LESSON 5

What I Know
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C

What’s In
1. Carbon - 12, Carbon - 13, Carbon - 14

2. Unstable isotopes that emit radiation and undergo nuclear decay, causing the nucleus
to change into the nucleus of a different element that is more stable, are called
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes.

What is New
1. E
2. B
3. F
4. D
5. A

What’s More
1. Iodine-131
2. Californium-252
3. Xenon-133

What I Have Learned

1. If you have a sample of a radioactive isotope with a half-life of one day, at the end of
the second day, half of the remaining sample from the first day will have decayed,
leaving you with 25% of the original sample. At the end of the third day, another half of
the remaining sample from the second day will have decayed, so you'll be left with
12.5% of the original sample.

2. The atoms of the sample that decay transform into different atoms or isotopes. During
radioactive decay, an unstable nucleus undergoes a change, emitting radiation (such as
alpha or beta particles) and transforming into a more stable nucleus, often of a different
element. This process is random and cannot be predicted for individual atoms, but over
time, it follows a statistically predictable pattern based on the half-life of the isotope.

3. Radioactive material with a short half-life will generally give a higher counting rate
on a radiation detector compared to material with a long half-life when both have equal
quantities.

What I Can Do
1. The axe handle is approximately 17,190 years old.
2. It will take 120 years for Cesium-137 to decay to one-sixteenth of its original amount.

LESSON 6
What’s In
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. E
5. E

What is New
1. Figure A
A structural formula displays the atoms of the molecule in the order they are bonded. It
also depicts how the atoms are bonded to one another, for example single, double, and
triple covalent bond. Covalent bonds are shown using lines. The number of dashes
indicate whether the bond is a single, double, or triple covalent bond.

2. Figure B
A chemical formula tells us the number of atoms of each element in a compound. It
contains the symbols of the atoms of the elements present in the compound as well as
how many there are for each element in the form of subscripts.

2. Figure C
The ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to
display both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.
The atoms are typically represented by spheres, connected by rods which represent the
bonds.

What’s More
Chemical Structural Condensed Ball & Stick
Formula Formula Structural Model
Formula
FeCl3 FeCl3

NO NO

C7H16 CH3(CH2)5CH3
N2H4 N2H4

H2S H2S

What I Have Learned

Terms 3 Things you have learned 2 Things I found interesting

Chemical Formula  Chemical formulas  Chemical formulas
represent the type and provide a concise way to
number of atoms in a describe a substance's
compound. composition.
 They provide a concise  The formulas help
way to communicate a chemists understand
substance's composition. how elements combine
 Elements are to form compounds.
represented by unique
symbols.
Structural Formula  Structural formulas  Different structural
show the arrangement of isomers can have the
atoms in a molecule and same chemical formula
the bonds between them. but different structures.
 They give insights into  They are used to
molecular geometry. understand the 3D
 Bonds between atoms arrangement of atoms.
are represented.
Ball and Stick Model  Ball and stick models  They are often used in
are 3D representations chemistry education.
of molecules where  They aid in studying
atoms are represented as molecular shapes and
spheres (balls) and interactions.
bonds as sticks.
 They provide a tangible
way to visualize
molecular structures.
 The model helps in
understanding bond
angles
What I Can Do
1. Table Salt (Sodium Chloride)
Chemcial Formula: NaCl
Structural Formula:

Uses: Table salt is used as a seasoning, preservative, and flavor enhancer in cooking. It is
also used in various household cleaning and disinfecting solutions.

2. Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate)

Chemical Formula: NaHCO3
Structural Formula:

Uses: Baking soda is used as a leavening agent in baking, a cleaning agent, and for
various household purposes, including odor removal and fire extinguishing.

3. Vinegar (Acetic Acid)

Chemical Formula: CH3COOH
Structural Formula:

Uses: Vinegar is used in cooking, food preservation, cleaning, and as a condiment. It has
a wide range of household uses, including as a natural cleaning agent and a salad
dressing.

Assessment
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. D
Additiomal Activities

The Importance of Studying the Chemical Formulas of Substances

Studying chemical formulas is of paramount importance in the realm of science and

beyond. These concise representations of elements and compounds serve as the language of
chemistry, enabling scientists to understand, communicate, and manipulate the building
blocks of matter.

Chemical formulas provide a roadmap to the composition of substances. They tell us

exactly which elements are present and in what ratios. For instance, the formula H2O
signifies that water consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. This level of
precision is crucial in fields like chemistry, where knowing the precise composition of
substances is essential for research, manufacturing, and quality control. Moreover, chemical
formulas offer insights into the three-dimensional structures of molecules. While they may
not depict the full spatial arrangement, they reveal the connectivity of atoms within
compounds. Understanding molecular structures is fundamental for predicting how
substances will behave, which is vital for designing new materials and solving scientific
problems. Additionally, chemical formulas are indispensable in stoichiometry, the
quantitative study of chemical reactions. By balancing equations using these formulas,
scientists can determine the exact amounts of reactants and products in a reaction. This
knowledge is invaluable in industries such as pharmaceuticals, where precise measurements
are essential for drug manufacturing.

Environmental scientists also rely on chemical formulas to identify and combat

pollutants. Knowing the chemical composition of harmful substances helps in devising
strategies for pollution control and environmental preservation. For instance, the formula CO2
represents a key greenhouse gas responsible for climate change, emphasizing the importance
of understanding chemical formulas in addressing global challenges.

In conclusion, the study of chemical formulas is pivotal in a wide range of scientific and
practical applications. These formulas serve as the foundation of chemistry, allowing us to
comprehend the world at the molecular level, design innovative materials, develop life-saving
drugs, and address environmental issues. They are the keys to unlocking the mysteries of the
material world, driving scientific progress, and improving our lives.