Topic 1

Whole numbers
Numbers
Hindu-Arabic Roman
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV (one less than 5)
5 V
6 VI (one more than 5)
7 VII (two more than 5)
8 VII (three more than 5)
9 IX (one less than 10)
10 X
50 L
100 C

Activity 1

1. Write the following Hindu-Arabic numbers as Roman numbers.

1.1. 24

1.2. 55

1.3. 40

1.4. 79

1.5. 125

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 Multiples of whole numbers
A multiple of a whole number is the product of that number and any other
whole number (counting in the given number).

Example:

Write the multiples of 3: 3; 6; 9; 12; 15; 18; 21 …

Here you can see that the number 3 can also be divided into each number without any
remainders.

Activity 2

1. Write the first FIVE multiples of the following:

a. 4
b. 6
c. 7
d. 12

2. Find the multiples of 7 in the list below and write them down.
18; 28; 36; 45; 56; 63; 91; 102; 107; 112

3. Copy and complete:

a. 36; 39; 42; …; …; …
b. 35; 40; 45; …; …; …
c. 88; 96; 104; …; …; …

4. Write down all the multiples of 4 between 55 and 79.

Sometimes we need to find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of a group of whole
numbers.

Example:

Multiples of 2: 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 22; 24

Multiples of 3: 3; 6; 9; 12; 15; 18; 21; 24; 27; 30; 33; 36

The numbers 6; 12; 18 and 24 are multiples of both 2 and 3 –

these are called common multiples.

The LCM (lowest common multiple) will be 6.

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 Activity 3

1. Look at the lists of multiples below and then answer the questions.

Multiples of 4: 4; 8; 12; 16; 20; 24; 28; 32; 36; 40; 44; 48

Multiples of 5: 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; 40; 45; 50; 55

a. Write down the common multiples of 4 and 5.

b. Write down the largest common multiple of 4 and 5 in the list.
c. Write down the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 4 and 5 in the list.

Factors of whole numbers

A factor of a whole number is to write the number as a product of two or more
whole numbers (numbers that can divide into a given number without a remainder)

Example:

12 = 1 x 12
12 = 2 x 6
12 = 3 x 4
12 = 2 x 2 x 3

There are six different numbers that divide into 12 without a remainder. Therefore, the
factors of 12 are: 1; 2; 3; 4; 6 and 12.

Activity 4

1. Write 20 as the product of its factors in as many different ways as you can.
2. Write down all the factors of 36.
3. Write down the smallest factor of 100.
4. Write down the largest factor of 100.
5. Find the number of factors of 42.
6. Find the number of factors of 96.
7. Write down the number that has the following factors: 1; 5; 7; 13.

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Sometimes we need to find the highest common factor (HCF) of a group of whole
numbers.

Example:

Factors of 14: 1; 2; 7; 14
Factors of 56: 1; 2; 4; 7; 8; 14; 28; 56

The numbers 1; 2; 7; 14 are factors of both 14 and 56 – these are called common factors.

The HCF (highest common factor) will be 6.

Activity 5

1. Write down all the factors of each of the following numbers:

a. 15
b. 24
c. 45

2. Write down all the common factors of the numbers in question 1.

3. Write down the smallest common factor of the numbers in question 1.

4. Write down the highest common factor of the three numbers.

Exercise 1

1. Write down the number of the correct answer.

a. The lowest common multiple of 2; 7; 8

i. 112
ii. 224
iii. 56
iv. 28

b. The highest common factor of 24; 44; 56

i. 2
ii. 4
iii. 6
iv. 8

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 2. Write down the first 10 multiples of each number:
a. 4
b. 5
c. 7
d. 8
e. 12

3. Write down the common multiples of 9; 12; 15

4. Find the lowest common multiple of 7; 8; 14

5. Write each number as a product of its factors in as many different ways as you can.
a. 6
b. 18
c. 36
d. 50
e. 63

6. Write down all the common factors of the following numbers:

a. 4; 6; 14
b. 12; 18; 20
c. 16; 42; 45
d. 32; 54; 90

7. Write down the highest common factor (HCF) of the following numbers:
a. 4; 6; 8
b. 6; 8; 12
c. 16; 28; 36
d. 56; 70; 84

Rules of divisibility
Rule of divisibility by 2
We know that whole numbers consist of even and odd numbers. All even numbers are
multiples of 2 and therefore divisible by 2. Remember that even numbers end with a
multiple of 2 (2; 4; 6; 8) or with a 0.

List of even numbers:

2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 22; 24; 26; 28 …

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Rule of divisibility by 3
We know that all multiples of 3 are divisible by 3.

List of multiples of 3:
3; 6; 9; 12; 15; 18; … ; 102; 105; 108; 111; 114; … ; 225; 228; 231; 234

When you add the digits in each number, you will find that the answer is a multiple of 3.

Example:
102: 1 + 0 + 2 = 3
18: 1 + 8 = 9

Conclusion – a number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible
by 3.

Rule of divisibility by 5
We know that multiples of 5 are divisible by 5.

List of multiples of 5:
5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; 40; 45; …; 55; 60; 65; … ; 630; 635; 640.

You can see that the last digit in a multiple is either 5 or 0.

Activity 6

1. Write down the rules of divisibility for:

a. 2
b. 3
c. 5

2. Write down the number in the list that are divisible by 2:

7; 16; 28; 31; 40; 175; 705; 887; 906; 999

3. Write down the numbers in the list that are divisible by 3:

13; 39; 54; 117; 135; 442; 516; 557; 604; 852

4. Write down the numbers in the list that are divisible by 5:

0; 15; 153; 260; 335; 437; 480; 555; 650; 856

5. Write down all the numbers between 1 041 and 1 051 that are divisible by:
a. 2
b. 3
c. 5

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Prime numbers and composite numbers
A prime number is a number that has only two factors, the number itself and
1.

Example:

5=1x5
29 = 1 x 29
13 = 1 x 13

The two factors of a prime number must be different. We can write 1 as 1 x 1, so 1 has
only one factor. Therefore, 1 is not a prime number.

A composite number is a number that have more than two factors.

Example:

Factors of 8: 1; 2; 4; 8

Activity 7

1. Explain the difference between composite numbers and prime numbers.

2. Write down two examples of prime numbers.

3. Write down two examples of composite numbers.

4. Write down all the prime numbers between 30 and 50.

5. Which of the following numbers are prime numbers?

21; 29; 31; 37; 43; 49; 61

Exercise 2

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 1. Write down the number of the correct answer:
a. The number of factors of 10
i. 2
ii. 3
iii. 4
iv. 5

b. The prime numbers between 10 and 15

i. 11; 13; 15
ii. 12; 14
iii. 11; 12; 13; 14
iv. 11; 13

2. Complete by writing down the missing numbers or words:

a. 19 is a … number because it has only two factors.

b. 21 is a … number because it has more than two factors.
c. Write down the missing factors of eighteen: 1; 2; 3; 6 …
d. The next two composite numbers after 18 are … and …
e. The next prime number after 31 is …
f. The next two prime numbers after 41 are … and …

Activity 8

Follow the instructions to identify all the prime numbers up to 100.

1. Draw a line through 1 because it is not a prime number
2. Draw a circle around 2 because it is a prime number. Draw lines through the
multiples of 2.
3. Draw a circle around 3 because it is a prime number. Draw lines through the
multiples of 3.
4. Repeat this process until all prime numbers have been circled.
5. Write down all the prime numbers smaller than 100 (there should be 25).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Prime factors of whole numbers

A prime factor is a factor that is a prime number.

Example:

Factors of 30: 1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 10; 15; 30

Prime numbers: 2; 3; 5

Conclusion – the numbers 2; 3; 5 are prime factors

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How to determine the prime factors of
numbers:

Exercise 3

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Exercise 4

Exercise 5

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Number sequences

Exercise 6

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 Topic 2
Calculations with whole
numbers

Exercise 1

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 Exercise 2

Calculations with the vertical method

Addition

6+1
The +1 indicates a 10
because 3+9 = 12. There is
ONE ten in 12.

You need to borrow a TEN in

Subtraction the ten column because you
do not have enough.
(You cannot say 6-9)
6−1 +1
6
The +1 indicates the ten that you
borrowed therefore it becomes 16-9 = 7

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Multiplication

Exercise 3

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