Presented By,

Name : SILU PRADHAN

Branch : Chemical Engineering
Regd. No. : F22012008029
Semester : 3rd

Submitted to,
Department of Chemical Engineering, UCPES, Berhampur
 CONTENTS
A. Pollution
B. AIR POLLUTION
C. pH
D. TDS (Total Dissolved Solid)
E. DO (Dissolved Oxygen)
F. BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
 POLLUTION
 Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment.
 These harmful materials are called pollutants.
 Pollutants can be natural.
 They can also be created by human activity.
 AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological
change in the air.
 It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and
smoke which affects plants, animals and humans.
 The smoke air pollutants are :
 PM 10 & PM 2.5
 Carbon Dioxide
 Sulfur Dioxide
 Nitrogen Dioxide
 POTENTIAL OF HYDROGEN (pH)

 The full form of pH is the potential of hydrogen.

 pH is the negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration.
 It is varies between 0 to 14.
 The solution having a pH value between 0 t0 6.9 are acidic solutions
where as the solution having the pH value between 7.1 to 14 are
basic solution.
 The solution having a pH value of 7 are neutral solutions.
 Total dissolved solids(TDS)

 TDS stands for total dissolved solid, and represents the total concentration
of dissolved substances in water.
 TDS is made up of inorganic salts ,as well as a small amount of organic
matter.
 Common inorganic salts that can be found in water include calcium
,magnesium ,and sodium ,which are all cations ,and carbonates ,nitrates
,bicarbonates ,chlorides and sulfates ,which all are anions.
 Cations are positively charges ions and anions are negatively charged ions.
 Dissolved oxygen(DO)
 Dissolved oxygen(DO) is the amount of oxygen that is
present in water.
 It is essential for the survival of fish and other aquatic
organism.
 When dissolved oxygen becomes too low .fish and other
aquatic organism cannot survive.
 Fish require dissolved oxygen levels between 5-6
ppm(Parts per million)to grow and thrive . Low dissolved
oxygen levels(>3ppm) become stressful most aquatic
organism , and extremely low levels will not support fish
survival at all.
 Chemical Reagents For DO
 Manganous sulphate solution.
 Alkali-iodide-azide
 Conc. Sulphuric acid.
 Starch indicator.
 Sodium thiosulphate.

Procedure
Collect the water sample in a 300 mL of BOD bottle.
Add 1 mL of manganous sulphate and 1 mL of alkali-iodide-azide.
Shake it and allow reacting the solution with oxygen present in the
sample.
When precipitates are settled down at the bottom add 1 mL of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
Mix well to dissolve the precipitates.
 It is turned into dark straw colour.
 Take 201mL of this solution in a conical flask and titrate
immediately with sodium thioulphate.
 The solution will be titrated against standard sodium
thiosulphate solution until it turns to pale staw colour.
 Add few drops of starch into the titrated solution.
 After the addition of starch it has turned to dark blue colour.
 Now titrate it until it appears to be colourless.
 Note down the burette reading that is the volume of
standard thiosulphate consumed.
 Biological Oxygen Demand
Biological oxygen demand is also known as Biochemical
oxygen demand.
Biological oxygen demand(BOD) generally represent how
much oxygen is needed to break down organic matter in
water.
 Chemical Reagent for BOD
1. Alkaline-iodide-azide solution
2. Manganese sulphate
3. Conc . Sulfuric acid
4. Starch solution
5. 0.025N sodium thiosulphate

 Collect the water sample from a pond.

 Carefully fill a BOD bottle with sample water with out making air
bubbles .
 Add 1 ml of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle carefully by
inserting the pipette just below the surface of water. So that you
can avoid the formation of air bubbles.
 Add1 mal of alkali-iodide-azide reagent in the same manner
 Close the bottle and mix the sample by inverting many times . a
brownish could will appear in the solution as an indicator of the
presence of oxygen.
 Allow the brown precipitate to settle out to the bottom.
 Add 1 ml of conc.H2So4 carefully without forming air bubbles.
 Close the bottle and mix the solution well to dissolve the
precipitate.
 Keep the bottle in BOD incubator for 5 days of incubation.
 After incubation , titrate 50ml of sample water with 0.025N sodium
thiosulphate to a pale yellow color.
 Then add 1 ml of starch solution.so the sample turns blue in color .
 Continue the titration till the sample gets clear and note the
readings.
 The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sample is equivalent
to the number of mili litres of titrant used