RESEARCH
of findings)
 From the old French word cerchiers, meaning
“to seek or search”
 The prefix “re” means again – signifies
replication of the search
 Is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or solve
problems. The ultimate goal of research is to
develop, refine, and expand a body of
knowledge (Polit & Beck, 2004)
 (Webster) is a studious inquiry or examination,
HISTORY OF NURSING RESEARCH
investigation or experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of facts, revision
of accepted theories or laws in the light of new
facts or practical applications of such new or
revised theories or laws.
 (Committee on Research of the PNA) Research
is an honest, scientific investigation undertaken
for the purpose of discovering new facts which
will contribute to the present body of
knowledge and can lead to an effective solution
of existing problems.
HISTORY
Action Research – involves study of a certain problem
and from the experience; decisions & conclusions are
drawn.
 Action research is attributed to Egyptians &
Babylonians who recorded & studied mainly
PROBLEM SOLVING
those facts in the material world that had
practical application.
 Aristotle (384 BC) – 1st to conceive the idea of
organized research
 Copernicus, Keplar & Galileo – were masters in
basic Scientific Research/Concepts in observed
data.
(data gathered thru observation. Ex.
Community immersion is needed to observe
quality care)
 Galileo (1564-1642) – employed the scientific
method (physics and astronomy)
(thru survey & experimentation)
 Francis Bacon (1561-1626) – demonstrated the
value of inductive reasoning and
experimentation in testing basic concepts.
(from specific to general concept generalization
 Rene Descartes – approached scientifically
inquiry in a way opposite to Bacon’s – used
deductive reasoning (General to specific)
 Boyle and Newton – use of scientific method in
the collection of evidence and deductive
reasoning in selecting the research question
and interpreting the findings.
 Florence Nightingale in 1890 – notes on what
Hypothesis is and what Hypothesis is not
 Illustrated her environmental approach
in the care of the sick
 Founded St. Thomas School of Nursing
and led the way to Nursing Education,
control of Nursing by nurses
 Turned to educational research
 One goal is to provide a basis for decision-
making at all level of the profession
 Schlotfeldt states:
 Nursing research develops and refines
nursing theories that will serve as
guides to nursing practice that can be
organized into a body of knowledge.
 Is a scientific process of identifying the problem
and finding ways to solve that problem.
RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING
 All elements of a  The same explicitness
scientific inquiry must and precision though
be explicitly (clearly) they may be utilized,
and precisely described are not usually
(accurate) demanded by problem
solving
 Where research data  Detailed statistical
are quantitative, they analysis are seldom
are analyzed with done and quantitative
appropriate statistical data are usually limited
procedures to simple frequency
 counts  Theoretical framework  Suggest solutions
 Factors other than the  Such controls are not  Questions to be  Consider outcomes
variable under study required answered & hypothesis
are controlled as much to be tested
as possible  Research methodology  Choice of solution
 One objective is to  The primary aim is the  Data gathering  Implement solution
ensure that findings solution of a problem  Analysis &  Evaluation
are generalized to a existing in the interpretation of data
population larger than population being  Summary, conclusion &  Modify, revise, change
the one under study studied, little or no recommendation
attention is given to
whether the findings
are applicable to a CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
larger population
1. Orderly and systematic
 The search for new  The facts for the
knowledge through investigation are  The researcher undertakes the
hypotheses testing always from the same investigation systematically in an
must be done in a setting and from many ordered sequence of steps.
setting and with study of the subjects that
subjects different from gave rise to the
those which gave rise proposal that the study 2. Control
to the observations be done  The researcher identifies and
that prompted the eliminates specific constraints or
study and hypothesis limitations to ensure precision and
(hypothesis is an
validity of results
intellectual guess)
 It means the imposition of
 Entails a written plan in  Entails no such
sufficient detail and requirements conditions in the research
explicitness that the situation, to minimize bias and
study may be maximize the precision and
replicated and the validity of data gathered.
findings verified
 The research has moral  The problem solver 3. Empiricism
obligation to report his needs only to provide  It refers to gathering of evidence and
findings in writing so information, in verbal relying on one’s own senses. (thru
that others may share or tabular form, to observation)
the new knowledge those in the immediate
setting of the problem
and to propose
4. Generalization
changes that will help
them solve  It means that the research findings may
be applied to a situation on population
larger than the one studied.
COMPARISON BETWEEN RESEARCH AND PROBLEM  This is a holistic statement that
SOLVING IN TERMS OF PROCESS is formulated after due analysis
of an adequate number of
RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING
cases, instances that bear
 Identify the problem  Identify the problem
common traits, characteristics
 Review of relate  Gather pertinent
literature information or trends.

NURSING RESEARCH
 A study of all aspects, components activities,
and phenomena relating to health and of
interest to nurses
 It is defined as a formal systematic, rigorous
and intensive process used for solutions to
nursing problems or to discover and interpret
new facts and trends in clinical practice,
nursing education or nursing administration
(Waltz and Bausell, 2001)
 Is a systematic inquiry designed to develop
knowledge about issues of importance to the
nursing profession, including nursing practice,
education, administration, and informatics.
NURSING INFORMATICS
 Integrates the science of nursing, computer
technology and information science to
enhance the quality of the nursing practice,
through improved communication,
documentation, and efficiency.
 Assisting in all aspects of a patient’s nursing
care from admission to discharge
 It is drastically altering the ways nurses
diagnose, treat, administer care for, and
manage their patients.
 The integration of information technology into
nursing enables the appropriate flow of data
collected by nurses, improving access to
patient information at the point of care, and
enhancing nursing abilities to benchmark,
monitor, and audit quality measures
 The passion for nursing, technology, and
innovation leads to improved patient
outcomes and higher quality patient – nurse
interactions
GOALS OF NURSING RESEARCH
 It is important within the context of promotion
and maintenance of health, prevention and
cure of illness, the habilitation and
rehabilitation of the disabled and the
handicapped whose life depends on others for
survival.
SPECIFIC GOALS
1. Efficiency and effectiveness in Nursing Care
 The primary reason for conducting
research is to foster optimum care for
clients
(The nursing profession exists to provide
service to society based on accurate
knowledge)
2. Worthiness and value of the nursing
profession to society
 Health care is indispensable to man’s
survival, and nursing care is one of its
major components
 To enable nurses to deliver quality care is
to make use of the most recent research
findings that provide proofs or evidences
to validate and justify the
appropriateness and adequacy of nursing
care.
3. Identifying, implementing and evaluating
effective health care modalities
 Nursing research enables nurses to
cautiously assess individuals and groups,
as basis for planning accurate nursing
interventions.
(Inclusions of all factors (biological,
physiological, social, behavioral, spiritual
and environmental components that
influence health and disease in man’s
stages of development)
4. Clinical nursing research has the potential
for providing quality care of clients.
It is concerned with the following tasks:
 The systematic study of nursing
problems and phenomena, using
the nursing process of assessing,
planning, implementing and
evaluating nursing care.
  To control the occurrence of undesired
outcomes
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN NURSING
 To initiate activities to promote desired client
Description behavior

 Through research nurse describes a STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS (APA)

phenomenon that relates to the nursing
CHAPTER 1
profession as well as to observe, define, and
document nursing situations under inquiry  Revie of Literature
 Theoretical Frameworks/conceptual paradigm
Exploration
 Statement of the Problem
 Research explores the phenomenon being  Hypothesis
investigated by observing and recording  Significance of the study
events or situations occurring in that
METHOD
phenomenon; it answers “what” questions on
the phenomenon; and use enough examples  Design
to become familiar with the phenomenon for  Setting
more precise and accurate understanding of  Participants
this  Measures
Explanation - ano gagamitin to collect information ex.
Quali-Interview Guide Question
 Research seeks clarification of prevailing  Analysis
situation to answer questions that asks “why” - Quanti-Statistician,
a phenomenon occurred. “Why did this - Quali-data Analyse but no statistician.
happen?” “what could have happened if…?”  Research procedure (Ethical Considerations
Prediction and control  Result
 Discussions
 Prediction – projects a situation or events that - In relation in your result and support it with
could arise from research investigation RRL
 Control – puts up a barrier to hinder or  Summary of Findings & Recommendations
minimize the effects of anticipated outcomes - Quali- no conclusion
or reactions
 Also refers to nursing actions or TITLE
interventions that respond to patient How do you write the title of the investigation?
needs in order to prevent and
eliminate potential health problems. - Should be clear and specifically stated
- Variables are included; research site; study
participants (optional)
Nurses could evaluate & document their contributions - Should not exceed twenty (20) substantive
to the health care delivery system words.

Purposes of the Title:

 Research enables nurses to describe the
characteristics of a particular nursing situation
 To explain phenomena that must be considered
in planning nursing care
 Predict probable outcomes of certain nursing
decisions
 It summarizes of the content of the entire
study.
 It is a frame of reference of the whole study.
 It enables you to claim the study as your won
  It helps other researchers to refer your work as and the supervisor's evaluation
they survey some theories. score.

 What is the performance level of

Sample titles staffing nursing students as
Dependent- Nakaka affect (Italic) perceived by patients in terms of:

Independent- stand for itself (Underline) - -knowledge;

 Related Learning Experience In Psychiatric
Nursing On The Self-Concept And Behavioral - -skills; and
Tendencies Of The Student Nurses
 Professional Competence Of Staff Nurse And - -attitude?
Level Of Satisfaction Of Patients In Tertiary
Hospitals INTRODUCTION
 Handwashing And Frequency Of Microbial
Growth Among Icu Staff Nurse Of Davao 1. Background/background of the study
Regional Hospital
 Primary Nursing Care Modality, Its Effects On 2. Describe the problem situation
Quality Patient’s Care considering global, national and local
 Knowledge Of Health Practices Of Mother On forces.
The Management Of Bronchial Asthma
 Informal Social Support And The Quality Of Life 3. Justify the existence of the problem
Of Elderly situation by citing statistical data and
 Extent Of Understanding And Extent Of authoritative sources.
Application Of Spc Core Values Among BSN 3
Students. 4. Make a clinching statement that will
relate the background to the
Formulate a title appropriate for the
proposed research problem.
given situation
o You should describe the general
 In an effort to determine the
problem you are studying in
predictive validity of an employment
manner that it is sufficient.
test, an industrial psychologist
samples 20 workers who had
o This includes the problem
previously taken an employment
statement that expresses the
screening test. In addition to the
dilemma or disturbing situation
employment test score, the
that needs investigation for the
psychologist has access to the
purposes of providing
evaluation given by the worker's
understanding and direction.
supervisor at the end of the 6-month
probation period. Using these two
o It identifies the nature of the
scores; determine whether there is a
significant positive correlation problem that is being addressed
between the employment test score in the study, and typically, its
context and significance.
 o Here is where you discuss the
motivation for studying the
problem.
o What theoretical and/or practical
situations brought about this
study? Of what application is the
problem or what is its
significance?
o The goal is to describe the
problem in broad strokes, justify
its study, and capture the interest
of the reader.
Format of overview:
 The overview of the study has no
heading.
 This, as well as the rest of the
introduction, is written in the present
tense. Sections within this chapter
follow one after the other, with no
page breaks in between.
Review of Literature
• This section discusses the theoretical
foundations of the problem.
• The goal is to develop your problem
conceptually and place it in the context
of previous scientific work. Thus, a
conceptual integration of previous
research is needed.
• Point out the themes, link, gaps, and
inconsistencies in the literature with the
aim to provide a clear conceptualization
of the problem.
• Note that it is NOT the purpose of this
section to display how much literature
you have read.
• Avoid presenting a litany of past studies
that are conceptually disconnected from
each other. This section provides
justification of your problem and
hypothesis:
 Why study these particular
variables?
 Why propose these particular
hypotheses?
 Why study the problem with this
method?
 What differentiates your approach
from what has been previously
done?
Format:
 Unlike other sections in Chapter I,
this section is written in the past
tense. Begin this section with a
heading (justify to the left, upper-
and lowercase). To enhance
organization, use subheadings.
Types of Related Literature:
1. Conceptual Literature (Past
studies)
2. Research Literature or Related
Studies
 Note: Researchers undertake a
literature review to familiarize
themselves with the knowledge
base.
Purposes of Literature Review
 1) Identification of a research problem
and development or refinement of
research questions or hypotheses
2) Orientation to what is known and not
known about an area of inquiry, to
ascertain what research can best
make a contribution to the existing
base of evidence
3) Determination of any gaps or
inconsistencies in a body of
research.
4) Determination of a need to replicate
a prior study in a different setting or
with a different study population
5) Identification or development of new
or refined clinical interventions to test
through empirical research
6) Identification of relevant theoretical
or conceptual frameworks for a
research problem
7) Identification of suitable designs and
data collection methods for a study
8) For those developing research
proposals for funding, identification
of experts in the field who could be
used as consultants
9) Assistance in interpreting study
findings and in developing
implications and recommendations
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
 Primary source research reports -
descriptions of studies written by the
researchers who conducted them
 Secondary source research reports -
descriptions of studies prepared by
someone other than the original
researcher
LOCATION OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
FOR A RESEARCH REVIEW
1. Electronic Literature Searches
• Commonly used service providers:
https://www.scholar.google.com
http://www.proquest.com
http://www.medscape.com
• Ebsco Information Services
(www.ebsco.com)
PaperChase (www.paperchase.com)
SilverPlatter Information
(www.silverplatter.com)
Key Electronic Databases for Nurse
Researchers:
a. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to
Nursing and Allied Health
Literature)
b. MEDLINE (Medical Literature
On-Line)
c. AIDSLINE (AIDS Information
On-Line)
d. CancerLit (Cancer Literature)
e. CHID (Combined Health
Information Database)
 f. EMBASE (the Excerpta
Medica database) b. Psychological abstracts

g. ETOH (Alcohol and Alcohol

Problems Science Database)

h. HealthSTAR (Health Services,

Technology, Administration,
and Research)

I. PsycINFO (Psychology
Information)

2. Print Resources

2.a. Print indexes

o are books that are used to

locate articles in journals and
periodicals, books,
dissertations, publications of
professional organizations,
and government documents.

Common print indexes

a. International Nursing Index

b. Cumulative Index to Nursing and

Allied Health Literature

c. Nursing Studies Index

d. Index Medicus

e. Hospital Literature Index

2.b. Abstract Journals

- summarize articles that have

appeared in other journals.

Two most important abstracts:

a. Nursing abstracts
 2. The right question is important. Results of
the study will:
 Help solve persistent, prevailing
Generation of Knowledge problems.
 Be relevant and useful to a specific
 Research findings from rigorous studies group of people
constitute the best type of evidence for  Make a difference between past
informing nurses’ decisions, actions, and and current theory and practice
interactions with clients  Further refine already established
concepts, conditions, and situations
 Contribute to the stockpile of
RESEARCH VARIABLES knowledge in the particular field.
Problem

 Problem is a situation in need of a description, 3. The concept to be studied must relate to

quantification, solution, improvement or observable events
alterations
 Research problem – an enigmatic, perplexing 4. Manageability. The nature and scope of the
or troubling condition study are specific and well defined, data
are accessible and the research method is
NOTE: Both qualitative and quantitative researchers
appropriate.
identify a research problem within a broad area of
interest. The purpose of research is to “solve” the
5. Measurability. The study is time bound, and
problem – or to continue to its solution – by
variables can be subjected to quantitative
accumulating relevant information.
and qualitative analysis.
Content: This section presents the specific research
question(s). The statement of the problem should have 6. Resource availability. Human, material,
a several characteristics. physical and monetary resources needed to
pursue the research are adequately
provided for.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
7. It should be phrased in the form of a
1. The right question is feasible. (realistic,
question;
practical)
 How to determine if the problem is
8. The question should suggest a relationship
feasible?
between variables to be examined (unless
 Time and timing
the study is exploratory and descriptive).
 Availability of study
participants
9. The research question should imply the
 Cooperation of others
possibility of empirical testing.
 Facilities and equipment
 Monetary
 Experience of the TYPES OF PROBLEM
researcher
1. Research Problem
 Ethical considerations
2. Non-research Problem
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH AND NON- 6. Conflicting ideas and ideals
RESEARCH PROBLEM 7. Journals, books, theses or dissertations and
mass media
Characteristics Research Non-research
8. Theories and principles afflicting certain
Problem Problem
phenomena
1. Nature of  Problem has  Problem has
9. Problem areas in nursing such as the
Problem no obvious an obvious
answer unless answer or following:
one gathers even if not  Administration of Nursing service
data and obvious, can and education. Roles &
information be answered responsibilities of nurses in the
without health care delivery system.
gathering  Clinical specialization. Institutional
data nursing in specific areas of health
2. Scope  Problem leads  Problem, care such as: Maternal and child
to policies or once nursing, medical-surgical,
generalizations answered, psychiatric, communicable disease,
that would does not community health and school
advance the contribute
nursing.
field of knowledge
knowledge in the field

3. Applicability  Problem leads  Problem, 10. Problem situations and issues

to useful once 11. Suggestions of experts and authorities
applications in answered
the nursing cannot be
profession or applied in CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A PROBLEM FOR SCIENTIFIC
other similar INQUIRY:
professions situations
4. Relationships  Problem  Problem 1. EXTERNAL CRITERIA
of variables always need not a. Novelty – the practical value of the
attempt to deal with the problem due to its newness in the field
gauge extent problem of of inquiry (Polit and Beck, 2004)
of cause-effect causation b. Availability of the subjects – the
relationship existence of people with the desired
among factors capability and willingness to participate
and variables in the study; the sampling of study
participants must be enough to ensure
reliability and validity of results.
c. Institutional or administrative support
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS – sponsorship by a department or the
1. Fields of specialization. Personal and institution itself to help gather data and
professional experiences and interests cover the cost of the study; permission
2. Instructional program of those concerned for the
3. Reading program. Literature sources and participations in the study of staff
previous research studies members, children, the aged and the
4. Organizational structure, policies and mentally retarded (Ardales, 1992)
interpersonal relationships d. Ethical considerations – the conduct of
5. New technologies research must not pose unethical
 demands on the part of study
participants and the researcher.
e. Facilities and equipment – the
availability and adequacy of special
equipment and facilities for use in
undertaking the research such as
telephones, computers, calculators,
transportation and communication
facilities to ensure accuracy of data
gathering, collation and statistical
treatment.
2. INTERNAL CRITERIA
a. The motivation, interest, intellectual
curiosity and perceptiveness of the
researcher
b. Experience, training and professional
qualifications – knowledge and
expertise as a result of experience
constitute the researcher’s tools for
coping with the demands of research
c. Time factor – studies must be pursued
satisfactory through completion within
the given time frame. Thus, the
researcher must set the timetable prior
to the conduct of the study.
d. Costs and returns – research is an
expensive undertaking which requires
facilities and adequate funding which
vary with the kind and relevance of the
study, the methods of research used
and the statistical tools required for
data treatment.
e. Hazards, penalties, and handicaps –
these could come up during the pursuit
of any scientific work, which the
researcher should be capable enough
to cope with intellectually, morally, and
materially.
FACTORS INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF A PROBLEM
1. Availability of data
2. Time constraint
3. Funds
4. Capability of the researcher
5. Attitudes and interest of the researcher
6. Interest of the sponsor or the benefactor
7. Importance of the issues involved
8. Recentness of such issues
9. Facilities and equipment
WAYS OF STATING THE PROBLEM
1. A question or several questions – it is stated in
interrogative form, a major question followed
by specific questions, or several questions to
answer a single problem
Examples:
 what is the staff nurses’ extent of
knowledge and their clinical
performance of the nursing process as
basis for improving the curriculum and
the related learning experience
programs of nursing education.
 The purpose of this study is to explore
the relationship between method of
pain management during labor and
specific labor and birth outcomes.
 What is the relationship between the
dependency level of post-op renal
patients and their rate of recovery?
2. A declarative statement followed by specific
statements.
Examples:
 The correlation between staff nurses’
extent of knowledge and their clinical
performance of the nursing process
 The relationship between method of
pain management during labor and
specific labor and birth outcomes.
 The impact of grading on the
academic and clinical achievements of
3rd year BSN students
3. A combination of both. Consists of the
following:
 a. Major problem. This directs attention
to the subject of the investigation,
particularly the main issue to be
answered. This also refers to the goal
of the study. Should be SMART
(Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic and results oriented; and
time-bound)
Examples:
 To determine the correlation between
staff nurses’ extent of knowledge and
their clinical performance of the
nursing process as basis for improving
the curriculum and the related
learning experience programs of
nursing education
 What is the relationship between the
dependency level of renal transplant
recipients and their rate of recovery?
b. Minor/Specific or sub-problems
 These are sub-problems into which
the major problem is broken down
for purposes of analysis. They
support the major problem and
lead to its solution.
 They serve as guides in data
collection, collation and analysis.
Examples:
 What is the staff nurses' extent of
knowledge of the nursing process
in relation to its five basic
aspects:
 Assessment;
 Nursing diagnosis;
 Planning;
 implementation; and
 Evaluation
 What is the extent of the staff
nurses’ knowledge of the nursing
process as perceived by themselves
and their head nurse?
 To what extent is the nursing
process performed efficiently by the
half nurses as perceived by
themselves and their head nurses?
 is there any significant correlation
between the staff nurses' extent of
knowledge and their clinical
performance of the nursing process
in relation to the five components?
At first, purpose statement is established to show the
general direction of inquiry
 The words purpose or goal usually appears in
purpose statement (Ex. The purpose of this study is
or The goal of this study is)
 Example: The purpose of this study is to
explore the relationship between method of
pain management during labor and specific
labor and birth outcomes.
 Usually, the statement of purpose is broken down
to specific questions also known as research
questions, which are direct rewordings of
statements of purpose, phrased interrogatively
rather than declaratively.
 Example: What is the relationship between the
dependency level of renal transplant recipients
and their rate of recovery?
THREE LEVELS OF INQUIRY
 Level 1
- Questions are asked when the researcher has
limited knowledge of the topic. They usually
start with "what" and are exploratory in nature.
 Level 2
- Questions are on relationships or effects of
variables.
 Level 3
 - Questions are those which assume
relationships and effects and ask "why" of the a. age;
results.
b. gender;
HOW TO SELECT AND DEFINE A RESEARCH PROBLEM
c. civil status;
 Through observation of your job, of the place
around you. d. educational attainment; and

 List down all the possible problems that bother e. household size?
you in your work.

INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT

VARIABLES VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE
1. Experience; Extent of
 are qualities, properties, or characteristics of Nursing attitude of the recovery of
people, things, events or situations under Intervention nurse; facilities post-operative
study, which are assessed and measured of patients patients
quantitatively or qualitatively. 2. Teaching Extent of pain
Preoperative approaches; relief needed
TYPES: Teaching subjects taught; by the patient
skill of the
1. Independent Variables nurse
3. Age, Sex, Status/Extent
- These are factors that are being manipulated Primary Education & of patient
by the researcher and the focus of the inquiry. Nursing training satisfaction
They are also called experimental, treatment,
causal or stimulus variables.

2. Dependent Variable INDICATORS

- This is the factor or variable that is affected or
influenced by the independent variable. It is
also a criterion, effect, or response variable.
3. Intervening/moderating Variable
- This is a factor or variable that exists between
the independent and the dependent variable.
- It bears on the effect of the independent
INFORMAL SOCIAL SUPPORT AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF
THE ELDERLY
- These are statement of straits, characteristics,
trends and practices that define or describe the
variables. They belong to certain area
evaluated.
- These must be clearly stated or defined by the
researcher in her study to facilitate qualitative
or quantitative measurement and analysis of
variables, and to avoid conflicting or erroneous
findings.
EXAMPLE:

Ex. Moderating Variables Variables Indicators

a. Nursing care Levels, categories
- What is the profile of the respondents when
grouped according to: b. Nursing Education Baccalaureate, New or

c. Emotional stress
old curriculum
Extent or degree (mild,
moderate, severe) of
emotional distress
- state that there is no relationship
between the independent and
dependent variables.
Types of Hypothesis (Direction)

1. Directional
- is one that specifies not only the existence but
the expected direction of the relationship
HYPOTHESIS between variables.

- It is a prediction about a relationship between 2. Nondirectional

two or more variables.
- does not stipulate the direction of the
- Translates a quantitative research question into relationship.
a precise prediction of expected outcomes

- State expected relationships between the

independent variable (the presumed cause or WORDING OF HYPOTHESES
antecedent) and the dependent variable (the
presumed effect or outcome)  Simple
- a hypothesis that expresses an expected
- This section is necessary only if you have a relationship between one independent and
particular theory/framework/premise that you dependent.
are testing. In the case of exploratory research,
for example, a hypothesis is Example

Hypothesis - Is a relationship between the extent of

understanding and extend of application of the
- is tested. core values of San Pedro College?

- if true, it is accepted - There is a relationship between the extent of

- if not true, maybe there is no enough data to
support the claim
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS (STATEMENT)
1. Alternative or Research
- also referred to as
declarative, or scientific
- state that there is an expected
relationship between variables
understanding and extend of application of the
core values of San Pedro College.
 Complex or multivariate
- is a prediction of a relationship between two
(or more) variables and/or two (or
- Is there a significant relationship between the
substantive, staff nurses' extent of knowledge and their
clinical performance of the nursing process as
basis for improving the curriculum and the
related learning experience programs of
nursing education.

2. Null or Statistical
- There is a significant relationship between the
staff nurses' extent of knowledge and their
clinical performance of the nursing process as
basis for improving the curriculum and the
 related learning experience programs
nursing education.
 What is the relationship between the dependency level
of post-op renal patients and their rate of recovery?
 Is there a correlation between staff nurses’ extent of
knowledge and their clinical performance of the
nursing process?
 Is there a relationship between method of pain
management during labor and specific labor and birth
outcomes?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 This study attempted to determine the
relationship of informal social support and
quality of the life of elderly at La Verna Hills
Subdivision, Buhangin, Davao City.
 Specifically it aimed to answer the following question:
 What is the profile of the respondents when
grouped according to:
a. Age;
b. Gender;
c. Civil status;
d. Education attainment; and
e. Household size?
of - marital status;
- educational attainment; and
- household size?
 Is there a significant relationship of informal social
support received by the elderly and the level of their
quality of life?
 There is no significant difference in the level of quality
according to age, gender, marital status, educational
attainment, and household size.
 There is no significant relationship between the informal
social support received by the elderly and their quality
of life.
ACTIVITY
- the staff nurses’ extent of knowledge on nursing
practice and their clinical performance of the nursing
process
Formulate
 General purpose of the study.
 3 Specific problems.
 Hypothesis if appropriate

1. What is the staff nurses’ extent of knowledge of the

 What is the level of informal social support nursing process in relation to its five basic aspects:
received by the elderly in terms of: a. Assessment;
a. Informational; b. Nursing diagnosis;
b. Tangible; c. Planning;
c. Emotional; and d. Implementation; and
d. Integral? e. Evaluation?

 What is the level of quality in life of the elderly in 2. What is the extent of the staff nurses’ knowledge of
terms of: the nursing process as perceived by themselves and
a. Physical; their head nurse?
b. Psychological; and
c. Spiritual? 3. To what extent is the nursing process performed
efficiently by the staff nurses as perceived by
 Is there a significant difference in the level of themselves and their head nurses?
quality of life of the elderly when grouped
according to: 4. Is there any significant correlation between the staff
- age; nurses’ extent of knowledge and their clinical

- gender;
performance of the nursing process in relation to the
five components?
THEORETICAL CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
THEORY
 Refer to an abstract generalization that
offers a systematic explanation about
phenomena are interrelated.
 Is a set of interrelated constructs,
definitions and propositions that present a
systematic view of phenomena by
specifying relations among variables with
purpose of explaining and predicting the
phenomena.
 Framework- is the overall conceptual
underpinnings of the study.
 Theoretical framework- is presented when
the study is based on the theory
 Conceptual Framework- is used when the
study has its roots in the specified
conceptual model
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 This is the “creative” section of your work,
where you define your researchers
theoretical conceptual frame
 The build up of arguments from literature
review, to the theoretical or conceptual
framework, to the research problem and
hypothesis should be clear and logical.
 It is different from the literature review, in
here you discuss your own original
integration of the major theories and or
frameworks that you intend do apply,
which serves as the basis of the
conceptual definitions of your variables
and the laws of interactions or presumed
relationship among them.
NURSING THEORIST
 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
 Environmental approach to nursing
 1st nursing theorist
 LYDIA HALL
 3 aspects of Nursing
 The person or the care of Nursing
 The body or the core of the nursing
 The disease or the cure of nursing
 VIRGINIA HERDERSOON
 Lists of 14 components of the nursing
 Focus on helping the patient with
activities or providing conditions under
which he can perform them unaided.
 HILDEGARD PEPLAU
 Nursing is significant therapeutic
interpersonal process… an educative
instruments, a maturing force that aims
to promote forward movement of
personality in the direction of creative,
constructive, productive, personal and
community living.
 4 planes of nurse patient relationship;
orientation, identification, exploitation
and resolution.
 Interpersonal model
 Peplau based her model in
PSYCHODYNAMIC NURSING,which
she defines as using an understanding
of ones own behavior to help other
identify their difficulties.
 FAYE ANDELLAH
 Patient problems into 21 categories
 Views the nurse as the problem solver.
 DOROTHEA OREM
 Theory of self care
  The nurse provides “wholly
compensatory’
 “partial compensatory”
 “supportive-educative care”
 MARTHA ROGERS
 Unitary person as the basis of the
nursing uniqueness.
 MYRA LEVINE
 Has 4 conservation principles:
 1. conservation of patient energy
 2. structural integrity
 3. personal integrity
 4. social integrity.
 SISTER CALISTA ROY
 ADAPTATION MODEL
 Basic physiological needs
 Self-concept
 Role function
 Interdependence
 IMOGENE KING
 General system in 1978-human & level
of functioning
 5 basic components
 People
 Environment
 Nursing
 Health
 Dynamic interaction of these
concepts
 BETTY NEUMAN
 Health care system models that views
a person as a complete system with
parts and sub parts that:
 Interrelate
 Interpersonal
 Intrapersonal
 Extra personal
 ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
 Paradigm that provides explicit
framework allowing nurses to uncover
the meaning of phenomenon
experienced by human being.
 DOROTHY E. JOHNSON THEORY
 Behavioral system model
 PATRICIA BENNER
 From novice to Expert: Excellence and
Power in Clinical nursing practice
 JEAN WATSONS
 Philosophy and Science of Caring
 ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
 The helping Art of Clinical Nursing
 KATHRYN E. BARNARD MODEL
 Patient-Child Interaction Model
 MADELINE LEININGER THEORY
 Culture Care: Diversity and
Universality Theory
 NOLA J. PENDER THEORY
 The Health promotion Model
 JOYCE TRAVELBEE THEORY
 (human to human relationship model)
CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF NURSING
USED BY NURSE RESEACHERS
1. Open systems model
2. Theory of culture care diversity and
universality
3. Conservation model
4. Health care system model
5. Health as expanding consciousness
6. Self care model
7. Theory of human becoming
8. Science and unitary of human beings
9. Adaptation model
10. Theory of caring
PROBLEM
 Is a situation in need of a description,
qualification, solution, improvements or
alterations.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Is an enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling
condition.
 NOTE: both qualitative and quantitative
researchers identify a research problem
within a broad area of interest. The
purpose of the research is to “solve” the
problem or to contribute to its solution's by
accumulating relevant information.
CONTENT:
 This section presents the specific research
questions
 The statement of the problem should have
a several characteristics:
 It should be phrased in the form of
questions;
 The questions should suggest a
relationship between variables to be
examined (unless the study is
exploratory and descriptive)
 The research question should Imply
the possibility of empirical testing.
CRITERIA:
 Significance of the problem
 Researchability of the problem
 Interest to the researcher
 Feasibility
 How to determine is the problem is
feasible?
 Time and timing
 Availability of study participants
 Cooperation of others
 Facilities and equipment
 Money
 Experience of the researchers
 Ethical considerations
TYPES OF PROBLEM
 Research Problem
 Non-research problem
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
 Fields of specialization. Personal and
professional experiences and interests.
 Instructional program
 Reading program. Literature sources and
previous research studies
 Organizational structure, policies and
interpersonal relationships
 New technologies
 Conflicting ideas and ideals
 Journals, book, theses or dissertations and
mass media
 Theories and principles afflicting certain
phenomena
 Problems areas in nursing
 Problem situations and issues
 Suggestions of experts and authorities
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
RESEARCHES PROBLEM
 The right question is feasible.
 Th right questions is important.
 The concept to be studied must relate to
observable events
 The findings can be generalized
 The purpose is clearly defined
 The researcher must be interested and
qualified to do the study.
FACTORS INFLUENCE THE SELECTION
OF THE PROBLEM
1. Availability of data
2. Time constant
3. Funds
4. Capability of the researchers
5. Attitudes and interest of the
researchers
6. Interest of the sponsor or the
benefactor
7. Importance of the issue
involved
8. Recentness of such issues
9. Facilities and equipment
THREE LEVELS OF INQUIRY
Level 1.
 Questions are asked when the researchers
has limited knowledge of the topic. They
usually starts with “what” and are
exploratory in nature.
Level 2.
 Questions are on relationship or effects of
variables
Level 3.
 Questions are those which assume
relationships are effects and ask “why” of
the results.
 At first, purpose of statement is
established to show the general
direction of inquiry
 The word purpose or goal usually appears
in purpose statement ( ex. The purpose of
this study is or the goal of this study is…
 for example: the purpose of this study
is to explore the relationship between
method of pain management during
labor and specific labor and birth
outcomes.
 Usually, the statement of purpose IS
broken down to specific questions also
known as research questions, which
are direct rewording of statements of
purpose, phrased interrogatively rather
than decoratively
 Example: What is the relationship
between the dependency level of renal
transplant recipients and their rate of
recovery?

How to select and define a Research

problem
 Through observation of your job, of the
place around you.
 List down all the possible problems that
bother you in your work.