Ecosystems and Cycles Blank Questions

Ecosystems and cycles.
notebook January 09, 2021
Ecosystems and cycles, ps 222 239

Ecology
• Ecosystems biotic and abiotic factors
• Flow of energy food chains and food webs
• Feeding relationships pyramids of numbers...
• Decay scavengers and decomposers
Nutrient cycles
• The carbon cycle
• The nitrogen cycle
• Water cycle
1
Ecosystems and cycles.notebook January 09, 2021
4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 223
2
How do you call the area in which an animal or a plant lives?

Habitat Part of the environment that can provide food, shelter
and a breeding site for a living organism (eg a patch of grassland)
All living organisms interact with their enviroment with the biotic
environment and the abiotic environment
Name examples of biotic and abiotic factors!
3
Copy the definitions!
population a group of organisms of one species,

living in the same area, at the same time
community as all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem
ecosystem as a unit containing the community of organisms and their

environment, interacting together, e.g. a decomposing log, or a
lake
4
4.2 Flow of energy: food chains and food webs p224 227
Food chains show energy flow through an ecosystem:
Where does the energy come from? Which types of energy can you see?
The Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems.
A food chain is a chart showing the transfer of energy from one organism to
the next, beginning with a producer.
The energy is transferred between organisms in a food chain by ingestion.
5
Define the terms:
• food chain
as showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the
next beginning with a producer
• food web
as a network of interconnected food chains showing the
energy flow through part of an ecosystem
• producer
as an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually
using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
• consumer
as an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other
organisms
• herbivore
as an animal that gets its energy by eating plants
• carnivore
as an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals
• decomposer
as an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste
organic matter
• trophic level
as the position of an organism in a food chain, food web or
pyramid of biomass, numbers or energy
6
Construct simple food chains!
7
Construct simple food chains!
Identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary

consumers and quaternary consumers!
8
food web
as a network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow
through part of an ecosystem
9
Which impacts have humans on food webs through overharvesting of food
species and through introducing foreign species to a habitat?
10
Past paper questions
11
12
Energy transfers are never 100% efficient, and some energy is always lost as
heat when energy is transferred from one form to another.
=> Short food chains are more efficient in providing energy to the top
consumer.
Approximately 90% of energy is lost to the environment between each trophic
level.
13
Energy flow is not cyclic!
Small part of the sunlight is

converted into
chemical energy in food
compounds of plants;
a lot of energy is converted and
lost into heat
because respiration is not 100 %
effective.
The amount of energy that is
passed on in a food
chain is reduced at every step.
As a result there
must be a continuous input of
light energy to
“drive” life in an ecosystem.
14
15
16
4.3 Feeding relationships: pyramids of numbers,

biomass and energy p 228 229
Draw, describe and interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass!
17

Draw, describe and interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass!
18

Discuss the advantages of using a pyramid of biomass rather than a pyramid

of numbers to represent a food chain
19

20
4.4 Decay is a natural process p 230 231
Scavengers break up dead bodies into more

manageable pieces.
The remaining parts are the food for decompers.
What is a decomposer?
An organism that gets its energy from dead or
waste organic material.
21
4.4 Decay is a natural process p 230 231
22
Nutrient cycles
23
4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 233

Describe the carbon cycle, limited to photosynthesis, respiration, feeding,
decomposition, fossilisation and combustion
Discuss the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels and the cutting down of forests
on the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere!
24
25
4.5 The carbon cycle
Name some molecules containing carbon!
CO2, carbohydrates (such as starch and glucose), proteins, fats
Describe two reasons why living organisms require carbon containing

compounds!
• raw material for cell growth

• energy source via respiration
Explain how living organisms get carboncontaining compounds!
• animals by feeding
• plants and some bacteria by photosynthesis
• decomposers by breaking down dead organic matter
26

27

• Complete this worksheet
• Answer questions on page 237
• Answer questions on page 238 239 except Q. 4
28
29
4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 235
30
4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 235 Extended
Describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of:
• decomposition of plant and animal protein to ammonium ions

• nitrification
• nitrogen fixation by lightning and bacteria
• absorption of nitrate ions by plants
• production of amino acids and proteins
• feeding and digestion of proteins
• deamination
• denitrification
Which roles play microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle?

In which processes are they involved and how?
• decomposition
• nitrification
• nitrogen fixation
• denitrification
31
Describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of:

• decomposition of plant and animal protein to ammonium ions
• nitrification
• nitrogen fixation by lightning and bacteria
• absorption of nitrate ions by plants
• production of amino acids and proteins
• feeding and digestion of proteins
• deamination
• denitrification
32
33
34
35
4.5 The water cycle p 236 237
36
4.5 The water cycle p 236 237
Describe the water cycle, limited to evaporation, transpiration, condensation and

precipitation
37
Core Extended
Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis:
State the word equation for the production of simple sugars and
State the balanced equation for photosynthesis in symbols
oxygen
Mineral requirements:
Mineral requirements:
Describe the importance of:
Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on
1. nitrate ions for protein synthesis
plant growth
2. magnesium ions for chlorophyll synthesis
Food chains:
Food chains: Explain why food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels
Describe energy losses between trophic levels Explain why there is an increased efficiency in supplying green
plants as human food and that there is a relative inefficiency, in
terms of energy loss, in feeding crop plants to animals
Nutrient cycles: Nutrient cycles:
Describe the carbon and the water cycles Describe the nitrogen cycle ...
38
Anhänge
Scan phloem tubes.pdf
Example of continuous variation_height.pdf

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Ecosystems and cycles.

notebook January 09, 2021

Ecosystems and cycles, ps 222 ­ 239

4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 ­ 223

4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 ­ 223

How do you call the area in which an animal or a plant lives?

Name examples of biotic and abiotic factors!

4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 ­ 223

Copy the definitions!

population ­ a group of organisms of one species,

community ­ as all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem

ecosystem ­ as a unit containing the community of organisms and their

The Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems.

The energy is transferred between organisms in a food chain by ingestion.

Construct simple food chains!

Identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary

Energy flow is not cyclic!

Small part of the sunlight is

4.3 Feeding relationships: pyramids of numbers,

4.3 Feeding relationships: pyramids of numbers,

4.3 Feeding relationships: pyramids of numbers,

Discuss the advantages of using a pyramid of biomass rather than a pyramid

4.3 Feeding relationships: pyramids of numbers,

Past paper questions

4.4 Decay is a natural process p 230 ­ 231

Scavengers break up dead bodies into more

4.4 Decay is a natural process p 230 ­ 231

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 ­ 233

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 ­ 233

4.5 The carbon cycle

Name some molecules containing carbon!

CO2, carbohydrates (such as starch and glucose), proteins, fats

Describe two reasons why living organisms require carbon­ containing

• raw material for cell growth

Explain how living organisms get carbon­containing compounds!

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 ­ 233

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 ­ 233

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 ­ 235

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 ­ 235 Extended

Describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of:

• decomposition of plant and animal protein to ammonium ions

Which roles play micro­organisms in the nitrogen cycle?

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 ­ 235 Extended

Describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of:

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 ­ 235 Extended

Past paper questions

4.5 The water cycle p 236 ­ 237

4.5 The water cycle p 236 ­ 237

Describe the water cycle, limited to evaporation, transpiration, condensation and

Scan phloem tubes.pdf

Example of continuous variation_height.pdf

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Ecosystems and cycles, ps 222 239

4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 223

4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 223

4.1 Ecology and ecosystems p 222 223

population a group of organisms of one species,

community as all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem

ecosystem as a unit containing the community of organisms and their

4.4 Decay is a natural process p 230 231

4.4 Decay is a natural process p 230 231

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 233

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 233

Describe two reasons why living organisms require carbon containing

Explain how living organisms get carboncontaining compounds!

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 233

4.5 The carbon cycle p 232 233

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 235

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 235 Extended

Which roles play microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle?

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 235 Extended

4.5 The nitrogen cycle p 234 235 Extended

4.5 The water cycle p 236 237

4.5 The water cycle p 236 237