and y so obtained with z = K give a solution of the given system of
equations.
Consistency of a system of linear equation AX = B, where A is a square matrix

In system of linear equations AX = B, A = aij ( )nn is said to be
(i) Consistent (with unique solution) if | A | 0 .
i.e., if A is non-singular matrix.
(ii) Inconsistent (It has no solution) if | A |= 0 and (adjA)B isa non-null matrix.
(iii) Consistent (with infinitely m any solutions) if | A |= 0 and(adjA)B is a null matrix.
Page 18 of 66
2 4 n  8 
Q45. If A =   , X= 1  , B = 11 and AX = B, then n =
4 3    
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None
Geometrical transformations
(1) Reflection in the x-axis : If P ' ( x ', y ' ) is the reflection of the point P ' ( x, y ) on the x-axis, then the matrix
0 0 
 1 −1 describes the reflection of a point P ( x, y ) in the x-axis.
 
 −1 0 
(2) Reflection in the y-axis Here the matrix is  
 0 1
 −1 0 
(3) Reflection through the origin Here the matrix is  
 0 −1
 0 1
(4) Reflection in the line y = x Here the matrix is  
1 0
 0 −1
(5) Reflection in the line y = − x tan Here the matrix is  
 −1 0 
cos2 sin2 
(6) Reflection in y = x tan Here matrix is  
 sin2 − cos2 
cos − sin 
(7) Rotation through an angle  Here the matrix is  
 sin cos 
ANSWER
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. b
8. a 9. a 10. a 11. b 12. b 13. b 14. a
15. b 16. b 17. a 18. c 19. c 20. c 21. d
22. b 23. d 24. c 25. C 26. a 27. a 28. a
29. a 30. b 31. c 32. b 33. c 34. c 35. b
36. b 37. a 38. b 39. a 40. b 41. A 42. a

43. c 44. c 45. b
Page 19 of 66
Exercise-01
Matrices
Types and Algebra
1. In a skew symmetric matrix, the diagonal elements are all

(a) (b) Zero
Different from each other
(c) One (d) None of these
 1 2
2. If M =   and M − M − I2 = 0, then  =
2
 2 3 
(a) −2 (b) 2 (c) −4 (d) 4
cos − sin  cos  − sin  

3. If A =   and B =   , then the correct relation is
 sin cos   sin  cos  
2 2
(a) A = B (b) A + B = B − A
(c) AB = BA (d) None of these
 1 0 1
4. If A = 0 1 1 , than A is
 1 0 0 
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew Symmetric (c) Non - singular (d) Singular
1 0 0 
If A = 0 1 0  , then A =
2
5.
a b −1
(a) Unit matrix (b) Null matrix (c) A (d) − A
If A = 
1 1
6.  then An =
0 1
1 n  n n 
(a)   (b)  
0 1  0 n 
n 1  1 1
(c)   (d)  
0 n  0 n 
2 −1 4  5 0 3 
7. If 2 A + 3B =   and A + 2B =   ,then B =
3 2 5  1 6 2 
8 −1 2  8 1 2
(a)   (b)
1 10 −1 −1 10 −1
8 1 −2  8 1 2 
(c)   (d)  
 −1 10 −1 1 10 1
Page 20 of 66
m 
8. If  m n    =  25 and m  n, then ( m, n ) =
n
(a) ( 2,3 ) (b) ( 3,4 ) (c) ( 4,3 ) (d) None of these
 1 3  + 2
9. If the matrix 2 4 8  is singular, then 
3 5 10 
(a) −2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) −4
 ab b2  n
10. If A =   and A = O, then the minimum value of n is
 −a2 −ab 
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
1/ 3 2  3 6 
11. If A =   ,B =   and AB = I , then x =
 0 2x − 3 0 −1
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
 1 
12. If A =   , then for what value of , A2 = O
 −1 − 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) 1
0 1 −2 
13. 
If A =  −1 0 5  , then
 2 −5 0 
' ' '
(a) A = A (b) A = − A (c) A = 2 A (d) None of these
14. If AT , BT are transpose matrices of the square matrices A, B respectively, then ( AB )T is equal to
T T T T T T
(a) A B (b) AB (c) BA (d) B A
 −5 4 0 
15. If A = 1 2 3  and B =  0 2 −1 , then AB =
 1 −3 2 
 −5 4 0  3 
(a)  0 4 −2  (b)  1
 3 −9 6   1
 −5 8 0 
(c)  −2 −1 4  (d)  0 4 −3 
 1 −6 6 
 2 −3  a c   1 4 
16. If  − =  , then a, b, c, d  =
 4 0  b d  2 −5
(a) (1,6,2,5 ) (b) (1,2,7,5 )
(c) (1,2, −7,5 ) (d) ( −1, −2,7, −5 )
Page 21 of 66
 1 2 2
If A = 2 1 2  , then A − 4 A is equal to
2
17.
2 2 1
(a) 2l3 (b) 3I3 (c) 4I3 (d) 5I3
 0 2 0 1 2 3
18. If A =  0 0 3  and B = 3 4 5  , then the element of third row and third column in AB will be
 
 −2 2 0  5 −4 0 
(a) −18 (b) 4 (c) −12 (d) None of these
2 0 0 
If A = 0 2 0  , then A =
5
19.
0 0 2 
(a) 5A (b) 10A (c) 16A (d) 32A
0 1
20. If A =   and AB = O, then B =
0 0 
1 1  0 1
(a)   (b)  
1 1  −1 0 
0 −1  −1 0 
(c)   (d)  
1 0   0 0
21. If A and B are square matrices of order 2,then ( A + B )2 =

2 2 2 2
(a) A + 2 AB + B (b) A + AB + BA + B
2 2
(c) A + 2BA + B (d) None of these
1 0
0 0
2 3 0 0 
22. If  , then A is
4 5 6 0
 
7 8 9 10 
(a) An upper triangular matrix (b) A null matrix
(c) A lower triangular matrix (d) None of these
If A = diag ( 2, −1,3 ) , B = diag ( −1,3,2 ) , then A B =

2
23.
(a)diag ( 5,4,11) (b)diag ( −4,3,18 ) (c) diag ( 3,1,8 ) (d) B
 cos sin   sin − cos 

24. cos  + sin  =
 − sin cos  cos sin 
(a) 
0 0
(b) 
1 0
0 0
   0 0 
(c) 
1
(d) 
0 1 0
1 0  0 1
 
25. If I is a unit matrix, then 3I will be

(a) A unit matrix (b) A triangular matrix
(c) A scalar matrix (d) None of these
Page 22 of 66
If A = 
1 a
26.  , then A4 is equal to
 0 1
1 a4 
(b) 
4 4a 
(a)  
0 1  0 4
 
4 a4 
(d) 
1 4a 
(c)  
0 4  0 1 
5 −1
If 
3 1
27.  X =  , then X =
 4 1 2 3 
−3 −4 
(a) 
4 
(b) 
3
14 −13  
 −14 13 
−3
(c) 
4
(d) 
3 4
14 13  
 −14 13 
a h g   x 
28. The order of  x y z   h b f   y  is
g f c   z 
(a) 3  1 (b) 1 1
(c) 1 3 (d) 3  3
29. If A and B are two matrices and ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2 , then

2 2 2 2
(a) AB = BA (b) A + B = A − B
' '
(c) A B = AB (d) None of these
5 −3  6 −4 
30. A= and B =  , then A − B =
2 4   3 6 
11 −7  −1 1 
(a)   (b)  
5 10   −1 −2
−7 
(c) 
11 7 
(d) 
12
 −10 
 5 10  5
− x x 2
31. 
The value of x for which the given matrix  2 x − x  will be non-singular are
 x −2 − x 
(a) −2  x  2 (b) For all x other than 2 and −2
(c) x  2 (d) x  −2
32. If A and B are square matrices of same order , then

(a) A + B = B + A (b) A + B = A − B
(c) A − B = B − A (d) AB = BA
If A = 
3 1
33.  , then A2 =
−
 1 2
−5  8 −5 
(a)  (b) 
8
 −5 3  5 3
 
−5 
(c)  (d) 
8 8 5
−
 5 −3   −5 3 
Page 23 of 66
 1 3 0  2 3 4
34.  
If A =  −1 2 1 , B =  1 2 3  , then AB =
 0 0 2  −1 1 2 
 5 9 13   5 9 13 
(a)  −1 2 4  (b)  −1 2 4 
 −1 2 4   −2 2 4 
 1 2 4
(c)  −1 2 4  (d) None of these
 −2 2 4 
If A = 
1 1 0 1
35.  , B =  1 0  then AB =
 0 1  
(a) 
0 0
(b) 
1 1
0 0  1 0 
(c) 
1 0
(d) 
1 1
0 1  0 1

−i 
If A = 
0
and B =  , then ( A + B )( A − B ) is equal to
i 0
36. 
0 i  −i 0 
2 2
(a) A − B
2 2
(b) A + B
2 2
(c) A − B + BA + AB
(d) None of these
1 −2  −1 4  −1
37. If A =   ,B= 
0
,C =  then 5 A − 3B − 2C =
3 0   2 3 1 0 
8 −20 
(a)  (b) 
8 20 
7 9  7

−9 
−8 20 
(c)  (d) 
8 7
−7 9    20 −9 
0   −2
If 
x 1 3 5   2 4
38. + = − , then
1 y   3 4  6 3  2 1
(a) x = −3, y = −2
(b) x = 3, y = −2
(c) x = 3, y = 2
(d) x = −3, y = 2
−1 0 
If A =  and B = 
1 2
39.  , then
 −3 0   2 3
2
(a) A = A (b) B2 = B (c) AB  BA (d) AB + BA
1 2 3
40. In order that the matrix  4 5 6  be non-singular,  should not be equal to
3  5 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Page 24 of 66
3  2
41. If U =  2 − 3 4, X = 0 23, V =  2  and Y =  2  , then UY + XY =
 1  4 
(a) 20 (b)  −20  (c) −20 (d)  20 
2
If A = 123, B =  3  and C = 
1 5
42. , then which of the following is defined
 0 2
 4 
(a) AB (b) BA (c) ( AB ) .C (d) ( AC ) .B
43. The matrix product AB = O, then

(a) A = O and B = O
(b) A = O or B = O
(c) A is null matrix
(d) None of these
If A = 
1 0 0 0 
44.  ,B =   , then
2 0   1 12
(a) AB = O, BA = O
(b) AB = O, BA  O
(c) AB  O, BA = O
(d) AB  O, BA  O
2 5 −7 
45. The matrix 0 3 11 is known as
0 0 9 
(a) Symmetric matrix (b) Diagonal matrix
(c) Upper triangular matrix (d) Skew symmetric matrix
If the matrix 
b
is commutative with the matrix 
a 1 1
46.   , then
c d 0 1
(a) a = 0, b = c (b) b = 0, c = d
(c) c = 0, d = a (d) d = 0, a = b
1
 −1 2 1 − 1 =
47.   
 2 
2
(a)  −1 (b)  −1
 −2 
 2 1 −1
(c)  −2 −1 1  (d) Not defined
 4 2 −2 
1 2 3  x 
48. If 1 x 1 0 5 1  1  = 0, then x =
0 3 2   −2 
Page 25 of 66
(a) 3/4 (b) 1 (c) 5/4 (d) 1/4
−2
If A =  and f ( t ) = t 2 − 3t + 7, then f ( A ) + 
1 3 6
49.  is equal to
4 5  −12 −9 
(a) 
1 0
(b) 
0 0
(c) 
1 0
(d) 
1 1
0 1  0 0
  0 1
  0 0 
 0 0 −1
50. Let A =  0 −1 0  , the only correct statement about the matrix A is.
 −1 0 0 
 
2
(a) A = l
(b) A = ( −1) I, where I is a unit matrix
−1
(c) A does not exist
(d) A is a zero matrix
If A = 
2
and kA = 
0 0 3a 
51.  , then the value of k , a, b are respectively
3 −4  2b 24 
(a) −6, −12, −18 (b) −6,4,9 (c) −6, −4, −9 (d) −6,12,18
2 + x 3 4
52. If  1 −1 2  is a singular matrix, then x is.
 x 1 −5 
13 25 5 25
(a) (b) − (c) (d)
25 13 13 13
1 1 0
53. For the matrix A =  1 2 1 , which of the following is correct
2 1 0 
(a) A3 + 3 A2 − I = O
(b) A3 − 3 A2 − I = O
3 2
(c) A + 2 A − I = O
3 2
(d) A − A + I = O
 2  −4 
54. If A =  −1 3 4  is non singular, if
 1 −2 −3 
(a)   −2 (b)   2 (c)   3 (d)   −3
What must be the matrix X if 2X + 

1 2  3 8 
55. =
 3 4  7 2
1 −3  2 −6 
(a) 
3
(b)  (c) 
6
(d) 
1 2
2 −1 2 −1
  4 −2 4 −2  
0 −1
56. If matrix A =   , then A16 =
1 0 
0 −2  −1 0 
(b) 
1
(c)  (d) 
1 0
(a) 
0
1 0  1 0  0 1
  0 1 
Page 26 of 66
If A = 
1 1
57.  , then A100 =
1 1
100 99 101
(a) 2 A (b) 2 A (c) 2 A (d)None of these
 1 0 −k 
58. Matrix A =  2 1 3  is invertible for
 k 0 1 
(a) k = 1 (b) k = −1 (c) k = 0 (d) All real k
The value of a for which the matrix A = 

a 2
59.  is singular if
2 4
(a) 2,2,3,4 (b) 2,3,1,2 (c) 3,3,0,1 (d) None of these
−1
If A = 
2
60.  and I is the unit matrix of order 2, then A2 equals
 −1 2 
(a) 4 A − 3I (b) 3A − AI (c) A − I (d) A + I
 i 0 −i   −i i 
If P =  0   
61. −i i  and Q =  0 0  , then PQ is equal to
 −i 0   i −i 
 i 
 −2 2  2 −2 
(a)  1 
−1 (b)  −1 1 
 1 −1  −1 1 
  
 1 0 0
(d)  0 1 0 
−2 
(c) 
2

 −1 1  0 0 1
 
3 
7 1 2    4
62. 9 2 1  4  + 2  2  is equal to
    
5 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  

43 43 45 44
 44   45   44   45 
Page 27 of 66
Exercise-01
Solutions
1. Sol (b)
2.Sol (d) M −  M − I2 = 0,
2
 1 2  1 2   2   1 0 
  − −  =O
2 3  2 3  2 3  0 1
5 8    2   1 0 
 − − =0
8 13  2 3  0 1
 5− 8 − 2   1 0 
 =
8 − 2 13 − 3  0 1
 5 −  = 1,8 − 2 = 013 − 3 = 1
  = 4,
Which satisfies all the three equations?
cos  − sin  cos  − sin  
3.Sol (c) Clearly, AB =  
 sin cos    sin  cos  
cos ( +  ) − sin ( +  ) 
=  = BA (verify ) .
 sin ( +  ) cos ( +  ) 
 1 0 1
4.Sol (c)  = 0 1 1 = −1  0, hence matrix is non - singular.
 1 0 0 
1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
5.Sol (a) A2 = A.A = 0 1 0  0 1 0  = 0 1 0  = I
a b −1 a b −1 0 0 1
6.Sol (a) A2 = 
1 1  1 1  1 2
=
 0 1 0 1 0 1
and A3 = A2 .A = 
1 2  1 1  1 3 
=
0 1 0 1 0 1
 1 n − 1  1 1  1 n 
 An = An −1.A =  =
0 1  0 1 0 1
−1 4 
7.Sol (b)Given, 2 A + 3B = 
2
...... (i)
3 2 5 
and A + 2B = 
5 0 3

 1 6 2
10 0 6 
 2 A + 4B =   ...... (ii)
 2 12 4 
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
 −8 −1 −2 8 1 2
 −B =   B=
1 −10 1  −1 10 −1
2 2
8.Sol (b)Here m + n = 25 and m  n. Hence, ( m, n ) = ( 3,4 )
 1 3  + 2
9.Sol (b)The matrix 2 4 8  is singular
3 5 10 
Page 28 of 66
 1 3  + 2
If 2 4 8  = 0
3 5 10 
 1( 40 − 40 ) − 3 ( 20 − 24 ) + (  + 2 )(10 − 12 ) = 0
 2 (  + 2 ) = 12   = 4.
2
 ab b2   ab b2 
10. Sol (a) A = A.A =   
 −a2 −ab   −a2 −ab 
a 2 b 2 − a 2 b 2 ab3 − ab3 
= =0
 −a3 b + a3 b −a2b2 + a2b2 
 A3 = A.A2 = 0 and An = 0, for all n  2
11. Sol (b) AB = 

1/ 3 2  3 6  1 0  1 0
= =I =
 0 2x − 3  0 −1 0 3 − 2 x  
0 1
 3 − 2 x = 1 or x = 1.
  1    1   − 1 0 
2
12. Sol (b) A2 = A.A =    =  =0
 −1 −   −1 −   0 −1 +  2 
  2 − 1 = 0   = 1
 0 −1 2 
13. Sol (b) A ' =  1 0 −5  = − A.
 −2 5 0 
14. Sol (d)By property.
 −5 4 0 
15. Sol (c) AB = 1 2 3   0 2 −1 =  −2 −1 4 .
 1 −3 2 
−3  a
16. Sol (c) 
2 c  1 4
− =
4 0  b d  2 −5 
a c  2 −3   1 4   1 −7
 = − =
b d   4 0  2 −5  2 5 
 ( a, b, c, d ) = (1,2, −7,5 )
 1 2 2
17. Sol (d) A = 2 1 2 
2 2 1
 1 2 2   1 2 2  9 8 8 
 A = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 8 9 8 
2
2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9 
 9 8 8   4 8 8  5 0 0 
 A − 4 A = 8 9 8  − 8 4 8  = 0 5 0  = 5I3 .
2
8 8 9  8 8 4  0 0 5 
18. Sol (b)In the product AB, the required element

C33 = ( −2 ) 3 + 2.5 + 0.0 = −6 + 10 = 4.
19.
Page 29 of 66
25 0 0
2 0 0    2 0 0 
Sol (c) A = 0 2 0   A5 =  0 25 0  = 2 0 2 0 
4
   
0 0 2 0 0 25  0 0 2
 
= 16 A.
1  −1 0  0 0 
20. Sol (d)Since A = 
0
 =  = 0 = AB
 0 0   0 0  0 0 
 −1 0 
B= 
 0 0
21. Sol (b)It is obvious.
22. Sol (c)Since a square matrix A whose elements aij = 0 for
i  j . Then A is the Lower triangular matrix.
2 0 0  2 0 0   −1 0 0 
23. Sol (b) A B = ( A.A ) B = 0 −1 0  0 −1 0  .  0 3 0 
2
0 0 3  0 0 3   0 0 2 
 4 0 0   −1 0 0   −4 0 0 
= 0 1 0   0 3 0  =  0 3 0 
0 0 9   0 0 2  0 0 18 
cos sin   sin − cos 
24. Sol (d) cos  + sin 
 − sin cos  cos sin 
cos2  + sin2  0  1 0
= = 
 0 cos2  + sin2   0 1
25. Sol (c)It is based on fundamental concept.
26. Sol (d) A2 = A.A = 

1 a   1 a   1 2a 
 = 
 0 1  0 1 0 1 
 1 a   1 2a   1 3a 
A3 = A.A2 =   = 
 0 1  0 1   0 1 
 1 a   1 3a   1 4a 
A4 = A.A3 =   = 
 0 1  0 1   0 1 
−1  −3
27. Sol (a) 
3 1 5 4 
 X =  X =
 4 1 2 3 14 −13 
3 1  −3 −1
Since 
4  5
 =
 4 1 14 −13  2 3 
28. Sol (b)Order will be (1 3 )( 3  3 )( 3  1) = (1 1)
29.
Sol (a)Since ( )( )
A+B A − B = A2 − B 2 ,
By matrix distribution law,

 A2 − AB + BA − B 2 = A2 − B 2
 BA − AB = 0  BA = AB.
−3  −4 
30. Sol (b) A =  6
5
 and B =  ,
2 4 3 6 
 −1 1 
A−B =  .
 −1 −2
Page 30 of 66
− x x 2
31. Sol (b)Given Matrix  2 x − x  will be non-singular,
 x −2 − x 
− x x 2
If  2 x − x   0

 x −2 − x 
( ) (
 − x − x 2 − 2x − x x 2 − 2x + −4 − x 2  0 ) ( )
 2x 2 − 8  0  x 2  4
 x  2.
32. Sol (a) It is obvious. (By commutative law).
33. Sol (d) A = 
3 1
− 
 1 2
 3 1  3 1
A2 = A.A =   
 −1 2  −1 2
8 5
A2 = 
 −5 3 
 5 9 13 
34. Sol (b) AB =  −1 2 4 
 −2 2 4 
35. Sol (b) A = 

1 1 0 1 1 1
 ,B =    AB =  
0 1  1 0 1 0 
− i   0 1
36. Sol (a)Here AB = 
i 0  0
=
0 i   −i 0   1 0 
−i
and BA = 
0  0 i  0 1
=
0 −i   i 0   1 0 
Since AB = BA, therefore ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2 .
−10   −3 12 0 −2
37. Sol (b) 5 A − 3B − 2C = 
5
− −
15 0   6 9  2 0 
 5+3−2 −10 − 12 + 2 8 −20 
15 − 6 − 2 0−9  = 7 −9 
  
38. Sol (b)Since x − 2 = 3 − 2  x = 3
and y + 4 = 3 − 1  y = −2
−5
39. Sol (c)Since, A2 =     
1 2 1 2 2
 = A
 −3 0   −3 0   −3 −6 
 −1 0   −1 0   1 0 
B2 =   = B
 2 3  2 3 4 9
2  −1 0  3
Now, AB = 
1 6
=
 −.3 0   2 3  3 0 
−1 0   1 2  −1 −2
and BA =   =
 2 3   −3 0   −7 4 
Obviously, AB  BA.
1 2 3
40. Sol (d)Matrix  4 5 6  be non singular,
3  5 
Page 31 of 66
1 2 3
only if 4 5 6  0
3  5
 1( 25 − 6 ) − 2 ( 20 − 18 ) + 3 ( 4 − 15 )  0
 25 − 6 − 4 + 12 − 45  0
 6 − 24  0    4
41. Sol (d) UV =  4  and XY = 16; UV + XY =  20 
42. Sol (a,b) Since order of A is 1 3 and that of B is 3  1 therefore AB and BA must be defined and their
order will be 1 1 and 3  3 respectively.
43. Sol (d)It is property.
44. Sol (b) AB = 
1 0  0 0  0 0 
= =0
 2 0   1 12 0 0 
While AB = 
1 0  0 0  0 0 
= =0
 2 0   1 12 0 0 
45. Sol (c)We know that if all the elements below the diagonal in the matrix are zero, then it is an upper
triangular matrix.
46. Sol (c)Matrix 
b
is commutative with 
a 1 1
c d   1
0 
a b   1 1  1 1 a b
 AB = BA   =
c d  0 1 0 1 c d 
a a + b  a + c b + d
 =
c c + d   c d 
 a = a + c  c = 0 and a + b = b + d  a = d
1  2 1 −1
 
47. Sol (c)  −1  2 1 −1 =  −2 −1 1 
 2   4 2 −2
1 2 3  x 
48. Sol (c) 1x 1 0 5 1  1  = 0
0 3 2   −2 
x
 12 + 5 x + 33 + x + 2  1  = 0
 −2
5
 x + ( 2 + 5 x + 3 ) + ( −2 )( 3 + x + 2 ) = 0  x = .
4
−2
49. Sol (b)Given that, A = 
1
and f ( t ) = t 2 − 3t + 7
4 5 
1 −2  1 −2  −7 −12
Now, A2 =  =
4 5   4 5  24 17 
Now, f ( A ) = A2 − 3 A + 7
 −7 6 1 −2  1 0   −3 −6 
=  −3  + 7 =
 −12 −9  4 5 0 1 12 9 
 3 6   −3 −6   3 6  0 0
 f ( A) +  = + = .
 −12 −9  12 9   −12 −9  0 0 
 0 0 −1
50. Sol (a)Let A =  0 −1 0 
 −1 0 0 
 
Check by options
Page 32 of 66
 0 0 −1 0 0 −1
(i) A2 =  0 −1 0  
 0 −1 0 
 −1 0 0  −1 0 0 
  
 1 0 0
2  
A = 0 1 0 = I
 0 0 1
 
 −1 0 0 
(ii) ( −1) I =  0 −1 0   A
 0 0 −1
 
(iii) | A |= 1  0  A−1 exists.
(iv) Clearly A, is not a zero matrix.
51. Sol (c)Given, kA = 
0 3a  0 2 0 3a 
 k =
2b 24  3 −4  2b 24 
 2k = 3a,3k = 2b, −4k = 24
2k 3k
a= , b = , k = −6
3 2
 k = −6, a = −4, b = −9
2+ x 3 4
52. Sol (b)Given 1 −1 2 = 0
x 1 −5
 ( 2 + x )( 5 − 2 ) − 3 ( −5 − 2 x ) + 4 (1 + x ) = 0
 6 + 3 x + 15 + 6 x + 4 + 4 x = 0
25
 13 x = −25  x = −
13
 1 1 0   1 1 0   2 3 1
53. Sol (b) A = AA =  1 2 1  1 2 1 = 5 6 2
2
2 1 0  2 1 0  3 4 1

 2 3 1  1 1 0   7 9 3 
 A3 = A2 A = 5 6 2  1 2 1 = 15 19 6 
3 4 1 2 1 0   9 12 4 
1 0 0
Here, A − 3 A = 0 1 0  = I  A3 − 3 A2 − I = 0
3 2
0 0 1
 2  −4 
54. Sol (a)The given matrix A =  −1 3 4  is non singular,
 1 −2 −3 
if | A | 0
2  −4 1  +3 0
| A |= −1 3 4 = −1 3 4 ,R1 → R2 + R1 
1 −2 −3 1 −2 −3
1  +3 0
R2 → R2 + R3 
= 0 1 1 R → R − R 
0 − − 5 −3  3 3 1
= 1( −3 +  + 5 )  0   + 2  0    −2
55. Sol (a) 2x =    

3 8 1 2
 − 2 4 
 7 2   
Page 33 of 66
2 6 1 3
2x =   X =
4 −2 2 −1
−1
56. Sol (d)Given, Matrix A = 
0
1 0 
−1 0 −1  −1 0 
We know that A2 = A.A = 
0
 = 
 1 0   1 0   0 −1
Therefore
8 ( −1)8 0  1 0
( )  −1 0 
8
A16 = A2 =  =  = 
 0 −1  0 ( −1)8  0 1

57. Sol (b) A = 

1 1

1 1
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
A2 =   1 1 = 2 2 = 2 1 1
1 1     
1 1 1 1 2 1 1
A3 = 2   1 1 = 2 1 1
1 1   
1 1 1 1
An = 2n −1  A
100
= 299  99
 = 2 .A.
1 1 1 1
58. Sol (d) On expansion, A = k 2 + 1, Which can be never zero . Hence matrix A is
invertible for all real k.
1 2
59. Sol (b)Put a = 1; A = = 4−4 = 0
2 4
Hence, A is a singular matrix for a = 1 .
−4  3 0   5 −4 
60.  4 A − 3I =  8 − = .
 −4 8  0 3   −4 5 
61. Sol (b) First note that PQ must be of order 3  2 and its (1,1)th
entry is i ( −i ) + 0 − i ( i ) = 2.
62.
3 
7 1 2    35  35  8   43 
Sol (a)    4 =   ;    +   =   .
9 2 1  5   40   40   4   44 
 
Page 34 of 66
Exercise-02
Matrices
Transpose, Adjoint, Inverse, Solution of Equation
 3 −2 −1
1. Inverse of the matrix  −4 1 −1 is
 2 0 1 
1 2 3  1 −2 5 
(a)  3 3 7  (b) 7 4 6 
 −2 −4 −5   4 2 7 
1 2 3  1 2 −4 
(c)  2 5 7  (d) 8 −4 −5 
 −2 −4 −5  3 5 2 
2. If A and B are non-singular matrices, then

(a) ( AB )−1 = A−1B −1
(b) AB = BA
(c) ( AB ) ' = A ' B '
(d) ( AB )−1 = B −1A−1
 −4 −3 −3 
3. Ad joint of the matrix  1 0 1  is
 4 4 3 
(a) N (b) 2N (c) −N (d) None of these
4. From the following find the correct relation

(a) ( AB ) ' = A ' B '
(b) ( AB ) ' = B ' A '
−1 adjA
(c) A =
A
(d) ( AB )−1 = A−1B −1
5. If k is a scalar and I is a unit matrix of order 3, then adj (kI) =

3 2 3 2
(a) k I (b) k I (c) −k I (d) −k I
6. Suppose A is a matrix of order 3 and B =| A | A−1. If | A |= −5 then | B | is equal to

(a) 1 (b) −5 (c) −1 (d) 25
Let A = 
1 2
7. and A−1 = xA + yI, then the value of x and y are
 −5 1
−1 2
(a) x = ,y =
11 11
Page 35 of 66
−1 −2
(b) x = ,y =
11 11
1 2
(c) x = , y =
11 11
1 −2
(d) x = , y =
11 11
 1 2 1
8. The element of second row and third column in the inverse of  2 1 0  is.
 −1 0 1
(a) −2 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) 2
9. If A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB − BA will be a

(a) Symmetric matrix
(b) Skew symmetric matrix
(c) Null matrix
(d) None of these
10. An orthogonal matrix is

cos 2sin  cos  sin 
(a)   (b) 
 −2sin cos    − sin  cos  
cos  sin  
(d) 
1 1
(c) 
 sin  cos   
1 1
−1
11. If A and B are square matrices of the same order and AB = 3I, then A is equal to
1 1 −1
(a) 3B (b) B (c) 3B −1 (d) B
3 3
( )
2
−1
12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2 , then ABA =
2 2 2 2
(a) A B (b) A (c) B (d) I
−3 
The inverse of 
2
13. is
 −4 2 
(c) 1 
2 3
(d) 1 
3 2
(a) −1 
2 3
(b) −1 
3 2
8  4 2 8 2 4  8  4 2 8 2 4 
1
14. If A is a square matrix, A' its transpose, then ( A − A ' ) is
2
(a) A symmetric matrix
(b) A skew symmetric
(c) A unit matrix
(d) An elementary matrix
cos sin 
15. The adjoint of the matrix  is
 − sin cos 
cos − sin  sin cos 
(a)  (b) 
 sin cos   cos  sin 
cos sin  − sin cos 
(c)  (d) 
 sin
− cos   cos sin 
Page 36 of 66
16. If A is a square matrix, then which of the following matrix is not symmetric
(a) A + A ' (b) AA ' (c) A ' A (d) A − A '
cos  sin  k 0
17. If A =  and Aadj A = , then k is equal to
 − sin cos   0
 k 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin  cos  (d) cos 2
18. If a matrix A is such that 3 A3 + 2 A2 + 5 A + I = 0, then its inverse is
(
(a) − 3 A2 + 2A + 5I ) (b) 3 A2 + 2 A + 5I (c) 3 A2 − 2 A − 5I (d) None of these
19. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then

(a) ( AB )' = A'B'
(b) ( AB )' = B' A '
(c) AB = O;IF A = 0 or B = 0
(d) AB = O; If A = I or B = I
20. The inverse of symmetric matrix is

(a) Symmetric (b) Skew Symmetric
(c) Diagonal matrix (d) None of these
 1 −2 2 
21. If A = 0 2 −3  , then A.adj(A) is equal to
3 −2 4 
 5 1 1 5 0 0 
(a)  1 5 1 ` (b) 0 5 0 
 1 1 5  0 0 5 
8 0 0  0 0 0 
(c) 0 8 0  (d) 0 0 0 
0 0 8  0 0 0 
cos2 − sin2 
22. Inverse of the matrix  is
 sin2 cos2 
cos2 − sin2  cos 2 sin2 
(a)  (b) 
 sin2 cos2   sin2 − cos 2 
cos 2 sin2  cos2 sin2 
(c)  ` (d) 
 sin2 cos 2   − sin2 cos2 
x + 2
If  x=
4
23. is symmetric, then
2 x − 3 x + 1
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 4
 1 −1 1 
If A = 0 2 −3  and B = ( adj A ) , and C = 5 A, then
| adjB |
24. =
|C |
2 1 0 
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) −1 (d) 1
Page 37 of 66
 0 −4 1 
25. Matrix  4 0 −5  is
 −1 5 0 
(a) Orthogonal (b) Idempotent
(c) Skew-symmetric (d) Symmetric
−2
If A 
1
26. , then A + AT equals
5 3 
−4 
(a) 
2 3
(b) 
2
 3 6  10 6 
(c) 
2 4
(d) None of these
 −10 6 
−1
27. If for the matrix A, A3 = I, then A =
2 3
(a) A (b) A (c) A (d) None of these
28. If A is a singular matrix, then adj A is

(a) Singular (b) Non-singular (c) Symmetric (d) Not defined
 3 1 
   1 1
29. If 
P
2
 1
2 
3 
,A = 
 0 1
T
 and Q = PAP , then P Q

2005
( )
PT equal to
− 
 2 2 
 3 / 2 2005 
(a) 
1 2005 
(b)  
 0 1    1 0 
 1 2005  1 3 / 2
(c)   (d)  
 3/2 1  0 2005 
1 −1
30. If matrix A =   , then
1 1 
(a) A = 
1 1

1 −1
(b) A−1 = 
1
1

 −1 1
(c) A.  
1 1
 = 2I
 −1 1
 − 
(d)  A =  where  is a non zero scalar
1 −1
If A = 
4
, then A ( adjA ) =
3
31.
5 7 
(a) I (b) | A | (c) | A | I (d) None of these
32. Which one of the following is correct

(a) Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is non-singular
(b) Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is singular
(c) Skew-symmetric matrix of even order is always singular
(d) None of these
Page 38 of 66
1 0 0 1 0 0
−1 1 2
33.  
A 0 1 1 ,I = 0 1 0  A =  A + cA + dI  where, c, d  R, then pair of value ( c, d )
6 
0 −2 4  0 0 1
(a) ( 6,11) (b) ( 6, −11) (c) ( −6,11) (d) ( −6, −11)
( A−1)
3
If A = 
3 2
34.  , then is equal to
0 1
(a) 1  1 −26  (b) 1  −1 26 

   
27  0 27  27  0 27 
(c) 1  1 −26  (d) 1  −1 −26 

   
27  0 −27  27  0 −27 
 1 a 2
35. The matrix  1 2 5  is not invertible, if 'a' has the value
 2 1 1
 
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) −1
3 2 4 
−1 1
36. If matrix A =  1 2 −1 and A = adj ( A ) , then K is
K
0 1 1 
1
(a) 7 (b) −7 (c) (d) 11
7
−2
If A = 
6
37. then adj (A)
 −5 7 
7 −6  2 −6 
(a)  (b) 
5 −2   5 −7  
7 −5 
(c)  (d) None of these
6 −2  
.
The multiplicative inverse of matrix 
2 1
38.  is
7 4
−1
(a) 
4
 −7 −2 
−4 −1
(b) 
7 −2 
4 −7 
(c) 
7 2 
−1
(d) 
4
 −7 2 
 1 2 −3 
39. The element in the first row and third column of the inverse of the matrix 0 1 2  is
0 0 1 
(a) −2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 7
T
40. For any square matrix A, AA is a
Page 39 of 66
(a) unit matrix

(b) Symmetric matrix
(c) Skew symmetric matrix
(d) Diagonal matrix
  −1 4 
41. The matrix  −3 0 1 is invertible, it
 −1 1 2 
(a)   −15 (b)   −17 (c)   −16 (d)   −18
−x −y 
42. If X =  then transpose of adj X is
z t 
(a) 
z 
(b) 
t t y 
−y − x   −z − x 
−z 
(c) 
t
(d) None of these
y − x 
0 5 −7 
43. 
The matrix  −5 0 11 is known is
 7 −11 0 
(a) Upper triangular matrix (b) Skew symmetric matrix
(c) Symmetric matrix (d) diagonal matrix
 2 1
If A = 
1 −2 1  
44.  and B =  3 2  , then ( AB )T is equal to
2 1 3  
 1 1
−3 −2  −3 10 
(a)   (b)  
10 7  −2 7 
−3 7 
(c)   (d) None of these
10 2 
 1 −1 1   4 2 2
45. Let A =  2 1 −3  and (10 ) B =  −5 0   . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then  is.
1 1 1   1 −2 3 
   
(a) 5 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) −2
The inverse of a matrix A = 

a b
46.  is
c d
−b  −b 
(a)  d
d 1
 (b)
 −c a  ( ad − bc )  −c a 

b −a 
(c) 1  1 0
  (d)  
| A |  0 1 d −c 
cos − sin g 
47. If A =  , then which of the following statement is not correct?
 sin cos 
(a) A is orthogonal matrix (b) A' is orthogonal matrix
(c) Determinant A = 1 (d) A is not invertible
−1
If A − A + I = 0 then A =
2
48.
Page 40 of 66
−2
(a) A (b) A + I (c) I − A (d) A − I
(B−1A−1)
−1
−1
If A =  and B = 
2 2 0 =
49.  then
 −3 2 1 0 
2 −2  3 −2 
(a)  (b) 
2 3  2 2
 
(c) 1  2 2 (d) 1 
3 2
10  −2 3  10  −2 2
50. A square matrix A = aij  in which aij = 0 for i  j and aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a
(a) Unit matrix (b) Scalar matrix (c) Null matrix (d) Diagonal matrix
−1
If A = 
2
and B =   , AX = B, then X =
3
51. 
2 −1  1
(a) 5 7 
(b) 1  
5
3 7 
1
(c) 5 7 
3
(d)  
5
 
7
0 3 
 and A =  ( adj ( A ) ) then  =
52. −1
A
 2 0 
−1 1 −1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 6
If A = 
4 2
53. , then |adj A| is equal to
3 4 
(a) 16 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) None of these
 1 −3 −4 
54. The matrix A =  −1 3 4  is nilpotent of index
 1 −3 −4 
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
If A = 
2 5
and B = 
0 3
55.  , then
3 7  4 1
(a) | AB |=| A || B |
(b) | AB |=| A |
(c) | AB |=| B |
(d) | AB |= − | A || B |
4 1 0 0
56. Rank of matrix 3 0 1 0  is
 6 0 2 0 
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
Page 41 of 66
57. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then |A| is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 (d) None of these
58. The equation x + 2y = 3z = 1, 2 x + y + 3z = 2, 5 x + 5 y + 9z = 4, have

(a) Unique solution
(b) Infinitely many solutions
(c) Inconsistent
(d) None of these
2 0 0  1 2 3
59. If A = 0 2 0  and B = 0 1 3  , then |AB| is equal to
 
0 0 2  0 0 2 
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
60. Equations x + y = 2, 2 x + 2y = 3 will have

(a) Only one solution
(b) Many finite solution
(c) No solution
(d) None of these
61. The number of solution of the following equations

x2 − x3 = 1, − x1 + 2 x3 = −2, x1 + 2 x2 = 3 is.
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Infinite
 1 0 1
62. If A = 2 1 0  , then det A =
3 2 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
63. The number of solutions of the system of equations is

x − y + z = 2; 2 x + y − z = 5; 4 x − y + z = 10
(a)  (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
2 4 5 
64. If A =  4 8 10  . Then rank of A is equal to
 −6 −12 −15 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

if A = 
2
65.  and | A3 |= 125 then =
2  
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 0
1 1 1   x   0  x 
66. If 1 −2 −2  y  =  3  , then  y  is equal to
 
1 3 1   z   4   z 
1 1
(a) 1 (b)  −2 
1  3 
Page 42 of 66
1 1
(c)  −2  (d)  2 
 1   −3 
5 5a a 
67. Let A = 0 a 5a  , If | A2 |= 25, then | a | equal
0 0 5 
(a) 5 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/5 (d) 5
If A = 
1 3
68.  , then determinant of A2 − 2 A is
2 1
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) −5 (d) −25
69. If I is a unit matrix of order 10, then the determinant of I is equal to

(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 1/10 (d) 9
1 2 3 
70. If A = 1 4 9  , then the value of | adj A | is
1 8 27 
(a) 36 (b) 72 (c) 144 (d) None of these
Page 43 of 66
Exercise-02
Solutions
 3 −2 −1
1. Sol (c) Let A =  −4 1 −1
 2 0 1 
 3 −2 −1
then | A |=  −4 1 −1 = 1
 2 0 1 
The matrix of cofactors of A
C11 C12 C13   1 2 −2 
= C21 C22 C23  = 2 5 −4 
C31 C32 C33  3 7 −5 
1 2 3

Therefore, adj ( A ) =  2 5 7 
 −2 −4 −5 
1 2 3
, adj A =  2 5 7  ,
1
A −1
= | A |= 1
| A|
 −2 −4 −5 
2. Sol (d) ( AB )−1 = B −1A−1.

 −4 −3 −3 
3. Sol (a)The cofactor of N =  1 0 1  are
 4 4 3 
c11 = −4, c12 = 1, c13 = 4; c21 = −3, c22 = 0, c23 = 4
c31 = −3, c32 = 1, c33 = 3
 −4 −3 −3 
 adj N =  1 0 1  = N
 4 4 3 
4. Sol (b)It is obvious.
1 0 0 k 0 0 
5. Sol (b)Let I = 0 1 0  , then kI =  0 k 0 
0 0 1  0 0 k 
k 2 0 0
 
 adj ( kI ) =  0 k2 0  = k 2I
 
0 0 k2 
 
6. Sol (d) Here, | B |=| A || A−1 |= 25
| A |=| A |−1 
 
 1 2
7. Sol (a) A= 
 −5 1
adjA 1 1 −2
 A−1 = =
| A| 11 5 1 
Given A−1 = xA + yI
Page 44 of 66
1  1 −2  x 2x   y 0
 = +
11 5 1   −5 x x   0 y 
1 −2 −1 2
x+y = ,2x =  x = ,y =
11 11 11 11
−1
8. Sol (b)In A , the element of 2nd row and 3rd column is the
c32 element of the matrix ( cij ) of cofactors of element
of A, (due to transposition) divided by  =| A |= −2
( −1)3+2 M32 − ( −2)

 Required element = = = −1
−2 −2
where M32 = minor of c32 = in A = 
1 1
 = 0 − 2 = −2
2 0 
9. Sol (b) Since A,B are symmetric  A = A ' and B = B '
 ( AB − BA ) ' = ( AB ) ' = B ' A − A ' B
= − ( A ' B '− B ' A ' ) = − ( AB − BA )
 ( AB − BA ) is skew-symmetric.
10. Sol (b)A square matrix is to be orthogonal matrix if
A ' A = I = AA '
 cos  sin  cos  − sin 
A=  ,A' =  
 − sin cos    sin cos  
1 0 1 0
 AA ' =   ,A' A =  
0 1  0 1
 AA ' A ' A = I
11. Sol (b)Given, AB = 3I
 A−1 ( AB ) = A−1 ( 3I ) [Per multiplication by A−1 ]

 A−1AB = 3 A−1  IB = 3 A−1  A−1A = I 
 
1
 B = 3 A−1  A−1 = B.
3
12. Sol (c) ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2
 AB = BA
( ) = (BAA−1)
2 2
 ABA−1 = ( BI ) = B 2
2
−3  −3 
Sol (a)Let A =  2
2
13.  ,| A |=  = 4 − 12 = −8 \
 −4 2  −4 2 
The matrix of cofactors of the element of A viz.
 c11 c12   2 − ( −4 ) 2 4 
c  = =
 21 c22   − ( −3 ) 2  3 2 
 adjA = transpose of the matrix of cofactors of
element of A = 
2 3
4 2
1 1 2 3
 A−1 = adjA = .
 −8  4 2
1  1
Sol (b)Taking  ( A − A ' )  = ( A − A ) ' = ( A '− ( A ' ) )
1
14.
2  2 2
Since ( A ' ) ' = A
Page 45 of 66
1 1
= ( A '− A ) = ( A − A ' )
2 2
1
 ( A '− A ) is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
cos sin 
15. Sol (a)Let A = 
 − sin cos 
T
 cos + sin  cos − sin 
adj A =   =
 − sin cos   sin cos 
16. Sol (d)Since ( A + A ' ) ' = A '+ A = A + A ', so it is symmetric.
( AA ) ' = ( A ' ) ' A ' = AA ' , so it is symmetric.
( AA ) ' = A ' ( A ' ) ' = A ' A, so it is symmetric
But ( A − A ' ) = A '− A  A − A '. Hence it is not symmetric.
− ( − sin ) 
17. Sol (b)Let A =  cos 
 − sin cos  
The matrix of cofactors of the elements of A
 cos  − ( − sin ) 
= 
 − sin cos  
 cos  sin  cos  − sin 
 AadjA = 
 − sin cos    sin cos 
 1 0  k 0
= = (as given)  k = 1
0 1 0 k 
Alter : A (adj A)= |A| In = 1.In.

Hence k = 1
18. Sol (a) 3 A3 + 2 A2 + 5 A + I = 0 = −3 A3 − 2 A2 − 5 A
(
 IA−1 = −3 A2 − 2A − 5I  A−1 = − 3 A2 + 2A + 5I )
19. Sol (b) It is obvious.
20. Sol (a) let A be a symmetric matrix.
( ) =I
T
−1 −1
Then AA = I  AA
 ( A−1 ) AT = I  ( A−1 ) = ( AT )
T T −1
 ( A−1 ) = ( A ) , ( AT = A )
T −1
 A−1 is a symmetric matrix.

T
 1 −2 2   c11 c12 c13 
   
21. Sol (c) A = 0 2 −3  ; AdjA = c21 c22 c23 
3 −2 4  c31 c32 c33 
c11 = 8 − 6 = 2 c12 = − ( 0 + 9 ) = −9
c21 = − ( −8 + 4 ) = 4 c22 = 4 − 6 = −2
c31 = +6 − 4 = 2 c32 = − ( −3 − 0 ) = 3
c13 = 0 − 6 = −6
c23 = − ( −2 + 6 ) = −4
c33 = 2 − 0 = 2
Page 46 of 66
T
 2 −9 −6   2 4 2
 
 AdjA =  4 −2 −4  =  −9 −2 3 
 2 3 2   −6 −4 2
 1 −2 2   2 4 2  8 0 0 
 A.AdjA = 0 2 −3   −9 −2 3  = 0 8 0 
3 −2 4   −6 −4 2 0 0 8 
8 0 0 
Alter: A ( AdjA ) =| A | I = 8I = 0 8 0 
0 0 8 
cos 2 − sin2 
22. Sol (d)Let A =  ,| A |= 1
 sin2 cos 2 
 cos2 sin2 
adj ( A ) = 
 − sin2 cos2 
adj ( A )  cos2 sin2 
A−1 = =
| A|  − sin2 cos2 
23. Sol (b)Since the given matrix is symmetric, therefore
a12 = a21  x + 2 = 2 x − 3  x = 5 .
 1 −1 1 
24. Sol (d) | A |= 0 2 −3  = 13  + 1( 6 ) + 1 −4  = 5
2 1 0 
3 1 1
B = adjA =  −6 −2 3 
 −4 −3 2 
 5 −5 5 

adj B =  0 10 −15  = 5 Aand C = 5 A
10 5 0 
| adjB |
C = adjB;| C |=| adjB |; =1
|C |
| adjB | | adj ( adjA ) |
Trick: =
|C | |C |
| A |(
n −1)
2
54
= = =1
5n | A | 53  5
25. Sol (c) AT = − A. It is skew- symmetric.

1 −2 T  1 5 
26. Sol (a) A =   ,A =  
2 3 
, A + AT =  
5 3   −2 3  3 6 
27. Sol (a) A−1 = A2 ,because A3 = I.
28. Sol (a)Since | adjA |=| A |n −2 therefore | A | = 0
| adjA |= 0  adjA is also singular
29. Sol (a)Given Q = PAPT
 PT Q = APT ,  PPT = I ( )
 PT Q 2005 P = APT Q 2004 P = APT Q 2003 PA
(Q = PAPT  QP = PA)

Page 47 of 66
= APT Q 2002PA2 = APT PA2004

2005
 1 1  1 2005 
= AIA2004 = A2005 =   =
0 1 0 1 
1 1 −1  1 1 2 0 
Sol (c) A.   1 0
1
30.  =    =  = 2  = 2I
 −1 1 1 1   −1 1 0 2 0 1
−4   1 0
Sol (c) A adj ( A )  = 
3 4  7
31. = =| A | I
5 7   −5 3  0 1
| A |= 21 − 20 = 1
32. Sol (b) It is a concept.
1 0 0 6 0 0 
 
Sol (c) Given A = 0 1 1 , A = 0 4 −1
−1 1
33.
6
0 −2 4  0 2 1 
1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
2     
A = 0 1 1 = 0 1 1 = 0 −1 5 
0 −2 4  0 −2 4  0 −10 14 
c 0 0 d 0 0 

cA = 0 c 
c  , dI =  0 d 0 
0 −2c 4c   0 0 d 
1
 By A−1 =  A2 + cA + dI 
6
 6 = 1 + c + d , [by equality of matrices]
 ( −6,11) satisy the relation.
−2  −2 
Sol (a) | A |= 3, AdjA =  11
1 −1
34.  ; A =  
0 3  3 0 3 
3
( ) 1  1 −2  1  1 −26 
3
 A−1 =   =  .
27  0 3  27  0 27 
 1 a 2
35. Sol (b) The matrix is not invertible if  1 2 5  = 0
2 1 1
 1( 2 − 5 ) − a (1 − 10 ) + 2 (1 − 4 ) = 0
 −3 + 9a − 6 = 0  a = 1.
3 2 4 
36. Sol (d) K =| A |;| A |=  1 2 −1 = 11
0 1 1 
37. Sol (a)It is obvious.
−1
38. Sol (d)From option, check AA = I
 1 2 −3 
39. Sol (d)Let A = 0 1 2  | A |= 1
0 0 1 
T
 1 2 −1
adj ( A ) =  −2 1 1 
 7 −2 1 
adj ( A )
Hence, A−1 =
| A|
Page 48 of 66
 1 −2 7 
 A−1 =  2 1 −2 . Hence, element A13 = 7
 −1 1 1 
( ) ( )
T T
40.
T
Sol (b)We have, AA = A
T
AT = AA [by reversal law]
 AAT is symmetric matrix.

  −1 4 
41. Sol (b)  −3 0 1  0    −17
 −1 1 2 
−x −y 
Sol (c) X =   t y 
42.  ; adjX = 
z t   −z − x 
− x −y   t y 
X =  ; adjX = 
z t   −z − x 
−z 
 Transpose of adj ( X ) =  t
y − x 
43. Sol (b) The given matrix is a skew-symmetric matrix
 A ' = − A
 2 1
 1 −2 1     −3 −2 
44. Sol (b) AB =  3 2 =  
2 1 3   10 7 
 1 1 
 −3 10 
( AB )T = 
 −2 7 
 4 2 2
1 
45. Sol (a) A = 1
−5 0 5 
10 
 1 −2 3 
4 2 2  4 2 2
Given  −5 0 5  =  −5 0  
 1 −2 3   1 −2 3 
Hence,  = 5
46. Sol (b) | A |= ( ad − bc )
1 d −b 
 A−1 =
( ad − bc )  −c a 
47. Sol (d) | A |= 1  0, therefore A is invertible.
Thus (d) is not correct
2
48. Sol (c) A − A + I = 0
 I = A − A2  I = A ( I − A )
 A−1I = A−1 ( A (I − A ) )  A−1 = I − A.
( ) = ( A−1) (B−1)
−1 −1 −1
−1 −1
49. Sol (a) B A = AB
[Reversal law of inverses]
2 2 0 −1 2 −2
= =
 −3 2  1 0  2 3 
50. Sol (b)When aij = 0 for i  j and aij is constant for i  j ,
then the matrix aij  is called a scalar matrix.

nn
Page 49 of 66
−1
Sol (b) A = 
2 3 
51.  ,B =  
2 −1  1
adjA
AX = B  X = A−1B; A−1 =
| A|
−1  −1 −2 1  1 2
A−1 = =
3  −2 −1 3 2 1
1 2
 3 3  3  1 5 
and X = A−1B =    ; X =  
 2 1   1 3 7 
 3 3 
1 −1  −1 Adj ( A ) 
52. Sol (a)  = =  A = 
| A| 6  | A | 
Sol (b) A = 
4 2
53.
3 4 
4 −2
adj A = 
 −3 4 
| adjA |= ( 4  4 ) − ( −3  −2 ) = 16 − 16
| adjA |= 10
54. Sol (a)Since A2 = O (Zero matrix) and 2 is the least + ve integer
for which A2 = O . Thus, A is nilpotent of index 2.
55. Sol (a)We know that if A, B are n square matrices, then
| AB |=| A || B |
4 1 0 0
56. Sol (c) 3 0 1 0  , [By R3 → R3 − 2R2 ]
0 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 
= 0 0 1 0  [By c1 → c1 − 4c2 − 3c3 ]
0 0 0 0 
1 0 0 0
= 0 1 1 0 
0 0 0 0 
[Replace C1 by C2 and then Replace C2 by C3 ]

Hence rank of matrix is 2.
57. Sol (a)Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order,
say ( 2n + 1) .Since A is skew-symmetric, therefore
AT = − A
2n +1
| AT |=| − A || At |= ( −1) | A|
| AT |= − | A || A |= − A |
 2 | A |= 0 | A |= 0
58. Sol (a)Here | A | 0 . Hence unique solution.
2 0 0 
59. Sol (c) A = 0 2 0  = 2I
0 0 2
Page 50 of 66
2 4 6 
 AB = 2IB = 2B = 0 2 6 
0 0 4 
2 4 6 
Therefore | AB |= 0 2 6  = 2 ( 8 ) = 16
0 0 4 
| AB |= 2  2  2 = 8,| B |= 1 1 2 = 2
Alter: | AB |=| A || B |= 2  8 = 16
60. Sol (c)From (iii) equation 2 ( x + y ) = 3 or 2.2 = 3 or 4 = 3
which is not feasible, so given equation has no solution.
0 1 −1
61. Sol (a) D =  −1 0 2  = 0
 1 −2 0 
1 1 −1

D1 =  −2 0 2  = 14  D1  0
 3 −2 0 
 D = 0 and D1  0
hence the system is inconsistent, so it has no solution.
 1 0 1
62. Sol (a) | A |= 2 1 0  = 1(1 − 0 ) + 0 + 1( 4 − 3 ) = 2
3 2 1
 1 −1 1 
63. Sol (d)  =  2 1 −1
 4 −1 1 
= 1(1 − 1) + 1( 2 + 4 ) + 1( −2 − 4 ) = 0 + 6 − 6 = 0
Hence, number of solutions is zero.
2 4 5 
64. Sol (b) A =  4 8 10 

 −6 −12 −15 
33
| A |= 0, then rank cannot be 3.

Considering 2  2 minor,   2 4
 is determinant is zero
4 8 
Similarly considering
4 5   4 8  8 5 4 10 
8 10  ,  −6 12 ,  −12 10 ,  −6 −15
      
their determinants is zero. Each rank can not be 2.
Thus rank = 1.
65. Sol (a) | A3 |= 125;| A |3 = 125 = 53
| A |= 5   2 − 4 = 5   = 3.
−1
 x  1 1 1  0 
    3 
66. Sol (d)  y  = 1 −2 −2  
 z  1 3 1   4 
−1
1 1 1  4 2 0
1 −2 −2 =
1 
−3 0 3 
  16 
1 3 1   5 −2 −3 
Page 51 of 66
x  4 2 0  0 
  y  =
1 
−3 0 3   3 
16 
 z   5 −2 −3   4 
x   1 
  y  =  2 
 z   −3 
5 5   5 5  
67. Sol (c) A = 0 
2
5  0  5 
0 0 5  0 0 5 
25 25 + 5 2 5 + 25 2 + 5 
 
 A2 =  0 2 5 2 + 25 
 
0 0 25 
 
| A2 |= 625 2  625 2 = 25 |  |= 1/ 5.
Sol (b) A = 
1 3
68. 
2 1
 1 3   1 3  7 6
 A2 =   =
2 1 2 1  4 7 
and A2 − 2A = 
5 0

0 5 
( 5 0 
. det A2 − 2 A =  )
 = 25.
0 5 
69. Sol (b) Determinants of unit matrix of any order. =1.
70. Sol (c) | A |= 12,| AdjA ||=| A |n −1
=| A |3−1=| A |2 = (12 ) = 144

2
Page 52 of 66
Exercise-03
2 + x 3 4 
1. If
 1 −1 2  is a singular matrix, then x is

 x 1 −5
13 25
(a) (b) −
25 13
5 25
(c) (d)
13 13
 2 −1
2. If A =  2
 and I is the unit matrix of order 2, then A equals
 −1 2 
(a) 4 A − 3I (b) 3A − AI
(c) A − I (d) A + I
 i 0 −i   −i i 
   
3. If P =  0 −i i  and Q =  0 0  ,then PQ is equal to
 −i i 0  i −i 
  
 −2 2   2 −2 
   
(a)  1 −1 (b)  −1 1
 1 −1  −1 1 
  
1 0 0
 2 −2   
(c)   (d)  0 1 0 
 −1 1  0 0 1
 
4. If I is a unit matrix of order 10, then the determinant of I is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 1
(c) 1/10 (d) 9
5. Assuming that the sums and products given below are defined, which of the following is not true for matrices
(a) A + B = B + A
(b) AB = AC does not imply B = C
(c) AB = O implies A = O or B = O
(d) ( AB ) = BA
 0 1 0
6. If A =   and B =   , then value of  for which A2 = B , is
1 1 5 1 
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 4 (d) No real values
 0 0 −1
 
7. Let A =  0 −1 0  , the only correct statement about the matrix A is
 −1 0 0 
 
(a) A2 = I
(b) A = (−1) I , where I is a unit matrix
(c) A−1 does not exist
(d) A is a zero matrix
Page 53 of 66
 x x  
8. The identity element in the group M =   x  R; x  0  with respect to matrix multiplication is
 x x  
 1 1 1 1 1
(a)   (b)  
 1 1 2 1 1
1 0 0 1
(c)   (d)  
0 1 1 0
1 0  1 0 
9. If A =   and I =   , then which one of the following holds for all n 1, (by the principal of
1 1  0 1 
mathematical induction)
(a) An = nA + (n − 1) I (b) An = 2n −1 A + (n − 1) I
(c) An = nA − (n − 1) I (d) An = 2n −1 A − (n − 1) I
10. If A is involutory matrix and I is unit matrix of same order, then ( I − A)( I + A) is
(a) Zero matrix (b) A
(c) I (d) 2A
11. If k is a scalar and I is a unit matrix of order 3, then adj (k I ) =
(a) k 3 I (b) k 2 I
(c) − k 3 I (d) − k 2 I
12. If A is a n  n matrix, then adj(adj A)=
(a) | A | n −1 A (b) | A | n − 2 A
(c) | A |n n (d) None of these
i 0  −1
13. If A =   (i = −1), then A =
 0 i / 2 
i 0   −i 0 
(a)   (b)  
0 i / 2   0 −2i 
i 0  0 i
(c)   (d)  
0 2i   2i 0 
14. If A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB − BA will be a
(a) Symmetric matrix (b) Skew symmetric matrix
(c) Null matrix (d) None of these
15. If A is a symmetric matrix, then matrix M AM i
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew-symmetric
(c) Hermitian (d) Skew-Hermitian
16. The inverse of a symmetric matrix is
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew symmetric
17. If A is a symmetric matrix and n  N , then An is
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew symmetric
(c) A Diagonal matrix (d) None of these
18. If A is a skew symmetric matrix and n is a positive integer, then An is
(a) A symmetric matrix (b) Skew-symmetric matrix
Page 54 of 66
−1
 −6 5
19.  −7 6 =
 
 −6 5   6 −5
(a)   (b)  
 −7 6   −7 6 
6 5  6 −5
(c)   (d)  
7 6  7 −6 
1 1 1 
20. The adjoint of
1 2 −3 is
 
 2 −1 3 
 3 −9 −5  3 −4 −5

(a) −4 1 3 
(b) −9 1 4 
 
 −5 4 1   −5 3 1 
 −3 4 5 

(c) 9 −1 −4
 (d) None of these
 
 5 −3 −1
1 −1
21. If matrix A =   , then
1 1 
1 1 
(a) A =  
1 −1
 1 1
(b) A−1 =  
 −1 1
 1 1
(c) A.   = 2I
 −1 1
  − 
(d)  A =   where  is a non zero scalar
 1 −1 
22. Which of the following is not true
(a) Every skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is non-singular
(b) If determinant of a square matrix is non-zero, then it is non singular
(c) Adjoint of symmetric matrix is symmetric
(d) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal
 3 −3 4 
23.
 
If A = 2 −3 4 , then A−1 =
 
 0 −1 1 
(a) A (b) A 2
(c) A3 (d) A4
1 2 −3
24.
 
The element in the first row and third column of the inverse of the matrix 0 1 2 is
 
0 0 1 
(a) – 2 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 7
Page 55 of 66
25. For any square matrix A, AAT is a

(a) Unit matrix (b) Symmetric matrix
(c) Skew symmetric matrix (d) Diagonal matrix
 2 2 0 −1
26. If A =   and B =   , then ( B −1 A−1 )−1 =
 −3 2 1 0 
 2 −2   3 −2 
(a)   (b)  
2 3  2 2 
1  2 2 1  3 2
(c)  
10  −2 3
(d)
10  −2 2
 1 −3 −4 
27.

The matrix A = −1 3 4  is nilpotent of index

 1 −3 −4 
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 6
cos 2 − sin 2 
Inverse of the matrix 
cos 2 
28. is
 sin 2
cos 2 − sin 2  cos 2 sin 2 
(a)   (b)  
 sin 2 cos 2   sin 2 − cos 2 
cos 2 sin 2   cos 2 sin 2 
(c) 
cos 2 
(d) 
 sin 2  − sin 2 cos 2 
 1 −1 1   4 2 2
   
29. Let A =  2 1 −3  and (10) B =  −5 0   . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then  is
1 1 1   1 −2 3 
   
(a) 5 (b) – 1
(c) 2 (d) – 2
30. If X is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 and  is a scalar, then adj (  X ) is equal to
(a)  adjX (b)  3adj X
(c)  2 adj X (d)  4 adj X
1 −1 1 
31.
 
If A = 0 2 −3 and B = (adj A) , and C = 5 A, then
| adjB |
=
  |C |
 2 1 0 
(a) 5 (b) 25
(c) –1 (d) 1
2 3 1 4 
32.

The rank of the matrix, A = 0 1 2 −1 is

 0 −2 −4 2 
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) Indeterminate
2 4 5 
33.

If A = 4 8 10  . Then rank of A is equal to

 −6 −12 −15
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Page 56 of 66
34. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z
x2 y 2 z  x2 y 2 z  x2 y 2 z 
+ − = 1 , 2 − 2 + 2 = 1, − 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
a 2 b2 c 2 a b c a b c
has
(a) No solution (b) Unique solution
(c) Infinitely many solutions (d)Finitely many solutions
ai bi  
35. If Ai =   and if | a |  1,| b |  1 , then  det( Ai ) is equal to
 b a i 
i
i =1
a2 b2
(a) −
(1 − a)2 (1 − b) 2
a 2 − b2
(b)
(1 − a 2 )(1 − b 2 )
a2 b2
(c) +
(1 − a)2 (1 − b)2
a2 b2
(d) −
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
1 2 1 
36.
 
If A = 0 1 −1 , then
 
 3 −1 1 
(a) A + 3 A + A − 9 I 3 = O
3 2
(b) A − 3 A + A + 9 I 3 = O
3 2
(c) A3 + 3 A2 − A + 9 I 3 = O
(d) A − 3 A − A + 9 I 3 = O
3 2
2 1 −3 2 1 0
37. If A = , then A is equal to
3 2 5 −3 0 1
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
(c) (d)
1 1 1 1
Page 57 of 66
1 2  a 0
38. Let A =   and B =   , a, b  N . then,
3 4  0 b
(a) There cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
(b) There exists more than one but finite number of B' s such that AB = BA
(c) There exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
(d) There exists infinitely many B' s such that AB = BA
1 2 3   x 
39. If 1  1 0 5 1   1  = 0, then x =
0 3 2   −2 
(a) 3/ 4 (b) 1
(c) 5/ 4 (d) 1/ 4
(
If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that ( A + B ) ( A − B ) = A − B , then ABA−1 )
2
40.
2 2
=
(a) A2 B 2 (b) A2
(c) B2 (d) I
41. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is true
−1
(a) If det A   1, then A exists and all its entries are non-integers
−1
(b) If det A = 1 , then A exist and all its entries are integers
−1
(c) If det A =  1 , then A need not exist
−1
(d) If det A =  1 , then A exist but all its entries are not necessarily integers
5 5 
42.

Let A = 0  5  . If A2 = 25. then  equals

0 0 5 
(a) 52 (b) 1
(c) 1/ 5 (d) 5
Page 58 of 66
43. If B is an invertible matrix and A is a matrix. Then
(a) Rank (BA ) = rank ( A) (b) Rank ( BA ) = rank (B )
(c) Rank (BA )  rank ( A) (d) Rank (BA )  rank (B )
44. Let A be a 2  2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2  2 identity matrix. Denote by tr (a ) , the sum of
diagonal entries of A. Assume that A 2 = I .
Statement-1: If A  I and A  − I , then det A = −1 .
Statement-2: If A  I and A  − I , then tr ( A)  0 .
45. Let A be the set of all 3 x 3 symmetric matrix all of whose entry are 0 and 1.Five of these entries are 1 and
four of them are 0.The number of matrices in A is
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 3
Page 59 of 66
Exercise-03
Solutions
2+ x 3 4
1. (b) Given, 1 −1 2 =0
x 1 −5
 (2 + x)(5 − 2) − 3( −5 − 2 x) + 4(1 + x) = 0
 6 + 3 x + 15 + 6 x + 4 + 4 x = 0
25
 13x = −25  x = − .
13
 2 −1  2 −1  5 −4
2. (a) A2 = A . A =   = 
 −1 2   −1 2   −4 5 
 8 −4  3 0   5 −4 
 4 A − 3I =  − = .
 −4 8  0 3  −4 5 
3. (b) First note that PQ must be of order 3 × 2 and its (1, 1)th entry is i (−i ) + 0 − i (i ) = 2 .
4. (b) Determinants of unit matrix of any order = 1.
5. (c) It is obvious.
 0 
0   2 0 
(d) A2 =  = 
1   1
1    + 1 1 
6.
1
Clearly, no real value of .
 0 0 −1
 
7. (a) Let A =  0 −1 0 
 −1 0 0 
 
Check by options.
 0 0 −1  0 0 −1
  
(i) A =  0 −1 0   0 −1 0 
2
 −1 0 0   −1 0 0 
  
1 0 0
 
A = 0 1 0 = I
2
0 0 1
 
 −1 0 0 
 
(ii) (−1) I =  0 −1 0   A .
 0 0 −1
 
(iii) | A |= 1  0  A−1 exists.
(iv) Clearly A , is not a zero matrix.
a a 
8. (b) Let   be the identity element then
a a 
 x x  a a   x x 
 x x  a a  =  x x 
    
Page 60 of 66
1
i.e., 2ax = x  a = , ( x  0)
2
1 1 1
2 1 1
Identity element = .
1 0  1 0 1 0
(c) A2 =   =
1   2 1 
9.
1 1  1
1 0  1 0  1 0
A3 =   =
 2 1  1 1  3 1 
1 0
 An =  
n 1
n 0 n − 1 0 
nA =   ,(n − 1) I = 
n n  0 n − 1
1 0
nA − (n − 1) I =   = An .
n 1
10. (a) ( I − A)( I + A) = I − A2 = O ,

{Since A is involuntory, therefore A2 = I } .
1 0 0  k 0 0 
11.
  
(b) Let I = 0 1 0 , then kI = 0 k 0

   
0 0 1   0 0 k 
k 2 0 0
 
 adj (kI ) =  0 k2 0  = k 2I .
 
 0 0 k 2 
12. (b) We know by the fundamental concept that adj (adj A) =| A |n − 2 A .

i 0  i / 2 0  1
13. (b) For A =   , adj ( A) =   and | A |= − .
0 i / 2   0 i 2
−1 1 1 i / 2 0   −i 0 
 A = (adj A) = =
−1 / 2  0 i   0 −2i 
.

14. (b) Since A, B are symmetric  A = A and B = B
 ( AB − BA) = ( AB ) − ( BA) = BA − AB
= −( AB − BA) = −( AB − BA)
 ( AB − BA) is skew-symmetric.
15. (a) ( M AM ) = M AM = M AM
{A is symmetric. Hence M AM is a symmetric matrix).
16. (a) Let A be a symmetric matrix.

Then AA−1 = I  ( AA−1 )T = I
 ( A−1 )T AT = I  ( A−1 )T = ( AT ) −1
 ( A−1 )T = ( A) −1 , ( AT = A)
 A−1 is a symmetric matrix.
Page 61 of 66
17. (a) Since A is symmetric, therefore AT = A .

Now ( An )T = ( AT ) n = ( A) n
 An is also a symmetric matrix.
18. (d) Since A is a skew-symmetric matrix, therefore
 An , if n is even
A = − A  ( A ) = (− A)
T T n n
 (A ) =  n
n T
− A , if n is odd
 −6 5  −6 5 1 0
19. (a) Since   = .
 −7 6  −7 6 0 1 
1 1 1   A11 A21 A31 
20.
  
(b) Let, A = 1 2 −3 ; adj ( A) = A12 A22 A32 
  
 2 −1 3   A13 A23 A33 
 A11 = 3, A12 = −9, A13 = −5
A21 = −4, A22 = 1, A23 = 3
A31 = −5, A32 = 4, A33 = 1
 3 −4 −5
 Adj ( A) =  −9 1 4  .
 −5 3 1 
1 1 1 −1  1 1  2 0  1 0 
21. (c) A.  =    =  = 2  = 2I .
 −1 1 1 1   −1 1 0 2 0 1 
22. (a) Every skew symmetric matrix of odd order is singular. So option (a) is incorrect.
23. (c) Here, C 11 = 1, C 12 = −2, C 13 = −2

C 21 = −1, C 22 = 3, C 23 = 3
C 31 = 0, C 32 = −4 , C 33 = −3
3 −3 4
 det A =| A | = 2 − 3 4 = 1
0 −1 1
 C 11 C 21 C 31 
1 1  
 A −1
= .( Adj A) = . C 12 C 22 C 32 
| A| 1
 C 13 C 23 C 33 
 1 −1 0 
 
=−2 3 −4 
 − 2 3 − 3 
 3 −4 4 

Now, A = 0 −1 02 
 
 −2 2 −3 
 3 −4 4   3 −3 4 
  
and A = A . A = 0 −1 0  2 −3 4
3 2 
   
 −2 2 −3  0 −1 1 
 1 −1 0 
=  −2 3 −4  = A−1 .
 −2 3 −3 
Page 62 of 66
 1 2 −3 
24.
 
(d) Let A = 0 1 2  |A| = 1
 
 0 0 1 
T
 1 2 −1 
adj ( A) =  −2 1 1  .
 7 −2 1 
adj ( A)
Hence, A−1 =
| A|
 1 −2 7 

 A = 2−1
1 −2  . Hence, element A13 = 7 .

 −1 1 1 
25. (b) We have, ( AA T ) = ( A T )T A T = AA T (by reversal law)
 AA T is symmetric matrix.
26. (a) ( B −1 A−1 ) −1 = ( A−1 ) −1 ( B −1 ) −1 = AB
(Reversal law of inverses)
 2 2   0 −1   2 −2 
=  = .
 −3 2   1 0   2 3 
27. (a) Since A2 = O (Zero matrix) and 2 is the least +ve integer for which A2 = O . Thus, A is nilpotent of index 2.
cos 2
− sin 2 
(d) Let A =  , | A |= 1
cos 2 
28.
 sin 2
 cos 2 sin 2 
adj ( A) =  
 − sin 2 cos 2 
adj ( A)  cos 2 sin 2 
A−1 = =
cos 2 
.
| A|  − sin 2
4 2
2
 
29. (a) Given,  −5 0   = 10 A−1
1 −2 3 

4 2 2   1 −1 1  10 0 0 

 −5
 0    2 1 −3  =  0 10 0 
 1 −2 3   1 1 1   0 0 10 

 −5 +  = 0   = 5
(Equating the element of 2nd row and first column).
30. (c) By fundamental property, adj ( X ) =  n −1 (adj X ) .
Here n = 3
 adj ( X ) =  3−1 (adj X )
adj ( X ) =  2 (adj X ) .
1 −1 1
31. (d) | A |= 0 2 −3 = 1[3] + 1[6] + 1[−4] = 5
2 1 0
Page 63 of 66
 3 1 1

B = adj A = −6 −2 3

 
 −4 −3 2 
 5 −5 5 
 
adj B = 0 10 −15 = 5 A and C = 5 A
 
10 5 0 
| adj B |
C =adj B; | C| = |adj B|;  =1.
|C |
2 3 1 4
32.

(a) Given A = 0 1 2 −1 , (R 2 → 2 R 2 + R 3 )

 0 −2 −4 2 
2 3 1 4
A =  0 0 0 0 
 0 −2 −4 2 
2 3 
Since every minor of order 3 in A is 0 and there exists a minor order 3 i.e.   in A which is non-zero.
 0 −2 
Thus, rank = 2.
2 4 5 
33. (b) A = 4  8 10 

 −6 −12 −15 33
| A | = 0 , then rank cannot be 3.
2 4
Considering a 2  2 minor,   its determinant is zero.
4 8
Similarly considering
4 5   4 8   8 10  2 5   4 10 
8 10 ,  −6 −12 ,  −12 15 ,  4 10 ,  −6 −15 their determinants is zero. Each rank can not be
         
2. Thus rank = 1.
x2 y2 z2
34. (b) Let 2 = X , 2 = Y and 2 = Z , then the given system of equations is X + Y − Z = 1, X − Y + Z = 1 ,
a b c
− X + Y + Z = 1.
 1 1 −1

The coefficient matrix is A = 1 −1 1

 
 −1 1 1 
Clearly | A | 0 . So the given system of equations has unique solution.
ai bi
35. (b) | Ai |= = (a i ) 2 − (bi ) 2 , | a |  1,| b |  1
i i
b a

| Ai | = (a 2 − b2 ) + (a4 − b4 ) +(a6 − b6 ) + .......
i =1
= (a 2 + a 4 + a 6 + ......) −(b 2 + b 4 + b6 + .......)
Page 64 of 66
a2 b2 a 2 − a 2b 2 − b 2 + a 2b 2
= − =
1 − a 2 1 − b2 (1 − a 2 )(1 − b 2 )
a 2 − b2
= .
(1 − a 2 )(1 − b 2 )
1 2 1 
36.

(d) A = 0 1 −1

 
 3 −1 1 
1 2 1  1 2 1   4 3 0 

A2 = A. A = 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 =  −3 2 −2 

 3 −1 1   3 −1 1   6 4 5 
1 2 1   4 3 0   4 11 1 
A . A = 0 1 −1  −3 2 −2  =  −9 −2 −7 
2
 3 −1 1   6 4 5   21 11 7 
 A3 − 3 A2 − A + 9 I 3 = 0 .
a b 
37. (a) Let A =  .
c d 
 2 1   a b   −3 2  1 0
    = 
 3 2  c d   5 −3 0 1 
By verification method
2 1 1 1 − 3 2  1 0
3 2 1 0  5 − 3 = 0 1
     
1 0 1 0 1 1
   =   A= .
0 1  0 1  1 0
38. (d) Let AB = BA

1 2 a 0 a 0 1 2
   =  
3 4 0 b 0 b 3 4
 a 2b 1a 2a 
  = 
3a 4b 3b 4b 
This is only possible, when a = b
a 0 
So, B Should be of the form  .
0 a 
As, a  N so there are infinitely many B 's .
Page 65 of 66
1 2 3  x 
39. (c) 11 0 5 1  1  = 0
0 3 2 − 2
 x
 1 2 + 5 x + 3 3 + x + 2 1  = 0
− 2
 x + (2 + 5 x + 3) + (− 2)(3 + x + 2) = 0  x =
5
.
4
40. (c) ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 − B 2
 AB = BA
 (ABA −1 ) = (BAA −1 ) = (BI ) = B 2 .

2 2 2
41. (b) It is obvious.

5 5   5 5  
42. (c) A 2 = 0  5  0  5 
0 0 5  0 0 5 
25 25 + 5 2 5 + 25 2 + 5 

 
 A2 =  0 2 5 2 + 25 
0 0 25 
 
 A 2 = 625 2  625 2 = 25   = 1 / 5 .
43. (b) By property.
a b  a 2 + bc ab + bd  1 0
44. (c) Let A =   so that A = 
2
2
= 
c d  ac + dc bc + d  0 1
 a 2 + bc = 1 = bc + d 2 and (a + d ) = 0 = (a + d ) b .
Since A  I , A  1, a = − d and hence
1 − bc b
det A = = −1 + bc − bc = −1
c − 1 − bc
 Statement-1 is true.
But tr ( A) = 0 and hence Statement=2 is false.
45. (a) Case I: All three diagonal element are 1
Page 66 of 66
No. of matrices = 3C1 = 3
Case II: Two diagonal elements are zero and one elements is one
No. of matrices = 3C1 .3 C1 = 9
Total matrices = 3 + 9 = 12 .

MATRIX Theory and Questions

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Page 1 of 66

Addition and subtraction of matrices

element is the sum of corresponding elements i .e., A + B = aij + bij  .

Similarly, their subtraction A - B is defined as A − B = aij − bij 

Properties of matrix addition: If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then

Scalar multiplication of matrices

Properties of scalar multiplication

(a) n2 (b) n(n – 1)(c) (n – 1)2 (d) (n – 1)(n – 2)

Q2. The minimum number of zero elements in a triangular matrix of order 3  3 is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6

(a) 6 (b) 6 ! (c) 2  6 ! (d) 4  6 !

(a) 1, – 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) –1, 2 (d) –1 , –2

Properties of matrix multiplication

(v) If AB = AC  B = C, (Cancellation law is not applicable)

Positive integral powers of a matrix

characteristics equation of A. If x 3 − 4 x 2 − 5 x − 7 = 0 is the characteristic equation for A, then

(c) AB = – BA (d) None of these

(c)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab

 cos2  sin  cos   cos 2  sin  cos 

and  and  differs by /2 , then AB =

(d) none of these

(a) [82] (b) [84] (c) [76] (d) [58]

(a) 0 (b) A (c) I (d) 5I

(a) I2 (b) –I2 (c) 0 (d) None of these

then (aI + bA)2 is equals to

(a) a2I + abA (b) a2I + 2abA

(c) a2I + b2A (d) None

following statement is true

(c) B  C  AB  AC (d) None of these

find the least value of k( where k  0),

(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 2 (d) 0

(ii) ( A + B ) = A + B , A and B being of the same order

(iii) ( kA ) = kA , k be any scalar (real or complex)

(iv) ( AB ) = B A , A and B being conformable for the product AB

(v) ( A1A2 A3 .....An −1An ) = AnT AnT−1.....AT A2T A1T

Q17. Which of the following is not true?

Special types of matrices

AT = − A . aij = −aij  aij = 0

Properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices

aij = aij ;ji .e., A = A .

(a) A symmetric matrix (b) A skew symmetric matrix

(c) An invertible matrix (d) None of these

Q19. If A is an orthogonal matrix , then | A | equals

(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c)  1 (d) 0

(a) Involuntary matrix (b) Idem potent matrix

(c) nilpotent matrix (d) None of these

(a) symmetric matrix

(b) skew symmetric

(c) both symmetric and skew symmetric

(d) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric

(a) An is symmetric (b) An is symmetric only when then n is even

(c) Bn is skew symmetric when n is odd (d) Bn is symmetric when n is even

(c) neither A nor B is idempotent

(d) both A and B are idempotent

(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) –3 (d) 1.

Q25. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then

(a) A is a diagonal matrix

(b) A is a null matrix

(c) A is a unit matrix

(d) A is a triangular matrix

i.e., the ( j , i ) ( i, j )th element A.

Properties of transpose conjugate

Adjoint of a square matrix