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Vec 2
Vec 2
Vec 2
Vector Differentiation
dF d 2F dF d 2F
If F(t)=ti+t2j+t3k find dt , dt 2 , dt x dt 2
dF d 2F
dt =i+2tj+3t2k dt 2 =2j+6tk
dF d 2F i j k 6t 2i 6tj 2k
dt dt 2 1 2t 3t 2
x = 0 2 6t
=
Product formula
d ( F .G ) dG dF
F. G.
dt dt dt
d ( FxG ) dG dF
Fx xG
dt dt dt
Problem
d ( PxP)
PxP
Show that dt
d ( PxP)
PxP PxP PxP
dt
r 2r
te st i 2 j t cos sk t 2e st i t sin sk
s s 2
r 2r
se st i j sin sk s 2e st i
t t 2
2. Divergence- If v= v (x,y,z)=v1(x,y,z)i+v2(x,y,z)j+v3(x,y,z)k is
a vector point function then divergence of v written as divv or
. v is defined as
.
i j k
v x y z .( v1i+v2j+v3k)
v1 v2 v3 .
= x y z (scalar quantity) v v.
3. Curl- If v= v (x,y,z)=v1(x,y,z)i+v2(x,y,z)j+v3(x,y,z)k is a
vector point function then curl of v written as curlv or x v is
defined as
i j k
xv x y z x( v1i+v2j+v3k)
2
i j k v v v v v v
i 3 2 j 1 3 k 2 1
y z z x x y
x y z
= v1 v2 v3 = (vector quantity)
Problem
1. If f ( x, y, z ) =3x2y-y3z2 find f at the point P(1,-2,-1)
f (3x y y z )
2 3 2
(3x y y z )
2
(3x 2 y y 3 z 2 )
3 2
i j k
= x y z
=6xyi+(3x2-3y2z2)+2y3zk
f (1,-2,-1) =-12i-9j-16k
1 r x2 y 2 z 2
2. Ex. If r and find
1 1 1 1
i j k
= r = x r y r z r
1 r 1 r 1 r r 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2r r 2 x
i j k
= r r x r r y r r z , x
1 1 1 r x r y r z
3 xi 3 yj 3 zk
= r r r x r y r z r
1 1
3 ( xi yj zk ) 3
= r = r r
3
( xy 2 z ) (2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x 2 z 2 ) ( xy 2 z ) (2 y 2 z 2 ) ( x 2 z 2 )
i j k
= y z z x x y
=(2xyz+4yz2)i+(y2z-2x2z)j
hence at P, xA=2i+j
2 2 2 2
= x 2 y 2 z 2
4
2
2 2 2
i j k . i j k 2 2
= . = x y z x y z = x y z
2
2 2 2 2
= x 2 y 2 z 2 Laplacian
Alternative method
i
x
j
y
k
z
i
= x
= i x
5
A A1i A2 j A3k
A A A
. A 1 2 3
x y z
A A A A A
i. i.i 1 j 2 k 3 1
x x x x x
A A A A A
j. j.i 1 j 2 k 3 2
y y y y y
A A3
k.
z z
A A A A
. A i. j. k. i.
x y z x
.
= x
i.
v=v1i+v2j+v3k
i j k
xv x y z x( v1i+v2j+v3k)
i j k v v v v v v
i 3 2 j 1 3 k 2 1
y z z x x y
x y z
= v1 v2 v3 =
v v v
iX i X (v1i + v 2 j + v3k) k 2 j 3
x x x x
v v v
jX j X (v1i + v 2 j + v3k) k 1 i 3
y y y y
v v v
kX k X (v1i + v 2 j + v3k) j 1 i 2
z z z z
Xv v v v v
iX
= x
jX
y
kX
z =
i X x
X
= iX
x
Prove that
3. . (FxG) = G.curlF-F.curlG
6
.
i. x ( FXG ) i. Fx XG FX Gx
(FxG) = =
F G
i. XG i. FX
= x x
F G
=
G. i X F .
x x
X i
F G
G . i X F . i X
= x x
=G.curlF-F.curlG
4. X (FxG)=FdivG-GdivF+(G. )F-(F. )G
5. (F.G)=FxcurlG+GxcurlF+(F. )G+(G. )F
7
A A A A A A
i j k i 3 2 j 1 3 k 2 1
. ( xA)= x y z . y z z x x y
2 A3 2 A2 2 A1 2 A3 2 A2 2 A1
= x y xz yz yx z x z y
=0
Remarks: If .v =0 then v must be xA
Definition:
Level surface: The family of surfaces f(x,y,z)=k is called iso-
surface or level surface. For different values of c the surface
such as x 2 y 2 z 2 c 2 represents a family of concentric spheres
with center at the origin and varying radius c and they constitute
a level surface. The surfaces (i) of constant temperature known
as isothermal surface (ii) of constant gravitational or electric
potential known as equipotential surface are examples of level
surfaces.
x y z c
2 2 2 2
o
x2 y2 z 2 c2 o
8
normal
x2 y2 c2 o
( x, y , z ) c
r
r+ r
p
r
9
o
Formula
The unit normal to the surface f ( x, y , z ) c at the point
f
(x,y,z) is n= f
Problem
Find the unit normal to the surface x2y+2xz=4 at the point
(2,-2, 3).
( x 2 y 2 xz ) ( x 2 y 2 xz ) ( x 2 y 2 xz )
i j k
(x2y+2xz)= x y z
=(2xy+2z)i+x2j+2xk
=-2i+4j+4k
The unit normal to the surface is
f 2i 4 j 4k 1 2 2
i j k
n= f = 36 = 3 3 3
Problem
Find the angle between the surfaces xy 2 z 3x z 2 and
3 x y 2 z 1 at (1, -2, 1)
2 2
10
Slope/gradient/rate of change in different dimensions in
differential caculus
One dimensional body T=f(x)
yor T
T=x2+2
o x
T=x +2
2
x
o
A piece of heated wire
Geometrically y or T = f(x) is the equation of a curve
dy
dx rate of change of y along x-axis/directional derivative of y
along x-axis/ gradient of y with respect to x,
dy
dx =Slope of the tangent at P to the curve y = f(x)
dT
Ex. T=f(x), dx
11
y
(x,y)
(2,1) x
o
o x
T=x2+y2
z or T A sheet of heated tin
T T
Ex. T=f(x,y) x , y
12
.i
x = Slope/gradient/rate of change of with respect to x
dy dT
or
in differential caculus = dx dx
Two dimension
( x, y ) z f ( x, y ) T T ( x, y )
i j
x y , ,
.i
x = Slope/gradient/rate of change of with respect to x
z T
or
in differential caculus= x x
. j
y = Slope/gradient/rate of change of with respect to y
z T
or
in differential caculus = y y
Three dimension
( x, y , z ) u f ( x, y , z ) T T ( x, y , z )
i j k
x y z
.i
x = Slope/gradient/rate of change of with respect to x
u T
or
in differential caculus = x x
. j
y = Slope/gradient/rate of change of with respect to y
u T
or
in differential caculus = y y
.k
z = Slope/gradient/rate of change of with respect to z
u T
or
in differential caculus = z z
Directional derivative
x , y , z are called directional derivative in vector calculus
.i
x
13
The directional derivative of along x-direction is obtained by
taking dot product of and unit vector along x-direction
a
normal
tangent
x2 y2 c2 o
14
tangent normal
x2 y2 z 2 c2 o
Problem
Find the directional derivative of =x2yz+4xz2 at P(1,-2,1) in
the direction of the vector a=2i-j-k. Also find the maximum
rate of change of .
=x2yz+4xz2
i j k
x y z
( x 2 yz 4 xz 2 ) ( x 2 yz 4 xz 2 ) ( x 2 yz 4 xz 2 )
i j k
= x y z
= i(2xyz+4z2)+j(x2z)+k(x2y+8xz)
=j+6k
a 2i j k
aˆ
The unit vector along a is a 6
.â 2i j k 7
the directional derivative is ( j+6k). 6 = 6
The maximum rate of change of is
2 2 2
02 12 62 37
= x y z = =
15
i j k 2 z 1 y 3 x 1 z 1 y 2 x
1 2 3
xr= x y z =( )i+( )j+( )k
i j k
x y z
curlv= x( xr) = 2 z 1 y 3 x 1 z 1 y 2 x
=2( 1 i+ 2 j+ 3 k)
=2
1
= 2 curlv
Thus physically interpreted, curl of linear velocity of any
particle is twice the angular velocity of the particle.
Curl has the effect of rotation curlA=rotA
v is irrotational if xv=0
i j k
x y z
xv= - 4x - 3y + az bx + 3y + 5z 4x + cy + 3z
16
=(c-5)i-(4-a)j+(b+3)k =0 =0i+0j+0k
As xv=0, v must be
v=
i j k
(-4x-3y+4z)i+(-3x+3y+5z)j+(4x+5y+3z)k = x y z
x = -4x-3y+4z ……. (1)
y = -3x+3y+5z ……….(2)
z =4x+5y+3z ………….(3)
Integrating (1) with respect to x partially
=-2x2-3xy+4xz+f(y,z) …..(4)
f ( y, z )
y =-3x+ y ……….(5)
f ( y, z )
z = 4x+ z …………(6)
f ( y, z )
Comparing (2) and (5) y =3y+5z ….. (7)
f ( y, z )
Comparing (3) and (6) z =5y+3z ….. (8)
3
Integrating (7) with respect to y, f(y, z)= 2 y +5zy+g(z)
2
f ( y, z )
5 y g ( z )
z ….. (9)
g ( z ) 3z 3 2
g ( z) z c
Comparing (8) and (9) 2
3 3
therefore f(y, z)= 2 y +5yz+ 2 z2+c
2
3 3
hence =-2x -3xy+4xz+ 2 y +5yz+ 2 z2+c
2 2
Alternative method
v=
i j k
(-4x-3y+4z)i+(-3x+3y+5z)j+(4x+5y+3z)k = x y z
17
x = -4x-3y+4z ……. (1)
y = -3x+3y+5z ……….(2)
z =4x+5y+3z ………….(3)
=-2x2-3xy+4xz+f(y,z)
3
= -3xy+ 2 y2+5yz+g(z,x)
3
= 4xz + 5yz + 2 z2 +h(x,y)
=-2x2-3xy+4xz+ + + +f(y,z)
3
= -3xy+ + 2y
2
+ 5yz + +g(z,x)
3
= + +4xz + + 5yz + 2z
2
+h(x,y)
3 3
f(y,z)= 2 y +5yz+ 2 z2
2
3
g(z,x)= -2x +4xz+ 2 z2
2
3
h(x,y)= -2x -3xy+ 2 y2
2
3 3
hence =-2x -3xy+4xz+ 2 y +5yz+ 2 z2+c
2 2
Q( x, y y, z )
y
Q
v
R R
u y u x
w
18
P( x x, y, z )
zP( x, y, z )
S ( x, , y, z z ) S
x
o
z
Fig18.
Then we have volume of the fluid that passes through the face
PQRS = ( y z )u per unit time
= f ( x, y, z ) per unit time (say)
Hence the fluid that passes out through the opposite face PQRS
= f ( x x, y, z ) per unit time
f ( x, y, z )
f ( x, y, z ) x
= x + terms containing higher powers
of x [Taylore’s theorem]
f (x) h 2
f ( x)
f(x+h)=f(x)+h + 2 +………..
The net outward flow from the rectangular box along x-axis per
f ( x, y, z )
f ( x, y, z ) x f ( x, y , z )
unit time= x
f ( x, y, z ) u
x x uy z xy z
= x = x = x
Similarly the net outward flow from the rectangular box along
u u
xy z xy z
y-axis and z-axis per unit time will be y and z
respectively.
Hence total net outward flow per unit time (rate of flow)
through the rectangular box of volume xy z is
u v w
xy z
x y z
The total rate of outward flow of the fluid through a unit volume
19
u v w u v w .
xy z
x y z x y z
= xy z = = v
20
Figure of solenoid
Problem
Ex. Determine the constant a so that vector
F =(-4x-6y+3z)i+(-2x+y-5z)j+(5x+6y+az)k is solenoidal.
F is solenoidal if . F=0
.
F= x (-4x-6y+3z)+ y (-2x+y-5z)+ z (5x+6y+az)=0
Or, -4+1-a=0 a=-3
21