5B11 Exercise E

11 More about Probability
Activity
2. (a)
Activity 11.1 (p. 11.19)
1. (a) (i)
(i) 0
(ii)
(ii) 0
(iii)
(iii) 0
(b) yes
(b)  Yes  No
3.
(c)
Classwork
2. (a)
Classwork (p. 11.5)

(i)
(a) A = {3, 5, 6}, B = {1, 2}, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(ii) (b) A = {0, 1, 2, 4}, B = {1, 2, 5}, U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Classwork (p. 11.6)

(iii) (a) A = {4, 8}, B = {1, 2, 3}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(b) (i) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8}

(b)  Yes  No (ii) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(iii) =
(c)
(iv) = {1, 3}
Activity 11.2 (p. 11.33) (v) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
1. (a)  Yes  No (vi) = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(vii) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
(b (viii) = {4, 8}
4 5 7 8
)
(c) U
R (R, 4) (R, 5) (R, 7) (R, 8) B
2
Y (Y, 4) (Y, 5) (Y, 7) (Y, 8) A
4 3
8 1 C
G (G, 4) (G, 5) (G, 7) (G, 8) 9
7
5
6
10
2. , ,
3. Classwork (p. 11.18)

1.  2.  3.  4. 
Activity 11.3 (p. 11.45)
Classwork (p. 11.24)
1. (a) 1 2 3 4 1.  2.  3.  4. 
1 --- (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4)
2 (2, 1) --- (2, 3) (2, 4) 1.  2.  3.  4. 
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) --- (3, 4) Classwork (p. 11.45)

1.  2.  3.  4. 
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) ---
(b) 12
117
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5B Full Solutions
(b)
1. or 2. or
3. or 4. or
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 11.1 (p. 11.11) Quick Practice 11.5 (p. 11.22)
(a) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} Let F1 be the event that the chosen candidate fails paper I,
and F2 be the event that the chosen candidate fails paper II.
(b) (i) X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∵ F1 and F2 are non-mutually exclusive events.
(ii) Y = {7, 8, 9, 10} ∴ P(fails paper I or paper II)
Quick Practice 11.2 (p. 11.12)

(a) Event B = {5, 10, 15, 20}
∴
(b)

Let E1 be the event that two even numbers are obtained
and E2 be the event that the sum is 10.
The number of all possible outcomes = 6 × 6 = 36
(a) ∵ E1 = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 2),
Quick Practice 11.3 (p. 11.13) (6, 4), (6, 6)}
Box B
4 5 6 ∴
1 5 6 7
Box A 2 6 7 8
3 7 8 9
(b) ∵ E2 = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
Let E be the event that the sum of two numbers is less than 7.
Then, E′ is the event that the sum of two numbers is not less than
7, i.e. greater than or equal to 7.
From the table, we have n(S) = 9, n(E) = 3, n(E′) = 6. ∴
(a) P(the sum of two numbers is less than 7)
(c)
(b) P(the sum of two numbers is greater than or equal to 7)
(a) (d)
118

Let A be the event that the student’s favourite subject is English
or Chinese.
Then A′ is the event that the student’s favourite subject is neither (a)
English nor Chinese.
(b)

By the counting principle,
(a) (i) Let A be the event that the sum of the numbers
is less than 6.
Then, event A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1),
(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
(ii)

P(Patrick does not win the game)
(b) (i) Let B be the event that both numbers shown are odd.
Then, event B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), P(Daisy does not win the game)
(3, 5), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
∴
(a)
(ii)
(b)
119
(c) Quick Practice 11.14 (p. 11.47)
(a)
(b)
Let P stand for passing a paper and F stand for failing a paper.
(a) P(passes exactly two papers)

(a) P(the mango candy is in Billy’s bag)
(b)

(a) There are 8 possible outcomes for the condition ‘the person
chosen comes from shop A’. 3 of them satisfy the event
‘he/she is a sales person’. (b) P(the mango candy is in Tom’s bag)
(b) There are 5 possible outcomes for the condition ‘the person
chosen is a sales person’. 3 of them satisfy the event ‘he/she
comes from shop A’.
Quick Practice 11.13 (p. 11.44) (c) P(Tom draws an apple candy from Billy’s bag)
(a) There are 5 outcomes for the condition ‘sum = 8’.
2 of them satisfy the event ‘product = 12’,
i.e. {(2, 6), (6, 2)}.
(b) There are 4 outcomes for the condition ‘product = 12’.

2 of them satisfy the event ‘sum = 8’,
i.e. {(2, 6), (6, 2)}.
∴ Quick Practice 11.16 (p. 11.50)
120
(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 couples

(a) Number of ways of drawing 4 cards from 7 cards
Quick Practice 11.17 (p. 11.52) When the sum of the four numbers is even, the numbers are
Let A1 and A2 be the events that a class A student is drawn in either ‘4 odd numbers’ or ‘2 odd and 2 even numbers’.
the 1st and the 2nd draw respectively, and B1 and B2 be the Number of ways of choosing 4 odd numbers
events that a class B student is drawn in the 1st and the 2nd
draw respectively.
Number of ways of choosing 2 odd and 2 even numbers
(a) (i) Total number of favourable outcomes
(b)
(ii)

Total number of ways of arranging the 8 students = 8!
(a) Since the students from school A must stand next to each
other, we can treat them as one unit.
A1 A 2 A 3 A 4 S1 S2 S3 S4
one unit
(b)
Number of ways of arranging the 4 other students and 1 unit
= (4 + 1)!
= 5!
Number of ways of arranging the 4 students from school A
= 4!

(a) Number of ways of selecting 4 people
(b) Since the students from school A are separated by a student

from other schools, they must stand in the arrangements
Number of ways of selecting 2 particular couples like these:
A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4
or
S1 A1 S2 A2 S3 A3 S4 A4
∴
In each arrangement,
Number of ways of arranging the students from school A
121
= 4!
Number of ways of arranging the 4 other students (b)
= 4!
∴ P(each separated by a student from other schools)
Further Practice (p. 11.27)
1. (a)

Number of cakes = 8 × 3 = 24
Total number of ways of choosing 3 cakes
(a) Number of ways of choosing 1 shop from 8 shops
Number of ways of choosing 3 cakes from 1 shop
(b)
2. Let E be the event that the selected student passes the

(b) Number of ways of choosing 3 shops from 8 shops English test and C be the event that the selected student
passes the Chinese test.
Number of ways of choosing 1 cake from each of the
3 chosen shops
(a)
(b)
Further Practice
(c) P(passes the English test but fails the Chinese test)
P(passes the English test)  P(passes both tests)
1. Let E be the event of drawing a yellow card with a happy
face and F be the event of drawing a red card.
We have n(S) = 7, n(E) = 3, n(F) = 0
(a)
3. ∵ The probability of getting a red ball is 0.4.

(b)
∴ ...... (1)
∵ The probability of getting a red ball or a green ball is

2. Let E be the event that the picnic is held in January and
0.6.
F be the event that the picnic is held on a Friday.
n(S) = 31, n(E) = 31, n(F) = 4
∴
(a)
122
i.e. ...... (2)
3. Let Y stand for the pointer landing on the yellow regions,

R stand for the pointer landing on the purple regions and
U stand for the pointer landing on the blue region.
By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have , and
1. (a)
1. (a) Let H stand for head and T stand for tail.
∴ The possible outcomes are
{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH,
TTT}.
(b) (i)
(b)
(ii)
2. (a)
2. (a) P(B)
(b)
(b)
(c)
123
(b) Number of ways of arranging 3 other participants

= 3!
3. (a) (i) P(Kelvin wins the prize)

= P(Kelvin wins in the 1st draw)
+ P(Kelvin wins in the 2nd draw)
+ P(Kelvin wins in the 3rd draw)
3. (a) Total number of ways of drawing 5 cards
=
Number of ways of drawing the letters A, B and C
= Number of ways of drawing 2 number cards

∴
(ii) P(Chloe wins the prize)
= 1 P(Kelvin wins the prize)
(b) From (a), the probabilities for them to win the prize
are the same.
∴ It is fair for Chloe to draw after Kelvin.
∴ The claim is not agreed. (b) Total number of orders of drawing 5 cards
Further Practice (p. 11.62) Number of ways of drawing the letters A, B and C
1. Number of ways of selecting 4 students Since the letters A, B and C are successively drawn in
the order ‘ABC’, we can treat ‘ABC’ as a unit.
(a) Number of ways of selecting 4 girls Number of ways of drawing 2 number cards
Number of ways of arranging the 2 number cards and
1 unit
∴
∴
(b)
Exercise
2. Total number of ways of arranging the 5 participants = 5! Exercise 11A (p. 11.7)
(a) Since Lydia performs immediately after Vincy, we can Level 1
treat Lydia and Vincy as a unit. 1. (a)
Number of ways of arranging the 3 other participants
and 1 unit
(b)
124
(c) (c)
(d)
(d)
6. (a)
2. (a) (i)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(ii) (f)
7. (a)
(b) (i)
(b) ∵
∴ A and B are not disjoint.
Level 2
8. (a)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3. (a) False
9. (a) U
(b) True A B
(c) True
(d) False
4. (a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5. (a)
(b)
125
(c) 6 10 Z
(b) (i)
(ii)
(d) U
A B Exercise 11B (p. 11.14)
Level 1
1. (a)
(b) (i)
(ii)
2. (a) Let H stand for head and T stand for tail.

10. (a) ∴
(b) (i)
(b) (ii)
3. (a)
11. (a)
(b)
(b)
4. (a)
(b) (i)
12. (a) (i)
(ii)
(ii)
(b)
From (a)(ii), 5. (a) ,

∴
13. (a) (i)

(b) (i)
(ii)
(ii)
(b) ∵
∴ A and C are disjoint.
14. (a)
U
12 8 6. (a)
16 0
14 18 20 4 2
X Y 126
(ii)
(b)
11. Let E be the event that the box taken contains no defective
light bulbs. Then, E′ is the event that the box taken contains
7. (a) at least 1 defective light bulb.
From the table, we have
n(S) = 4 + 15 + 11 + 6 + 4 = 40, n(E) = 4 and n(E′) = 36
(b) (a)
8. (a)
(b)
(b)
12. (a)
Level 2
9. Let W stand for a white straw, R stand for a red straw and
G stand for a green straw.
(b)
1st draw 2nd draw Possible Outcomes
W ..............
W WW
R ..............
WR
W .............. 13. (a)
R Second throw
RW
R .............. RR 1 2 3 4
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4)
W ..............
G GW 2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4)
R .............. First throw
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4)
GR
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4)
(b) (i) P(sum is greater than 5)

(a)
(ii)
(b)
10. (a)
(b) (i) 14. (a) ∵ The probability of drawing a $10-coin is .
127
(ii)
∴
(c)
(b) Total number of coins = 14 + 6 + 8 = 28
(i)
Exercise 11C (p. 11.28)

Level 1
1. (a) Events E and F are both mutually exclusive and
complementary.
(ii)
(b) Events E and F are neither mutually exclusive nor
complementary.
(c) Events E and F are mutually exclusive.

15. Let x be the total number of balls. 2. (a) The chosen letter is a consonant. / The chosen letter is
‘P’, ‘R’ or ‘M’.
Then the number of red balls ,
(b) The number obtained is less than or equal to 3. / The
number obtained is not greater than 3. / The number
and the number of blue balls . obtained is 1, 2 or 3.
If we take x = 6, we have
(c) At least one head shows up.
total number of balls = 6, number of red balls = 2 and
number of blue balls = 3.
3. Total number of pairs of shoes = 8 + 5 + 2 = 15
If we take x = 12, we have
total number of balls = 12, number of red balls = 4 and
number of blue balls = 6
(or any other answers in the ratio 6 : 2 : 3)
16. (a)
(b) (i)
4.
(ii)
5. (a) P(lemon candy)
(b) P(apple candy or orange candy)
17. (a) S = {3456, 3465, 3546, 3564, 3645, 3654,

4356, 4365, 4536, 4563, 4635, 4653,
5346, 5364, 5436, 5463, 5634, 5643,
6345, 6354, 6435, 6453, 6534, 6543}
(b) (i)
128
6. P(not defective) (a)
7. Total number of coins in the cash box

= 13 + 25 + 18 + 19 + 23 + 8 + 6
= 112 (b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
10. Let E be the event that the sum of the numbers drawn is less
than 4. Then E′ is the event that the sum of the numbers
drawn is not less than 4.
Total number of possible outcomes  3  4  12
(a) E = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
∴ P(less than 4)
8. (a)
(b) P(not less than 4)
(b)
11. (a) (i) There are 26 red cards in a deck of 52 playing

cards.
P(a red card)
(c) (ii) There are 4 Jacks in a deck of 52 playing cards.
P(a Jack)
(b) P(a red card or a Jack)

9.
 P(a red card)  P(a Jack)  P(a red Jack)
129
(a) P(a boy from 5A)
12. (a) ∵ Among the fifteen numbers 11, 12, 13, …, 25,
there are 5 prime numbers (11, 13, 17, 19 and 23)
and 7 even numbers (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and
(b) P(a boy)
24).
(c) P(from 5A)
(b) ∵ Among 11, 12, …, 25, there are 5 numbers

(12, 15, 18, 21 and 24) which are divisible by 3, 4
numbers (12, 16, 20 and 24) which are divisible
by 4 and 2 numbers (12 and 24) which are
divisible by both 3 and 4.
∴
(d) P(a boy or from 5A)
15. (a) From 1 to 100, there are 50 numbers which are

13. Let E be the event that the outcomes are the same. Then E′ divisible by 2.
is the event that the outcomes are not the same, i.e. the
outcomes are different.
P(divisible by 2)
Total number of possible outcomes
(a) E = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
P(the outcomes are the same)
(b) From 1 to 100, there are 20 numbers which are

divisible by 5.
P(divisible by 5)
(b) P(the outcomes are different)
(c) From 1 to 100, there are 10 numbers which are

divisible by both 2 and 5.
P(divisible by 2 or 5)
= P(divisible by 2) + P(divisible by 5)
P(divisible by both 2 and 5)
Level 2
14. Total number of students  22  20  16  24  82 =
130
16. Total number of possible outcomes = 6 × 6 = 36 (b)

(a) E = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
(b) F = {(1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 2), (6, 1)}
Alternative Solution
(c)
17. (a) 19. By the counting principle,
Let H stand for head and T stand for tail.

(a) Let A be the event of getting no tails.
A = {HHHHH}
(b) Let B be the event of getting exactly one tail.

B = {THHHH, HTHHH, HHTHH, HHHTH, HHHHT}
(b)
∴
(c)
(c)
∵ A staff who is a female but not a clerk is the same

as a staff who is neither a male nor a clerk.
∴
18. (a) P(likes singer A or singer B)

= P(likes singer A) + P(likes singer B)
P(likes both singers)
131
20. (a) P(drama, sports or music)
P(news or cartoon)
(b) (i)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
(ii)
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
21. (a) Number of students read exactly one of the

newspapers
(b) (i) P(reads exactly one of the newspapers)
(ii) P(reads either newspaper A or newspaper B)

23. (a) Total number of possible outcomes
Let A be the event that the product of the three
numbers obtained is less than or equal to 2. Then A′ is
the event that the product of the three numbers
obtained is greater than 2.

(iii) P(does not read any of the two newspapers)
A ={(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1)}
22.
(b) Let B be the event that the product of the three
numbers obtained is less than 140. Then B′ is the event
that the product of the three numbers obtained is
greater than or equal to 140.
B′ ={(4, 6, 6), (5, 5, 6), (5, 6, 5), (5, 6, 6), (6, 4, 6),
132
(6, 5, 5), (6, 5, 6), (6, 6, 4), (6, 6, 5), (6, 6, 6)}
2.
3.
Exercise 11D (p. 11.38)

Level 1
1. P(taking two cans of coke)
= P(taking 1 can of coke from the first refrigerator and
taking 1 can of coke from the second refrigerator)
= P(taking 1 can of coke from the first refrigerator)
 P(taking 1 can of coke from the second refrigerator)

4.
=
5.
6. (a) (i)
133
(ii)
(b)
(b)
(c)
9. (a)
7. (a)
(b)
(b)
8. (a)
134
13. (a) P(Betty wins exactly one prize)
(b) P(Betty wins at most one prize)

P(Betty wins exactly one prize)
10. (a)
+ P(Betty gets no prize)
(b) Alternative Solution

P(Betty wins at most one prize)
1  P(Betty wins two prizes)
(c)
14. (a)
11.
(b)
12. (a)
15.
(b)
Level 2
16. (a) (i)

(c)
135
(c)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
19. Let W stand for Kenneth winning a round and L stand for
Kenneth losing a round.
17. Let S stand for a worker who suffers from the occupational
disease and N stand for a worker who does not suffer from (a)
the occupational disease.
(a)
(b) P(win at least two rounds)
(b)
18. Let A stand for a person who accepts the interview and
N stand for a person who does not accept the interview. 20.
(a)
(b) 21. P(6 heads)
136
P(3 heads followed by 3 tails) not winning the game.
∵ The probabilities of the two cases are the same. (a)

∴ May’s claim is incorrect.
22. Let G stand for a goal and M stand for a missed shoot.
(a)
(b)
(b)
∴ The probability that Bob wins at least once is not

the same as the probability that Amy wins at most
twice.
25. (a)
23. Let B stand for drawing a blue ball and G stand for drawing
a green ball.
(a)
(b)
∴ The possible values of p are and .
(b) 26. (a)
P(congestion on AFED)
∴ Route AFED has a lower chance of having traffic

congestion.
24. Let W stand for Bob winning the game, N stand for Bob
137
P(wears glasses | girl)
(b) Total number of students wearing glasses
P(boy | wears glasses)
∴ Route AFED has a lower chance of having traffic

congestion. 2. (a) There are 7 possible outcomes for the condition ‘the
cup is green’. 4 of them satisfy the event ‘the number
(b) P(Mr Chan will encounter traffic congestion) on the cup is even’.
= P(select route ABCD and encounter ∴ P(even | green cup)
traffic congestion)
+ P(select route AFED and encounter (b) There are 10 possible outcomes for the condition ‘the
traffic congestion) number on the cup is odd’. 7 of them satisfy the event
‘the cup is red’.
=
∴ P(red cup | odd)
=
3. (a) After the Queen of hearts is drawn, there are 51 cards
left and 12 of them are hearts.
27. P(loses in 50 m breast stroke) ∴ P(2nd card is a heart | 1st card is Queen of hearts)
P(loses in 100 m free style)
P(loses in 200 m relay)  1  x
(b) After the Queen of hearts is drawn, there are 51 cards

left and 40 of them are not face cards.
∴ P(2nd card is not a face card |1st card is Queen of
hearts)
4. (a) P(2 daughters)
(b) P(2 daughters | not all boys)
Exercise 11E (p. 11.53)

Level 1
1. (a) Total number of girls
138
5. (a) There are 9 possible outcomes for the condition ‘both

numbers are even’. 2 of them satisfy the event ‘the (b)
product of the two numbers obtained is 12’,
i.e. {(2, 6) and (6, 2)}.
(b) There are 4 possible outcomes for the condition ‘the

product of the two numbers obtained is 12’. 2 of them
satisfy the event ‘both numbers are even’,
i.e. {(2, 6) and (6, 2)}.
8. (a)
6. (a)
(b)
(b)
9. P(1 red clip and 1 blue clip)

= P(1st clip is red and 2nd clip is blue)
+ P(1st clip is blue and 2nd clip is red)
= P(1st clip is red)  P(2nd clip is blue | 1st clip is red)
+ P(1st clip is blue)  P(2nd clip is red | 1st clip is blue)
10. (a) The three successive draws are independent since the
buttons are replaced.
7. (a) P(1st button is blue, 2nd button is green and 3rd button
is red)
(b) The three successive draws are dependent since the

buttons are not replaced.
P(1st button is blue, 2nd button is green and 3rd button
is red)
139
= P(2 bottles of tea) + P(2 bottles of coffee)

+ P(2 bottles of orange juice)
= P(1st bottle is orange juice)
 P(2nd bottle is orange juice | 1st bottle is
orange juice)
11. (a) (i)
+ P(1st bottle is tea)
 P(2nd bottle is tea | 1st bottle is tea)
+ P(1st bottle is coffee)
 P(2nd bottle is coffee | 1st bottle is coffee)
13. (a)
(ii)
(b) P(opens the door on the 2nd attempt)

= P(fails on the 1st attempt)
 P(succeeds on the 2nd attempt | fails on
the 1st attempt)
(b) =
(c) P(opens the door within three attempts)

= 1  P(fails to open the door within three attempts)
P(opens the door on the 3rd attempt)
= P(fails on the first 2 attempts)
 P(succeeds on the 3rd attempt | fails on the first
2 attempts)
=
12. (a) P(1 bottle of orange juice and 1 bottle of tea are
taken out)
=
= P(1st bottle is orange juice)
 P(2nd bottle is tea | 1st bottle is orange juice) P(opens the door within three attempts)
+ P(1st bottle is tea) = P(opens the door on 1st attempt)
 P(2nd bottle is orange juice | 1st bottle is tea) + P(opens the door on 2nd attempt)
+ P(opens the door on 3rd attempt)
=
=
=
=
(b) P(same type of drink are taken out)

140
14. 18.
19. Let P1 ,P2 and P3 be the events that the 1st, the 2nd and the
3rd selected student pass the test respectively, F1 ,F2 and F3
be the events that the 1st , the 2nd and the 3rd selected
student fail the test respectively.
15.
20. Let A, B, C and D be the events that Andrew, Betty, Calvin

and Doris draw the princess sticker respectively.
P(A) =
P(B)
=
Level 2 =
16. (a) P(the letters are the same)
= P(both letters are ‘O’) + P(both letters are ‘N’) P(C)
+ P(both letters are ‘G’) =
= P(1st letter is ‘O’)
 P(2nd letter is ‘O’ | 1st letter is ‘O’) =
+ P(1st letter is ‘N’)
 P(2nd letter is ‘N’ | 1st letter is ‘N’)
+ P(1st letter is ‘G’) =
 P(2nd letter is ‘G’ | 1st letter is ‘G’)
=
∴ All of them have equal chance of getting the princess
(b) P(the letters are different) stickers.
P(the letters are the same)
21. (a) P(two face cards are drawn)
= P(1st card is a face card)
 P(2nd card is a face card | 1st card is a face card)
=
17. P(a particular pair of socks is drawn)
(b) P(two spade cards are drawn | two face cards are drawn)
P(a matching pair)
141
23. Let K1 and K2 be the events that the 1st and the 2nd towels
drawn are black respectively, Y be the event that the 1st
towel drawn is yellow.
P(the towel in drawer C is black)
= P(K1)  P(K2 | K1) + P(Y)  P(K2 | Y)
22. (a) P(two gold coins) =
= P(1st coin is a gold coin)
 P(2nd coin is a gold coin | 1st coin is a gold coin) =
=
24. (a) (i)
=
(b)
(ii)
(b)
(c) P(two gold coins | two coins are of the same type)
142
P(neither of them plays basketball)

= P(2 boys are taller than 1.75 m and
neither of them plays basketball)
+ P(2 boys are not taller than 1.75 m and
+ P(1 boy is taller than 1.75 m while 1 boy is
not, neither of them plays basketball)
25. Let X and Y stand for drawing a red ball and a black ball
=
respectively.
(b)
(a)
(b)
26. (a) (i) P(2 boys are taller than 1.75 m and
P(both of them play basketball)
=
= P(2 boys are taller than 1.75 m and
both of them play basketball)
= + P(2 boys are not taller than 1.75 m and
(ii) P(2 boys are not taller than 1.75 m and both of them play basketball)
neither of them plays basketball) + P(1 boy is taller than 1.75 m while 1 boy is
= not, both of them play basketball)
=
=
=
P(1 boy is taller than 1.75 m while 1 boy is not,
and neither of them plays basketball) ∴ The probability of choosing two boys who play
basketball is greater than the probability of
= choosing two boys who do not play basketball.
∴ Natalie’s claim is incorrect.
143
Exercise 11F (p. 11.62)

Level 1
1. (a) Number of possible combinations
(b) There are 3 vowels (‘E’, ‘O’ and ‘I’) in the word.
5. Number of ways of taking 3 cartons of milk from
20 cartons of milk
(a) Number of ways of taking 3 non-expired cartons of

milk
2. (a) Number of possible passwords formed
(b)
(b) Number of ways of taking 1 expired carton of milk
Number of ways of taking 2 non-expired cartons of

3. Number of ways of drawing 5 balls from 18 balls milk
(a) Number of ways of drawing 5 yellow balls
(b) Number of ways of drawing 3 red balls

Number of ways of drawing 2 yellow balls 6. Number of ways of drawing 3 cards from 12 cards
(a) ∵ There are 4 cards marked with numbers which are
multiples of 3.
∴ Number of ways of drawing 3 cards which are not
multiples of 3
(b)
4. Number of possible four-letter strings formed
There are 3 vowels (‘A’, ‘I’ and ‘E’) and 5 consonants (‘P’,
‘M’, ‘N’, ‘S’ and ‘T’) in the set.
Number of ways of forming a string that 2 consonants for
the first 2 letters and 2 vowels for the last 2 letters
P(first two letters are consonants and

the last two letters are vowels)
144
7. Number of ways of choosing 4 toys cars from 17 toy cars (a) Number of ways of selecting 2 doctors
Number of ways of selecting 1 dentist
(a) Number of ways of choosing 4 black cars
(b) Number of ways of selecting 1 doctor
(b) Number of ways of choosing 4 red cars

Number of ways of selecting 2 dentists
Number of ways of choosing 4 yellow cars

(c)
10. (a) Number of ways of drawing 4 batteries from

13 batteries
8. Total number of arrangements of all the 8 people Number of ways of selecting 4 new batteries
Since Jayden and Zoe must sit together, we can treat them
as one unit. For example,
P(all the batteries drawn are new batteries)
JZ F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Number of ways of arranging the 6 other friends and 1 unit
Number of ways of arranging Jayden and Zoe
(b)
∴ P(Jayden and Zoe sat together)
9. Number of ways of selecting 3 people from 11 people
145
11. Number of ways of choosing 4 photos from 22 photos (b) We can treat the particular man and woman as one
unit. For example,
(a) Number of ways of choosing the other 3 photos
WpMp M1 M2 M3 W1 W2
P(a particular photo is included) Number of ways of arranging 5 people and 1 unit
∴ P(a particular man will speak immediately after a

particular woman)
(b) Number of ways of choosing 2 colour photos

Number of ways of choosing 2 black-and-white photos
14. Total number of ways of arranging the 6 students
P(exactly 2 colour photos are selected) (a) Consider Wendy and Cherry seat at the two end of the
row. For example,
W S1 S2 S3 S4 C
Number of ways of arranging Wendy and Cherry
Number of ways of arranging the other 4 students

12. Number of ways of choosing 5 students from 20 students
∴ P(Wendy and Cherry seated at the two end of the
(a) Number of ways of choosing 2 students (except Mary, row)
Emily and John)
P(Mary, Emily and John are all chosen)
(b) Consider Wendy and Cherry are seated next to each

other. We can treat Wendy and Cherry as a unit. For
example,
WC S1 S2 S3 S4
(b) Number of ways of choosing 3 students (except Mary,
Emily and John) from 17 students
Number of ways of arranging Wendy and Cherry
Number of ways of arranging the other 4 students and
P(Mary and Emily are chosen but not John)
1 unit
∴ P(Wendy and Cherry are not seated next to each

other)
13. Total number of ways of arranging the 7 people

(a) We can treat 3 women as one unit and 4 men as
another unit. For example,
W1W3W2 M1M2M3M4
Number of ways of arranging the 3 women Level 2

15. Number of ways of drawing 5 teapots from 18 teapots
Number of ways of arranging the 4 men
(a) Number of ways of drawing 5 non-cracked teapots

∴ P(3 women followed by 4 men)
146
P1P2P3 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Number of ways of arranging the 6 singers and 1 unit
Number of ways of arranging the 3 pianists

∴ P(all pianists stand next to each other)
(b) Number of ways of drawing 1 cracked teapot
Number of ways of drawing 4 non-cracked teapots
(b) Consider the 3 pianists as a unit which is in the middle

of the row. For example,
S1 S2 S3 P1P2P3 S4 S5 S6
Number of ways of arranging the 3 pianists

Number of ways of arranging the 6 singers
∴ P(all pianists stand in the middle of the row)
16. Number of ways of selecting 4 songs from 17 songs 18. Total number of ways of arranging the 9 people
(a) We can treat the 5 coaches as a unit and the 4 trainees
as another unite. For example,
(a) Number of ways of selecting 3 old songs
C1C2C3C4C5 T1T2T3T4
Number of ways of selecting 1 new song
Number of ways of selecting 4 old songs Number of ways of arranging the 2 units
Number of ways of arranging the 5 coaches
Number of ways of arranging the 4 trainees
(b) Since the coaches and the trainees sit alternately, they
must sit in an arragement like this:
C1 T1 C2 T2 C3 T3 C4 T4 C5
Number of ways of arranging the 5 coaches
(b)
Number of ways of arranging the 4 trainees

(a) We can treat the 3 pianists as a unit. For example,
147
19. (a) Total number of possible arrangements

We can treat the 3 particular flags as a unit. For (b) ∵
example,
P1P2P3 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Number of ways of arranging the other 5 flags and ∴ E and F are not complementary events.
1 unit
Number of ways of arranging the 3 particular flags 20. Number of ways of taking 3 fruits from 17 fruits
(a) Number of ways of taking 3 oranges
∴
Number of ways of taking 3 pears
Any 2 of the 3 particular flags cannot be hoisted next

to each other. In other words, these 3 flags must be
separated by the remaining 5 flags.
Number of ways of taking 3 mangoes
    
     
There are 6 possible positions for these 3 flags.
Number of ways of arranging the 3 particular flags
Number of ways of arranging the other 5 flags
(b) Number of ways of taking 1 orange

Number of ways of taking 1 pear
Number of ways of taking 1 mango
(c)
21. Let A, B and C stand for attending lessons for a subject

taught in building A, B and C respectively.
Number of ways of choosing 4 subjects from 10 subjects
(a) Number of ways of choosing 2A1B1C =
148
Number of ways of choosing 1A2B1C =
Number of ways of choosing 1A1B2C =
23. Number of ways of arranging the 9 books

No two cookery books are next to each other. In other
words, these 3 cookery books must be separated by the
remaining 6 music books.
     
      
There are 7 possible positions for these 3 cookery books.
(b) Number of ways of choosing 2A1B1C = Number of ways of arranging the 6 music books
Number of ways of arranging the 3 cookery books
Number of ways of choosing 2A2B =

Number of ways of choosing 2A2C =
24. Total number of 4-digit numbers formed

(a) To form a 4-digit number which is greater than or
equal to 5000, the first digit must be greater than or
equal to ‘5’, i.e. the number of ways of choosing the
first digit is
22. Number of ways of choosing 5 people from 10 people
∴ Number of possible 4-digit numbers which is
greater than or equal to 5000
(a) Number of ways of choosing 5 children
Number of ways of choosing 4 children and 1 adult
Number of ways of choosing 3 children and 2 adults
(b) Number of ways of choosing 2 adults and 3 children
149
∴ P(greater than or equal to 5000) (c)
(b) There are two cases to form a 4-digit number which is

less than 5400.
Case (i): The first digit is less than or equal to ‘4’.
∴ The number of possible 4-digit numbers
formed under this case
Case (ii): The first digit is ‘5’ and the second digit is
less than ‘4’.
∴ The number of possible 4-digit numbers
formed under this case
∴ P(less than 5400)
Check Yourself (p. 11.69)
1.
2.
3.
(a)
(b)
150
4. (a) 
7. Number of ways of choosing 4 toys from 9 toys
(b) 
Number of ways of choosing 2 teddy bears
(c) 
Number of ways of choosing 2 robots
5. (a)
(b)
6. (a)
(b)
151
Revision Exercise 11 (p. 11.70)

Level 1
1. Total number of workers = 18 + 27 + 3 + 24 + 11 + 7 = 90 4. (a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
5. (a) P(passes at least one of the subjects)

(c) = P(passes Mathematics) + P(passes English)
– P(passes both subjects)
(b) P(fails both subjects)

= 1  P(passes at least one of the subjects)
2. ‘Made in Korea’, ‘made in China’ and ‘made in Hong
Kong’ are mutually exclusive events.
(a)
6. (a)
(b)
3. (a)
(b) P(at least 1 of the mobile phones malfunction
within 1 year)
= 1  P(no mobile phones malfunction within 1 year)
= 1  0.7225
(b)
(c)
7. (a)
152
(c)
(b)
8. (a)
Cannot Wrong
bounce well 5 company logos
15 10
(b) (i)
(ii)
9. In order to successfully book a table at their favourite

restaurant and he is not late for the dinner, Tom needs to
remember to book a table, their favourite restaurant is not
fully booked and he is not late for the dinner.
∴ P(Tom successfully books a table at their favourite
restaurant and he is not late for the dinner)
153
12. (a)
10. (a)
(b)
(b)
11. (a) P(divisible by 3 | number on the 1st bear is 2)
(c)
(b)
13. (a)
(b)
154
(b) P(ketchup | mustard)
(c) P(neither ketchup nor mustard)

14. (a) P(Natalie wins in the first round)
= P(Michelle cannot get a ‘6’ in the first round and
Natalie gets a ‘6’ in the first round)
= 18. (a) Number of ways of selecting 5 staff from 18 staff
Number of ways of selecting 5 female staff

=
(b)
(b) Number of ways of selecting 1 male staff

Number of ways of selecting 4 female staff
15.
(c)
16.
17. (a) P(mustard | ketchup)

19. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 11 people
Number of ways of arranging the other 10 people
P(a particular boy sits on either end)
155
Level 2
22. (a) P(obtains level 5 in all 3 subjects)
(b) P(obtains level 5 in exactly 2 subjects)

(b) We can treat the 6 boys as a unit and the 5 girls as
another unit. For example,
B1B2B3B4B5B6 G1G2G3G4G5
Number of ways of arranging the 2 units (c) P(obtains level 5 in at most one subject)
Number of ways of arranging the 6 boys
Number of ways of arranging the 5 girls
∴ P(all the boys are on one side)
23. (a) Number of students that have not joined the English
20. (a) Number of ways of arranging the 5 letters club or the art club
Number of ways of choosing a vowel for the 1st letter
Number of ways of arranging the other 4 letters P(none of them has joined the English club or the art
club)
∴ P(1st letter is a vowel)
(b) Number of students that have joined either the English

(b) Consider the consonants and vowels form an club or the art club
alternating pattern. Then the 1st, 3rd and 5th letters are
consonants and the 2nd and 4th letters are vowels.
Number of ways of arranging the 3 consonants P(only one of them has not joined any club)
Number of ways of arranging the 2 vowels
P(the consonants and vowels form an alternating
pattern)
24. (a) Let C and V stand for taking a chocolate cupcake and a
vanilla cupcake respectively.
21. (a) P(the first prize)
(b) P(the second prize)
(b)
156
(b)
∴ The principal is correct.
27. (a)
25. (a)
(b) Let F stand for a boy getting the flu and N stand for a
boy not getting a flu.
(b)
(c) P(team A and team B win alternately)
28. The favourable outcomes are listed below:

Colour Favourable outcomes
(the sum of the numbers obtained is odd)
Blue nil
(2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 10), (5, 2), (5, 10),
Yellow
(10, 3), (10, 5)
Pink (4, 9), (6, 9), (8, 9), (9, 4), (9, 6), (9, 8)
∴ Total number of favourable outcomes = 8 + 6 = 14
26. (a) (i) Total number of possible outcomes = 10  10 = 100
∴ P(same colour and sum is odd)
29. Number of ways of drawing 2 eggs from 8 eggs

Number of ways of drawing 2 good eggs
(ii) Number of ways of drawing 1 good egg
Number of ways of drawing 1 rotten egg
157
31. (a) P(Peter wins the game within two draws by him)
= P(Peter wins the game in his 1st draw)
+ P(Peter wins the game in his 2nd draw)
∴
(b)
Since there are only 5 white balls, John will definitely

win the game if Peter cannot win in his 3rd draw.
∴ P(Peter wins the game)
30. (a) The possible pairs of numbers with sum equal to 8 are
(1, 7), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3) and (7, 1).
∴ Peter have a greater chance of winning.
32. Number of ways of drawing 4 glasses from 20 glasses

Number of ways of drawing 4 non-defective glasses
The required probability
(b) The possible pairs of numbers with sum equal to 8 and

the first number is greater than second number are
(5, 3) and (7, 1).
33. Let H stand for a head and T stand for a tail.

(a)
158
(b)
(b)
34. (a)
(b)
(c)
35. (a)
36. (a) Number of ways of drawing 5 balls from 25 balls
Number of ways of drawing 1 red ball

Number of ways of drawing 4 non-red balls
(b) Number of ways of drawing 2 red balls

Number of ways of drawing 3 non-red balls
159

Number of ways of arranging the 2 boys and 1 unit

(a) Consider the 2 boys are the first 2 persons in the
queue. For example,
B1 B2 G1 G2 G3 G4
38. (a) Number of ways of choosing 4 students from
30 students
Number of ways of choosing 4 universities from
∴ P(the 2 boys are the first 2 persons in the queue) 10 universities
Number of ways of choosing 1 student from

3 students of a university
P(all from different universities)

(b) Consider the two boys are the first and the last persons
in the queue. For example,
B1 G1 G2 G3 G4 B2

(b) Number of ways of choosing 3 universities from
∴ P(the first and the last persons in the queue are 10 universities
both boy)
Number of ways of choosing 1 university which has 2

students in the study group
Number of ways of choosing 2 students from

3 students of a university
(c) We can treat the 2 boys as a unit. For example,
P(from 3 different universities)

G1 G2 G3 G4 B1B2

Number of ways of arranging the 4 girls and 1 unit
(c) P(from at least 3 different universities)

= P(all from different universities)
+ P(from 3 different universities)
39. (a)
(d) We can treat the 4 girls as a unit. For example,
G1G2G3G4 B1 B2
160
(iii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
40. (a) (i)
(ii)
161
stand for walking due North, East, South and West at a

junction respectively.
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i) Number of students passing paper I only
Number of students passing paper II only
Number of students passing 1 paper only

45 students

21 students who passed 1 paper only
(iii)
(ii) Number of ways of choosing 2 students from

25 students who passed paper II

9 students who passed paper II only

16 students who passed both papers
(b) (i) Number of ways of choosing 1 tourist who arrives

at park S
(ii)
41. Let L, R and G stand for turning left, turning right and
going straight at a junction respectively, and N, E, S and W
162
42. (a) (i)
(c) (i)
(ii)
∴ It is possible that team A gets total scores of 4

points but they are not the only champion.
(ii)
(b)
163
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 11.78)

1. Answer: A
2. Answer: D
Number of white and even number cards = 8
7. Answer: B
Let W stand for a white chopstick and B stand for a black
chopstick.
P(same colour)
3. Answer: D
8. Answer: A
Number of ways of choosing 2 balls from 5 balls
∵ Sum of the numbers of all the balls
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
∴ There are 4 possible outcomes for the sum of the
numbers on Jennifer’s balls is greater than or equal to
4. Answer: C 8, i.e. (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 4) and (5, 3).
Let C stand for a correct answer and W stand for a wrong ∴ P(the sum of the numbers on Jennifer’s balls is greater
answer.
P(only one correct answer) than that on Kimmy’s)
 P(CWW)  P(WCW)  P(WWC) = P(the sum of the numbers on Jennifer’s balls
is greater than or equal to 8)
9. Answer: B
Total number of rotten oranges
∴ P(comes from box A | rotten orange)
5. Answer: B
P(same entrance)
6. Answer: D
10. Answer: B
There are 3 letters which are the same in the words
‘ACTION’ and ‘EQUALITY’. They are ‘A’, ‘T’ and ‘I’.
P(2 letters chosen are the same)
164
P(both ‘A’) + P(both ‘T’) + P(both ‘I’)
P(2 letters chosen are different)

= 1  P(2 letters chosen are the same) 15. Answer: C
Number of ways of choosing 4 eggs from 12 eggs
=
Number of ways of choosing 2 rotten eggs
= Number of ways of choosing 2 non-rotten eggs
P(exactly 2 eggs chosen are rotten)
11. Answer: C
Let L stand for turning left and R stand for turning right.
HKMO (p. 11.79)

1. Number of ways of drawing 3 numbers from 6 numbers
12. Answer: B
13. Answer: D
Number of ways of arranging the four students = 4!
P(names are called in alphabetical order)
2.
14. Answer: B
Number of ways of arranging the seven people = 7!
We can treat Mr and Mrs Cheung as a unit. For example,
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Mr Cheung, Mrs Cheung
Number of ways of arranging Mr and Mrs Cheung

Number of ways of arranging the other 5 people and
1 unit
165
∵ 4 1, 2, 3 3
3 1, 2 2
2 1 1
1 – 0
Total 45
∴ P(white ball > black ball)
Exam Focus
∴ The value of B is 3.
Exam-type Questions (p. 11.81)
3.
1. (a) Number of ways of selecting 4 cats from 15 cats
Number of ways of selecting 1 white cat

Number of ways of selecting 1 brown cat
Number of ways of selecting 1 grey cat
Number of ways of selecting 1 black cat
(b) Number of ways of selecting 4 white cats

4. P(white ball = black ball) =
Number of ways of selecting 4 brown cats
Let P(white ball > black ball) = x.
Then P(white ball < black ball) = x.
P(white ball > black ball)
+ P(white ball = black ball)
+ P(white ball < black ball) = 1
(c)
∴ P(white ball > black ball) =
By the counting principle, the total number of possible
outcomes is 10  10  100.
Number of 2. Total number of ways of arranging the 10 people

White ball Favourable black ball
favourable (a) Since John and Mary are next to each other, we can
drawn drawn
outcomes treat them as a unit. Since Alex and Elaine are next to
10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 9 each other, we can treat them as another unit.
9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 8 For example,
8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 7
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6 JM AE P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5
5 1, 2, 3, 4 4
166
Number of ways of arranging John and Mary (b) Consider John, Mary, Alex and Elaine are all sit in the
front row. For example,
Number of ways of arranging Alex and Elaine
Number of ways of arranging the other 6 people and
2 units P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
∴ JM AE P1
Number of ways of arranging John and Mary

Number of ways of arranging Alex and Elaine
Number of ways of arranging 1 person and 2 units in
the front row
Number of ways of arranging the other 6 people

∴
3. (a) Number of ways of forming the 1st group

Number of ways of forming the 2nd group
Number of ways of forming the 3rd group
Number of ways of forming the 4th group
Number of ways of grouping the students
(b) Consider each group has one boy only.

Number of ways of forming the 1st group
Number of ways of forming the 2nd group
Number of ways of forming the 3rd group

Number of ways of forming the 4th group
4. (a) Mean
=
167
Standard deviation
=
kg
11.72840806 kg
=
(b) Let x kg be the weight with standard score greater than

0.8.
∴ There are 5 people whose weights have standard

scores greater than 0.8.
Number of ways of selecting 2 people from 18 people
Number of ways of selecting 2 people whose weights

have standard scores greater than 0.8
(c) (i) ∵ The mean of the weights of the remaining 17

people in the group is higher than 72 kg.
∴ The weight of the withdrawn person must be
less than 72 kg.
There are 8 people whose weights are less than
72 kg.
(ii) To keep the mean weight unchanged after

withdrawing 2 people, their mean weight must
be equal to 72 kg.
There are 4 favourable pairs of people,
i.e. (71, 73), (68, 76), (62, 82) and (62, 82).
5. Answer: C
168
6. Answer: C
Let B stand for drawing a black ball and W stand for
drawing a white ball.
(ii)
7. Answer: C
(b) (i) He can put 1 red ball in the 1st box, 1 red ball in the
2nd box and then the rest in the 3rd box.
(ii)
8. Answer: A
(c) (i) Case I: 50 boxes should be requested. Put a red ball in

each of the first 49 boxes and 1 red ball and
all white balls in the last box.
OR
Case II: 51 boxes should be requested. Put a red ball
in each of the first 50 boxes and all white
balls in the last box.
(ii) Case I: 50 boxes are given.
P(win)
Investigation Corner (p. 11.86)
(a) (i) Case II: 51 boxes are given.

P(win)
169
170

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11 More about Probability

11 More about Probability

Classwork (p. 11.5)

(ii) (b) A = {0, 1, 2, 4}, B = {1, 2, 5}, U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Classwork (p. 11.6)

(b) (i) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8}

3. Classwork (p. 11.18)

3 (3, 1) (3, 2) --- (3, 4) Classwork (p. 11.45)

Quick Practice 11.2 (p. 11.12)

Quick Practice 11.6 (p. 11.23)

Quick Practice 11.4 (p. 11.21)

Quick Practice 11.7 (p. 11.26)

Quick Practice 11.8 (p. 11.27)

Quick Practice 11.10 (p. 11.36)

Quick Practice 11.9 (p. 11.34)

(c) Quick Practice 11.14 (p. 11.47)

Quick Practice 11.11 (p. 11.37)

Quick Practice 11.15 (p. 11.49)

Quick Practice 11.12 (p. 11.43)

(b) There are 4 outcomes for the condition ‘product = 12’.

∴ Quick Practice 11.16 (p. 11.50)

(b) Number of ways of selecting 2 couples

Quick Practice 11.19 (p. 11.59)

(a) (i) Total number of favourable outcomes

Quick Practice 11.20 (p. 11.60)

Quick Practice 11.18 (p. 11.58)

(b) Since the students from school A are separated by a student

Quick Practice 11.21 (p. 11.61)

2. Let E be the event that the selected student passes the

3. ∵ The probability of getting a red ball is 0.4.

∵ The probability of getting a red ball or a green ball is

i.e. ...... (2)

3. Let Y stand for the pointer landing on the yellow regions,

Further Practice (p. 11.38)

(b) Number of ways of arranging 3 other participants

3. (a) (i) P(Kelvin wins the prize)

= Number of ways of drawing 2 number cards

2. (a) Let H stand for head and T stand for tail.

From (a)(ii), 5. (a) ,

13. (a) (i)

(b) (i) P(sum is greater than 5)

(b) (i) 14. (a) ∵ The probability of drawing a $10-coin is .

(b) Total number of coins = 14 + 6 + 8 = 28

Exercise 11C (p. 11.28)

(c) Events E and F are mutually exclusive.

5. (a) P(lemon candy)

(b) P(apple candy or orange candy)

17. (a) S = {3456, 3465, 3546, 3564, 3645, 3654,

6. P(not defective) (a)

7. Total number of coins in the cash box

11. (a) (i) There are 26 red cards in a deck of 52 playing

P(a red card)

(c) (ii) There are 4 Jacks in a deck of 52 playing cards.

(b) P(a red card or a Jack)

(a) P(a boy from 5A)

(c) P(from 5A)

(b) ∵ Among 11, 12, …, 25, there are 5 numbers

(d) P(a boy or from 5A)

15. (a) From 1 to 100, there are 50 numbers which are

(b) From 1 to 100, there are 20 numbers which are

(b) P(the outcomes are different)

(c) From 1 to 100, there are 10 numbers which are