PROJECT REPORT

ANALYSIS OF FLUID FILM THICKNESS AND

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT
HYDRODYNAMIC BEARINGS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
(Batch: 2018-2022)

Under the supervision of:

Prof. Qasim Murtaza

By: AJAY KUMAR (2K18/ME/015)

ANUJ SINGH (2K18/ME/038)
ANUJ VERMA (2K18/ME/039)
ARIF KHAN (2K18/ME/042)

Mechanical Department
Delhi Technological University
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

1
 CONTENT

Page No.
Declaration ⅱ
Certificate ⅲ
Abstract ⅳ
Acknowledgement ⅴ
Nomenclature ⅷ
List of Figure ⅸ
List of Tables ⅹ
List of Graphs ⅺ

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1. 2 Type of bearings 1
1.21 Plain or Slider Bearings 1
1.22 Roller Bearings 2
1.3 Bearing Lubrication 4
1.31 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 6
1.32 Hydrostatic Lubrication 6
1.33 Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication 7
1.4 Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings 7
1.41 Plain journal bearing 8
1.42 Elliptical journal bearing 8
1.43 Split Half journal bearing 9
1.44 Multi-lobe journal bearing 10

CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 12

CHAPTER 3 Problem Formulation 16
3.1 Model definition 17
3.2 Geometry and simulation details 17
3.3 Parameters of various geometries 18
3.4 Mesh details 21

ii
 3.5 Simulation and methodology 22
CHAPTER 4 Results & Discussion 31
4.1 Journal eccentricity vs load 31
4.2 Journal positions 31
4.3 Initial film thickness profile 32
4.4 Steady states thickness profile 33
4.5 Altitude angle vs load 34

CHAPTER 5 Conclusions 35

References 36

iii
 DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is presented in the Major Project (ME 402)
entitled “Analysis of fluid film thickness and pressure distribution in different
hydrodynamic bearings” in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering and submitted to our Department at
Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), New Delhi-
110042 is an authentic record of our own, carried out during a period from January 2022 to
May 2022, under the supervision of Prof. Qasim Murtaza, Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, DTU.

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by us for the award of any
other degree of this or any other Institute/University.

Signature
Name Ajay Kumar
Roll no. 2K18/ME/015

Signature
Name Anuj Singh
Roll no. 2K18/ME/038

Signature
Name Anuj Verma
Roll no. 2K18/ME/039

Signature
Name Arif Khan
Roll no. 2K18/ME/042

iv
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that Ajay Kumar (2K18/ME/015), Anuj Singh (2K18/ME/038), Anuj Verma
(2K18/ME/039), Arif Khan (2K18/ME/042) has carried out the research work presented in
this report entitled “Analysis of fluid film thickness and pressure distribution in different
hydrodynamic bearings” for the award of Bachelor of Technology from Delhi
Technological University under my supervision. There portend bodies results of original
work, and studies are carried out by the student themselves and the contents of the report do
not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from
this or any other University/Institution.

Signature

(Prof. Qasim Murtaza)

(Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University

Date:

v
 ASTRACT

It is critical to select a hydrodynamic bearing design with the appropriate load capacity to
provide adequate support for a rotating shaft or journal. Excessive wear and instability might
result if the applied loads are more than the bearing design can manage. In this paper, we
will compare the load-bearing abilities of various types of hydrodynamic journal bearings
and determine the best-suited one for a particular application. A simulation is run using the
Hydrodynamic Bearing interface in the Rotordynamics Module of COMSOL. Then, the
Reynolds equation is solved to compute the pressure developed in a thin fluid film of
lubrication for different types of bearing. Plain, elliptic, split-halves, and multi-lobe bearings
of 2, 3, and 4 lobes are presented in this example.

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the
possibility to work on this project. A special gratitude is due to our Head of Department,
Professor S.K. GARG whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement,
helped us to coordinate our project.

We owe a debt of gratitude to our project guide, Prof. Qasim Murtaza, Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DTU, for incorporating in the idea of a creative
Major Project-II, helping us in undertaking this project and also for being there whenever
we needed his assistance.

We are also grateful to all our esteem faculty members of our department, for their
astute guidance, constant encouragement and sincere support for this project work.

We feel proud and privileged in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to all those
who have helped us in presenting this project.

Last but never the least, we thank our respected parents for always being with us, in every
sense.

vii
 NOMENCLATURE

Symbol Description Units

Notation
𝑝 fluid film pressure pa
h Fluid film thickness mm
𝜌 Density of fluid Kg/𝑚3
𝜇 Viscosity Kg/ms
𝑅𝑗 Radius of journal m
H Height of journal m
C Mean bearing clearance mm
D Pad central offset mm
Cmax Maximum bearing clearance mm
Cmin Minimum bearing clearance mm
𝜔 RPS (Revolution per second) rad/s
W Load on the bearing N
x,y,z Global coordinate system mm

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.No. Figure Description Page No.

Fig.1 Pressure Distribution from relative movement 05

Fig.2 Hydrodynamic Pressure in film 06
Fig.3 Hydrostatic Lubrication 06
Fig.4 Plain Journal Bearing 07
Fig.5 Hydrodynamic Bearing Pressure Profile 08
Fig.6 Lemon bore Journal Bearing 08
Fig.7 Offset Split Journal Bearing 09
Fig.8 Three-Lobe Journal Bearing 10
Fig.9 Four-Lobe Journal Bearing 11
Fig.10 Model Definition 19
Fig.11 Boundary of Various bearings 20
Fig.12 Plain Bearing 21
Fig.13 Elliptical Bearing 22
Fig.14 Split Bearing 22
Fig.15 Multilobe Bearing 23
Fig.16 Mesh Details 24
Fig.17 Relative eccentricity vs Load 34
Fig.18 Journal Position 35
Fig.19 Initial Thickness Profile 35
Fig.20 Steady State Thickness profile 36
Fig.21 Altitude angle vs Load 37

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

S.No. Table Description Page No.

1 Geometry details and simulation paramters 20

2 Lubricating oil specifications 20
3 Film thickness of different types of bearing 21
4 Mesh Details 23
5 Modelling Parameters 25

x
 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
A rotating shaft's primary function is to transmit power from one end of a line to the other. To
ensure stability and frictionless rotation, it requires a strong support. "Bearing" refers to the
support for the shaft. In a bearing, the shaft has a "running fit." To reduce friction between the
shaft and the bearing, each bearing has a lubrication arrangement.

Reduce friction and make rotation more smooth

Friction is unavoidable between the rotating shaft and the component that keeps the revolution
going. Bearings are used between these two components. The bearings decrease friction and
enable a smoother rotation. As a result, there is a reduction in the quantity of energy utilised.

Protect the parts supporting the rotation, and maintaining the correct position for the shaft
A lot of force is necessary between the spinning shaft and the component that keeps the
revolution going. Bearings prevent damage to the component of the spinning shaft that
maintains the rotation from being caused by this force, as well as ensuring that the spinning
shaft is in the right position. This function of bearings is what allows us to use our equipment
repeatedly for long periods of time.

1.2 Types of bearing

PLAIN OR SLIDER BEARING
In this case, the rotating shaft is in sliding contact with a stationary bearing. Friction between
mating components is significant due to the huge contact area, necessitating more lubrication.

Journal Bering
In this case, the bearing pressure is applied at a right angle to the shaft's axis. The journal is the
section of the shaft that lies within the bearing. Mild steel is commonly used for making shafts.

Foot step or pivot bearing

With this bearing, the bearing pressure is delivered parallel to the shaft's vertical axis. In this
scenario, the shaft's end is resting within the bearing.

1
Thrust bearing
With end thrust, the bearing's supporting pressure is parallel to the shaft's axis. Thrust bearings
has distinct properties, such as a constant lubricant thickness and a virtually Hertzian contact
pressure profile.

ROLLING BEARINGS
A rolling bearing distributes load by sandwiching rolling elements like balls or rollers between
the two bearing rings(races). Due to the relative motion of the bearing rings, rolling components
have very low rolling resistance and very little slippage..

Cylindrical Roller Bearings

The radial load capacity of cylindrical roller bearings is considerable, whereas the thrust load
capacity is low. They have cylindrically formed rollers, but they are not true cylinders. To
lessen stress concentrations, these rollers are capped or end-relieved. Low friction is achieved
as a result of this design, allowing for high-speed applications.

Spherical Roller Bearings

The outer ring of these roller bearings has a spherical internal form. The rollers have a thicker
centre section and a narrower end section. As a result, both static and dynamic misalignment
may be accommodated by spherical roller bearings. However, because there will be some
sliding between rolling parts and rings, spherical rollers are difficult to make and hence costly,
and the bearings have more friction than a perfect cylindrical or tapered roller bearing. Even
when dealing with shaft deflection and misalignment, these bearings can sustain enormous
loads. For attachment with or without a sleeve adapter, they can be made with cylindrical or
tapered bores. Spherical roller bearings can take axial loading in either direction as well as
strong shock loads and come with a variety of internal clearances and retainer choices.

Tapered Roller Bearings

These roller bearings can withstand both radial and thrust stresses. Because they can only take
unidirectional axial stresses, a counter stay requires a second laterally reversed bearing. Inch
and metric sizes of tapered roller bearings are available.

Conical rollers run on conical courses in these roller bearings. Most roller bearings can only
take radial or axial loads, however tapered roller bearings can take both and can generally
withstand higher loads than ball bearings due to their larger contact area.
2
Needle Roller Bearings

These roller bearings are smaller and lighter than traditional ones, and they can be made with or
without an inner ring. These bearings can withstand massive loads even while coping with shaft
deflection and misalignment. They can be produced with cylindrical or tapered bores for
connection with or without a sleeve adapter. Spherical roller bearings can withstand axial loads
in both directions as well as high shock loads, and they are available with a variety of internal
clearances and retainer options.

Thrust Roller Bearings

Thrust bearings are intended to withstand just thrust loads and have little or no radial load
capacity. These, like other types of roller bearings, employ rollers.

Cylindrical or spherical rollers are available in thrust roller bearings. Thrust bearings can only
support axial loads, but they have a high axial stiffness, making them ideal for large loads. They
have convex rollers, free of the effects of shaft displacement and mounting mistake and are self-
aligning

Gear Bearings

These are a combination of the epicyclic gear and roller bearing. Each bearing element is
represented by a circular alternation of rollers and gear wheels with identical diameters of
rollers and pitch diameters of gearwheels. Conjugated rollers and gear wheels in pairs have the
same width.

Rolling-element bearings offer a favourable balance of cost, size, weight, carrying capacity,
durability, precision, friction, and other factors. Other bearing designs are frequently superior
in one area but poorer in others, while fluid bearings may occasionally excel in many areas at
the same time, such as carrying capacity, durability, precision, friction, rotation rate, and cost.
Plain bearings are the only bearings that are utilised as commonly as rolling-element bearings.
Automotive, industrial, marine, and aerospace applications are examples of common
mechanical components. They are goods that are critical to the advancement of contemporary
technology. The rolling element bearing was created on a solid foundation that took thousands
of years to build.

3
1.3 Bearing Lubrication

Bearing lubrication is critical for rolling element bearing performance and durability.
Lubrication aids in the separation of moving parts, such as rollers and raceways or balls, from
one another, reducing wear and friction.

Bearing lubrication serves several functions to keep bearings performing their best such as:

• Protection against corrosion

• Seal against contaminants
• Create an obstruction between the sliding surfaces and the rolling contacts.
• Provide heat transfer.

There are two types of contacts in lubricated joints: conformal and non-conformal contacts.
Conformal solid-to-solid connections are ones in which the contact area is equivalent in size to
the solids' sizes. Human and animal joints, as well as journal and spherical bearings, are
examples of such joints. Joints involving non-conformal contacts, on the other hand, are
represented by roller and ball bearings, gears, and so on. In non-conformal contacts, the contact
area is substantially less than the curvature radii of the contact solids. The use of particular
bearings or gears is determined by the load, lubrication, and climatic conditions. It means that
certain joints are lubricated with fluids, while others are lubricated with greases or solids. Solid
lubricants are used in place of liquid lubricants. For vacuum applications, solid lubricants that
are applied as thin coatings to joints are commonly used. MoS2 (molybdenum disulfide) and
DLC (diamond-like-carbon) coatings are the most often utilised solid lubricants. Greases are
often used when providing fluid lubrication is either impracticable or economically ineffective
owing to the joint design and application. Different thickeners/soaps (aluminium, sodium,
calcium, lithium, etc.) saturated with various oils are used to make greases. Fluid lubrication is
the most common method of lubrication.

1.3.1Hydrodynamic Lubrication

Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when the moving surfaces are separated by the pressure of a
continuous unbroken film or layer of lubricant. In this form of lubrication, the weight is entirely
carried by the oil film.

4
 Fig. 1 Pressure Distribution from relative movement

Hydrodynamic lubrication is based on the formation of an oil wedge. An oil taper or wedge
forms between the two surfaces as the journal spins, and the load is sustained by the pressure
built up by the oil film.

Hydrodynamic lubrication is affected by the relative speed of the surfaces, oil viscosity, load,
and clearance between the moving or sliding surfaces.

In hydrodynamic lubrication, the lubricating oil film thickness is higher than the outlet, pressure
rises fast at the inlet, remains relatively constant until reaching a maximum value just outside
the bearing centre line, and then drops rapidly to zero at the outlet.

Hydrodynamic bearings rely on a decreasing lubrication gap and therefore the pressure
necessary to transfer the externally imposed load to a self-renewing lubricating film, which is
commonly oil, water, or air, and then to the foundation or machine support. They're often
utilised in a variety of applications with a wide range of speeds and loads, where load capacity,
stability, service life, and low noise are all important. The Principle of Hydrodynamics
Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that oil is dragged by the rotation of the journal,
forming a wedge-shaped film between the journal and journal bearing, due to its adhesion to
the journal (the part of the shaft in contact with the lubricant and enclosed by the bearing) and
its resistance to flow (viscosity) (Fig. 4). This process raises the pressure in the oil film, allowing

5
the weight to be supported. Reynolds demonstrated that this wedge-shaped coating is an
absolute need for successful lubrication of journal. "If an extended flat surface is scraped over
a slightly inclined surface with oil present, there would be a pressure distribution with a
maximum someplace outside the centre in the direction of motion," Reynolds demonstrated.
For fluid film lubrication, hydrocarbon oils are deemed adequate. Hydrocarbon oils are
combined with the long chained polymers to keep the viscosity of the oil consistent throughout
the year.

Fig. 2 Hydrodynamic Pressure in film

1.3.2 Hydrostatic Lubrication

In hydrostatic lubrication a full layer of oil separates the bearings’ metal surfaces, but that
pressure is not self-generated but provided using an external pump. The input pressure of
the lubricating oil and the gap between the surfaces of metal determines hydrostatic
lubrication.

Fig. 3 Hydrostatic Lubrication

6
1.3.3 Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication
Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) is a kind of hydrodynamic lubrication in which the
surfaces deform elastically, causing the shape and thickness of the lubricant layer in the
contact to change dramatically. This term explains the significance of the elastic deformation
of the bodies in contact in the creation of the overall lubricating layer. Elasto-hydrodynamic
lubrication is used to reduce friction and wear in surface contacts. It works by producing a
thin lubricating layer between contacting surfaces, isolating them and reducing friction. EHL
has distinct properties, such as a constant lubricant thickness and a virtually Hertzian contact
pressure profile.

1.3TYPE OF HYDRODYNAMIC JOURNAL BEARINGS

Diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, pad arc angle, and the running clearance are the basic
parameters for all types of journal bearings. There are also variations in the number of pads,
preload, pad pivot offset angle, and bearing orientation for bearings with multiple pads (on or
between pads). Oil viscosity, rotating speed, density of oil, gravity load at the bearing, and
theexternal loads are the most important operational characteristics.

1.31 Plain Journal bearing

Plain journal bearing is the most basic hydro-dynamic bearing. It has a plain bore
cylindrical in shape, as the name indicates. In a simple journal bearing, a shaft rotates. An
oil film pressure profile will form on the eccentric spinning shaft. When this profile of
pressure is integrated round the bearing, a net resistive force, W, is generated to counteract
the imposed load. Equilibrium position is defined as the point where the applied load and
the hydrodynamic force are in balance. The distance between the displaced shaft at
equilibrium and the centre of bearing is the shaft eccentricity, represented by e. The
imposed bearing loads in horizontal turbomachinery are caused by the rotor's gravitational
weight. There can be external bearing loads In addition to the gravity load.

7
 Fig. 4 Plain Journal Bearing

Fig. 5 Hydrodynamic Bearing Pressure Profile

1.32 Elliptical Journal Bearing

The elliptical journal bearing is a vertically preloaded two-pad fixed geometry bearing.
Before boring, a shim can be inserted in the split line to make this bearing. The clearance
in vertical direction will be smaller than the clearance in horizontal direction once the shim
is removed. The real bearing centre in the figure is not coinciding with the centres of
curvature of the top and bottom portions. Elliptical journal bearings are a form of non-
circular journal bearing with two major benefits over circular journal bearings: reduced
temperature increase and lower vibrations. The non circularity parameter is the most
important parameter in the bearing, and increasing it reduces maximum temperature,
friction force, and pressure. Increases in pressure, temperature, and friction force are all
caused by increasing the eccentricity ratio. Changes in the angle between the bearing's
primary axis and the load direction reduce load-carrying capacity and non-dimensional
8
 pressure while increasing friction coefficient.

Fig. 6 Lemon bore Journal Bearing

1.33 Split half

In the horizontal direction, the offset split bearing is preloaded. It's made by offsetting the halves
before finish boring such that the pad centres are offset horizontally when the halves are joined.
The horizontal clearance in this bearing is smaller than the vertical clearance. The pad machined
clearance is equivalent to the vertical clearance.

Split bearings are suited for applications where a cap must be removed for bearing repair or
replacement. When pulleys and couplings need to be replaced, this type removes the need to
remove them from the shaft. The loading range is restricted at 30 degrees below the joint.
Shims are included in the angular separation of the cap to compensate for wear and
modifications.
The bearing design lends itself to bi-directional rotation, as can be observed by the shape of
the bore. It also has a lengthy, barely convergent inlet gap, resulting in strong load-bearing
capacity and high coolant throughput at the same time (hydrodynamic lateral flow). At the
same time, the shaft is accurately held in the lubricant film by the externally provided force
and the compression caused by the bearing halves horizontal displacement. The produced oil
layer provides good damping and elastic rigidity.

9
 Fig. 7 Offset Split Journal Bearing

1.34 Multi-lobe Bearings

Multilobe bearings, which have three and four lobes, are a type of bearing. The pad arc centres
for each of the lobes create a circle, which is referred to as the preload circle. As a result, altering
the pad and set bores allows for a wide variety of preload.
Due to its high degree of performance, 3-lobe Hydrodynamic oil journal bearings are
extensively utilised in heavy industries as a part of various rotating machinery. The transfer of
significant quantities of loads at a mean speed of rotation is possible with a 3-lobe
hydrodynamic oil journal bearing. When the load is increased, the pressure profile, maximum
pressure angle, and temperature all climb. The influence of dynamic viscosity on the steady
operating speed is substantial. The stability of operating speed is achieved at greater values
when the static load is reduced.

The non-cylindrical bearing bore is a distinguishing feature of multilobe bearings. Because it has
two or more lobes, it differs from traditional cylindrical hydrodynamic bearings. The lobe radius
(R) is a certain amount bigger than the shaft radius (r). The wedge gap in each arc is caused by
the difference in the radius of the shaft and the lobe. The oil inlet groove, "a," is axially positioned
at the largest point of the corresponding arc, where the gap begins. The gap's narrowest point is
usually at the middle of the lobe.

When the shaft starts rotating, the lubricant's adhesive force on the shaft and lobes pulls the
lubricant into this gap, which narrows in the direction of rotation, according to fundamental
theory. Between the shaft and the bearing, a peak pressure arises. The shaft is lifted off the
bearing when the pressure reaches a specified level. As a result, the lubrication gap separates
the shaft from the bearing. To put it another way, the shaft is hydrodynamically operated with
no metal-to-metal contact.

10
 Fig. 8 Three-Lobe Journal Bearing

Fig. 9 Four-Lobe Journal Bearing

The discussion has thus far focused on many types of fixed geometry, or fixed pad, bearings.
Each of these bearings has distinct benefits in different applications, but they all have a property
known as cross-coupled stiffness, which produces an out-of-phase force in relation to
displacement and links the equations of motion for the lateral degrees of freedom. Under some
circumstances, this cross-coupling might make the bearing unstable, resulting in an oil swirl.
The discussion has thus far focused on many types of fixed geometry, or fixed pad, bearings.
.

11
 CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Memmott and Santiago[1] investigated an overhung compressor's sleeve bearing

instability. When compared to sleeve bearings, which are incompetent under
circumstances of rapidly rising speed, pressure, and vibration, the foreword of a 2-lobe
bore bearing with proper lubricating fluid showed greater performance. The 2-lobe
journal bearing, which stood placed to the high-pressure side of the machine, worked
like a seal . Engaging a bearing seal arrangement with a 4-lobe bearing with a small
preload provided a better solution to the problem, Martin and Ruddy[2] suggested that
the stability of the profile bore bearings is greatly affected by the manufacturing
technologies. -The preface of new quantities of speed rate is disconnected from the
clearance, and the clearance is not dependent on speed, according to their findings.
Martin and Ruddy

The Finite Element approach was used by Boukhelef et al.[3] to calculate bearing
properties, particularly the dynamic and stiffness coefficients. The various important
equations determined from the finite element discretization were given. The results of
the FE method were then compared to those of the finite difference (FD) method and the
experimental data. The development of immobility and damping coefficients in relation
to eccentricity ratio has been carefully investigated. The comparative findings were
good

A weight-less stiff shaft holding a disc with a mass of 2 M at its middle was used to
check journal’s stability in equilibrium positions. A shaft was supported at both ends by
identical single pad journal bearings. The results demonstrated that for a given
eccentricity ratio, critical stability number varies proportionately with the the

12
dimensionless axial variation (concave geometry). It has been discovered that the more
elongated a bearing is, the better stable it is.[4]

Gropper et al.[5] summarized the surface texturing research effort. They offered a
comparison of several modelling methodologies for the cavitation, fluid gush, and
micro-hydrodynamic outcomes. Numerous research has attempted to determine the
impact of texture features (roughness, troughs, discrete surfaces/dimples) on the
performance of the hydrodynamically lubricated touches. Many examinations have used
a number of numerical examples to determine ideal texturing parameters for the highest
implementation increase in terms of load-bearing ability, film viscosity, variance, and
unravel. However, because OF various modelling methodologies and the intricacy of the
patterns, determining best surfaces a difficult TASK and has resulted in conflicting
results. Hashimoto et al., examined the repercussions of wear flaws mathematically and
experimentally and demonstrated how wear affects bearing stability, and that examined
its impact on the pressure field and eccentricity ratio.[6]

Roughness of the surface plays a substantial role in the steady state properties of
hydrodynamic bearings, according to Bhaskar et al[7] It was required to focus on the
surface roughness profiles to analyse the effect of roughness of surface on the bearing.
The roughness terms were evaluated using the flow factor approach, and pressure
distribution all over the surface was determined using the finite difference method. The
bearing with smooth surface profile was compared to the steady state characteristics
with different surface patterns like isotropic, transverse and longitudinal. The findings
show a significant positive impact on the journal bearing system's steady state and
dynamic properties.

The surface roughens pattern, according to Ram Turaga et al[8], has a considerable
impact on the steady state and dynamic properties of hydro-dynamic bearings. It was

13
also studied as to how the surface roughness pattern with different b/d ratio affects
bearings.

J. Ramesh et al.[9] used non linear time transient analysis to investigate the stability of
a rotating shaft supported with thin oil film rough bearings. The effects of different
types of surface roughness parameters, like composite and orientation on the stability is
presented in the form of locus of centres.
The influence of surface roughness on the stability of elliptical journal bearings,
submerged in oil under unidirectional constant and unidirectional periodic load was
studied by J. Ramesh et al. Ramesh et al. [10]. The threshold of several factors, such as
roughness orientation pattern, composite surface roughness and variance ratio on
stability, was predicted using a transient simulation taking into account the fluid film
history.

Dr. Prasun Chakrabort and Nabarun Biswas [11] tried to see if, at a constant speed
and with the same lubricating fluid, the pressure profile for a 3-lobe bearing grows as
the load increases. It's also discovered that when the load increases, the maximum
pressure and temperature, as well as the maximum pressure angle, are formed.

"Inverse Design for the Stability of Elliptical Bearings with Non-Newtonian fluid" was
researched by k. Raghunandana[12]. Their main conclusions were as follows: -The fact
that lubrication is measured Newtonian in nature allows for mistake in the computation
of many essential parameters. In the form of empirical equations, this work presents
results for various eccentricity ratios. As a result a range of data and computational
methodologies, several parameters such as oil film density and oil film viscosity for
various NON-NEWTONIAN fluids and BINGHAM polymers could be determined.

O. Pinkus [13], [14] and [15] was among the first one to investigate multi-lobe
bearings, predicting the steady properties of multi-lobe bearings (2-lobe and 3-lobe) for

14
several parameter. The general transient motion properties and the stability of the finite
width three lobe bearings were studied by Falkenhagen et al[16]. The time transient
approach was used to solve the Reynolds generalized equation. By analysing the
variations in the viscous forces generated by minor perturbations about the static
position. Stability and threshold speed was evaluated. The influence of shaft unbalance
both below and above the stability threshold was also studied. Stability threshold for
multi-lobe bearings (plain, 3-lobe and 4-lobe) was calculated by Li et al [17].
The Reynolds equation was solved using a variational principle-based series solution.
The bearings' stability under various load circumstances is discussed. B. C. Majumder
and M. C. Majumdar [18] worked on "theoretical analysis of stability for an external
pressured bearing applying a transient technique." The swirl instability of externally
pressurised gas-lubricated journal bearings was researched by B. C. Majumdar. In this
theoretical analysis, the quasi-static assumption is taken into account. An attempt was
made to determine the steady state individuality of finite journals while taking into
account the effect of fluid inertia [19]. It was found that a multi-lobe bearing is more
stable under high load, while a three-lobe bearing has good stability characteristics.
Because turbo machinery operates at high speeds and loads, these bearings would be a
better replacement for plain journal bearings.
S.T.N Swamy et al. [20] determined the stiffness and also the coefficients of damping
of the finite journal bearings and also used them for estimating stability. The excessive
relaxation approach was considered to solve Reynolds equation. After calculating the
steady state equilibrium performance, the stiffness and damping coefficients are
determined by a little difference in the ratios and the angle as a time function. To find
the stability curves, the stiffness and also the coefficients of damping are used to solve
the characteristic equation.

15
 CHAPTER 3

3.PROBLEM FORMULATION

The main objective of the project is to compare the load-bearing abilities of various types of
hydrodynamic journal bearings and determine the best-suited one for a particular
application

Motivation
Machines using hydrodynamic bearings are common, particularly in engines and power
plants. The bearing consists of a revolving journal or sleeve inside the bore. The load is
supported by the pressure created in the variable-shaped converging wedge filled with a
lubricating layer. The primary goal of journal bearing design is to maximize load carrying
capacity at the required speed. As a result, we perform a simulation using COMSOL's Rotor
dynamics Module's Hydrodynamic Bearing interface. The Reynolds equation is then used to
compute the pressure created in a thin lubricating coating for various bearing types. This
example illustrates plain, elliptic, split-halves, and multi-lobe bearings with 2, 3, and 4 lobes.
To decide which one is best suited for a specific purpose
.
We will use this strategy to complete the project, and we will use a total of eight bearings: one
plain, elliptic, and split-halves bearing, as well as five distinct multi-lobe bearings. The latter is
made up of one two-lobe bearing, two three-lobe (LOP and LBP configuration) bearings, and
two four-lobe (LOP and LBP configuration) bearings. The two three-lobe bearings have
different relative diameters. The two four-lobe bearings are aligned in the same direction as the
applied load. Inside the bearing, the journals rotate at a speed of (100 rad/s). The journal
position in the bearing determines the net force acting on the fluid film.
The completion of the project will be done through this method

16
 3.1 Model definition

Fig 10. Bearing configuration, Top row: plain, elliptical, split-halves

Bottom row: 3-lobe LOP, 3-lobe LBP, 4-lobe LOP, 4- lobe LBP

3.2 Geometry and simulation details

NAME EXPRESSION VALUE DESCRIPTION

𝑅𝑗 0.1[m] 0.1m Radius of journal
H 0.1[m] 0.1m Height of journal
C 0.001[m] 0.001m Mean bearing clearance
D 0.1*C 1E-4m Pad central offset
Cmax C+D 0.0011m Maximum bearing clearance
Cmin C-D pE-4m Minimum bearing clearance
𝜔 100[rad/s] 100rad/s RPS
W 1000[n] 1000N Load on the bearing, z comp
𝜇 0.0635[Pa*s] 0.0635𝑃𝑎 ⋅ 𝑠 viscosity

Table 1. Geometry Details and simulation parameters

Viscosity of oil (𝜂) 0.0635 Nsec/𝑚2

Density of oil (𝜌) 869.3 Kg/m3

Table 2. Lubricating oil Specifications

17
 Fig 11. Boundary of various bearings

3.3 Parameters for various geometries

Bearing data
The maximum and minimum clearance, Cmax and Cmin, respectively, of all the
bearings, are set to the same values in order to make them equivalent.

The initial clearance, hb, assuming that the journal is located at the center of the
bearing, is listed in the table.

BEARING INITIAL FILM THICKNESS

Plain hb = C
Elliptic hb = (Cmin + Cmax − Cmin ) ∗ cos 𝜃
Split hb = 𝐶 + (sin 𝜃) ∗ 𝑑 cos 𝜃
Multilobe 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜃𝑁
ℎ𝑏 = 𝐶 + 𝑑 ∗ (cos 𝜃 − 𝛼𝑚 ), 𝛼𝑚 = 𝑁 + 𝑁 [ 2𝜋 ]

Table 3. Film Thickness for different types of bearings

The objective is to obtain various parameters in Table 4 for different bearings by

setting maximum and minimum values to Cmax and Cmin, respectively. The
following sections provide these expressions.

18
Plain bearing
The initial thickness is uniform, the best choice of C for the plain bearing is
C = (Cmax + Cmin)/2.

Fig.12 Plain bearing

Elliptical bearing
The maximum and minimum clearance Cmax and Cmin are known.
hb = Cmin + Cmax – Cmin cos

Fig.13 Elliptical bearing

19
Split-halves bearing

For split-halves bearings, Cmin = C − d, Cmax = C + d,

from which one finds

(Cmax + Cmin) (Cmax− Cmin)
C= , d=
2 2

Fig.14 Split bearing

Multilobe Bearings
𝜋
For multilobe bearings, Cmax = C + d and Cmin = C + dcos(𝑁).
Hence, it follows that
𝜋
(Cmin − cos( )Cmax) (Cmax − Cmin)
𝑁
C= 𝜋 , and d = 𝜋
(1 − cos( ) (1 − cos( )
𝑁 𝑁

Fig.15 Multilobe bearing

20
3.4 Mesh Details

• In the Mesh toolbar, we clicked Boundary and selected Mapped.

• Find the Boundary Selection section and select tetrahedral mesh.

Maximum element size 0.15 mm

Minimum element size 0.027 mm

Maximum element growth rate 15 mm

Curvature factor 0.6 mm

Resolution of narrow regions 0.5 mm

Table 4. Mesh Details

Fig 16. Mesh details

21
METHODOLOGY AND SIMULATION
Select New check box, click to the Modelling OPTION.

MODELLLING
1. Select Modelling check box, choose 3D.
2. Select the Structural Mechanics>Physics > Rotor dynamics > Hydrodynamic Bearing
3. Select Add and study.
4. From the Study, select General Studies>Stationary study.

GLOBAL PARAMETER

Parameters 1
1. from the Modelling parameter check box,

2. select for the Parameters

3. enter the following data:

Name Expression Value Description
Rj 0.1[m] 0.1 m Radius of journal
H 0.1[m] 0.1 m Height of journal
C 0.001[m] 0.001 m Mean bearing clearance

Name Expression Value Description

d 0.1*C 1E-4 m Pad center offset
Cmax C+d 0.0011 m Maximum bearing clearance

Cmin C-d 9E-4 m Minimum bearing clearance

Ow 200[rad/s] 200 rad/s RPS

W 100[N] 100 N Load on bearing, z component

mu 0.072[Pa*s] 0.072 Pa·s viscosity

Table 5. Modelling Parametres

22
 GEOMETRY
Cylinder 1
1. Select Geometry toolbar, choose the Cylinder.

2. Select Setting check box s for Cylinder, find the Shape and size section.

3. Select Radius, type value

4. Select Height type value

5. Find the Axis. From the Axis type list, select x-axis.

6. Find the Object Type section. From the Type list, choose Surface.
7. Click Build Selected.

Array 1

Replicate 7 more cylinders along the x direction by executing the following commands
1. Select Geometry, click Transformation and select an array.

2. Select the object.

3. Select Setting check box for an Array, find the shape and size section.

4. Select x size text field, type 8.

5. Find the Displacement section. Select x and enter value.

DEFINITIONS
Plain bearing
1 Select Definitions t, click Explicit function.
2 Select Setting check box for an Explicit, type Plain bearing select Labels

3 Find the Input section. From the Geometric list, choose Boundary conditions.

4 Select boundary condition for 1

5 Select the Group for continuous tangent.

6 Selecting this check box allows automatic selection of multiple surfaces across which the tangent
is continuous.

Elliptic bearing
1 Choose Plain bearing

2 Select Setting for an Explicit, type Elliptic bearing select Labels.

3 Find the Input values section. Click Clear Selection.

23
 4 Select Boundary 5–8 only.

Explicit Selections
1. Repeat the above sequence of commands to add more Explicit selections using the
information given select following table:
2. The table above displays the entire selection for each bearing. But to create for example
the Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Split halves) selection, selecting surface 9 is
enough. This is so because you duplicate the existing selection to create the new ones
and the Group for continuous tangent check box is already selected with select old.
3. Select Modelling check box , collapse the node.

Hydrodynamic bearing (hdb)

1. Select More Options dialog, select tree, select check box for node Physics>Advanced Physics
Options.

2. select Physics>Stabilization.

3. select the node Physics>Stabilization.

4. Modelling check box, under Component 1 (comp1) click Hydrodynamic Bearing (hdb).
5. Select Settings option for Hydrodynamic Bearing, click to Cavitation section.

6. In the Cavitation box. You can change the compressibility β inside the bearing node

7. expand our Inconsistent Stabilization section. Choose δartificial text field, type 20.

8. The tuning parameter is increased to improve the stabilization select cavitated film.

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Plain)

1 Select Modelling check box, under Hydrodynamic Bearing. select Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing.
2 Select Settings check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, type Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing (Plain) select Label text field.
3 Find the Bearing Properties. Select C type value.
4 Find Journal Properties section. Select the Specify list, and choose the Load.
5 Specify the Wj vector as
6 Select Ω text field, type Ow.

7 Find the Fluid Properties section. From the μ list, choose User defined. Select associated text
field, type value.

24
 Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Elliptic)

1. Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Plain) and choose Duplicate.

2. Find the Boundary Selection. From the Selection, select Elliptic bearing.
3. Find Bearing Properties section. From the Bearing type section
4. Cmin text field, type Cmin.
5. Select Cmax text field, type Cmax.

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Split halves)

1 Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Elliptic) and choose Duplicate.

2 Select Setting check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, select Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing (Split halves) select Label text field.

3 Find the Boundary Selections section. From the Selection box, select Split halves bearing.

4 Find the Bearing Properties section. From the Bearing type list, choose Split halves.

5 Select C type value

6 From the Preload factor list, choose Compute from offset.

7 Select d, type value

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (2-lobe)

1. Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (Split halves)
2. Select Setting check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, type Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing (2-lobe) select Label text field.
3. Find the Boundarys Selection section. From the Selection list, select Two lobe bearing.

4. Find the Bearing Properties. From the Bearing type list, select Multilobe.

5. Select C type value

6. Choose Preload factor list, choose Compute from offset.

7. Select d type value

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LOP)

1 Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (2-lobe).

2 Select Settings check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, select Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing (3-lobe LOP) select Label section.

25
 3 Find the Boundary Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Three Lobe bearing
(LOP).

4 Find the Bearing Properties section. Select C text field, type formula.

5 Select d type formula

6 Select N type formula

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LBP)

1 Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LOP)

2 Settings check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, select Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
(3-lobe LBP) select Label .

3 Find the Boundary section. Select the Selection list

4 select Three lobe bearing (LBP).

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (4-lobe LOP)

1 Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LBP)

2 Select Settings check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, select Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing (4-lobe LOP) select Label

3 Find the Boundary section. From the Selection list, choose Four lobe bearing (LOP).

4 Find the Bearing Properties section. Select C text field, type formuala

5 Select d, type formuala

6 Select N, type formula

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (4-lobe LBP)

1 Right-click Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (4-lobe LOP) and

2 Select Settings check box for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing, type Hydrodynamic Journal
Bearing (4-lobe LBP) select Label

3 Find the Boundary Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Four lobe bearing
(LBP).

26
Next set the orientation of the bearings using the following instructions:

1 Select Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Bearing Orientation.

2 Select Settings check box for Bearing Orientation, type Bearing Orientation Hydrodynamic
Journal Bearing (3-lobe LOP) select Label.

3 Find the Boundary section. From the Selection list, select Three Lobe bearing (LOP).

4 Find the Bearing Orientation section. Select φ text field, type value in radians

Bearing Orientation Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LBP)

1 Right-click Bearing Orientation Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LOP) a

2 Select Settings check box for Bearing Orientation, type Bearing Orientation Hydrodynamic
Journal Bearing (3-lobe LBP)

3 Find the Boundary section., select Three lobe bearing (LBP).

4 Find the Bearing section. Select φ text field, type value

Bearing Orientation Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (4-lobe LOP)

Right -click Bearing Orientation Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (3-lobe LBP) and choose
Duplicate

1. Select Settings check box for Bearing Orientation, type Bearing Orientation
Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing (4-lobe LOP) .

2. Find the Boundary section., choose Four lobe bearing (LOP).

3. Find the Bearing Orientation section. Select φ text field, type value .

MESH 1
1. Select Mesh geometry, select Boundaries
2. Click Setting check box, find the Boundary Selection and select all.
3. In the selected section, select All boundaries.

Distribution 1
1 Choose the Mapped section and click various Distributions.

2 Select Setting check box for Distribution, find Edge Selection section.

3 From the Selection list, choose All edges.

4 Find extension check box. Select Number of parts text field, type value .

27
5 Select Modelling check box, choose Mesh and Build .

STUDY 1

Step 1: Stationary
1 Select Modelling check box, under Study 1, click Stationary study.

2 Select Setting check box for the Stationary study, select Extensions section.

Use following instructions to add an auxiliary sweep on load W.

3 Select the sweep check box.
4 Click Add and study.

5 Select table, enter the following settings:

Parameters Parameter value Unit

W (Load on bearing, z range (1000,200,10000) N

component)
6 click Compute.

RESULTS
Fluid Pressure

1 Select Setting check box for 3D Plot Group,

2 Select Title type list, choose Manual feeding.
3 type Fluid Pressure (Pa).
The dependent variable film select default plot does not represent the physical pressure and can
have a negative value select cavitated zone. Use physics scope variable instead to show the
physical pressure select bearings.

Surfaces
1 Select Modelling check box, expand the Fluid Pressure

2 Select Settings check box for Surface, find the Expression box.

3 Select Expression box type value

Contours
1 Select Modelling check box, select the Contour 1.

2 Select Setting check box for Contour, find the Expression box

3 Select Expression box type value.

4 Select Fluid Pressure, click Plot.
28
5 Select the Zoom Extents then select Graphics.

Relative Eccentricity vs. Load

1 Select extensions button, select Plot Group

2 Select Settings check box for 1D Plot, type Relative Eccentricity vs. Load select Label.

3 Find the Plot Setting. choose the x-axis label .

4 Select associated field, type text

5 Choose the y-axis label.

6 Select associated field, type text

Attitude Angle vs. Load

1 Select extensions toolbar, click Add Plot and choose 1D Plot
2 Select Setting check box for 1D Plot, type Attitude Angle vs. Load select Label it

3 Find Plot Settings. Click the x-axis l

4 Select associated field, type value

5 Choose the y-axis .

6 Select associated text field, type angles values.

Journal Position
1 Select extensions toolbar, click Add Plot and select 1D Plot.
2 Select Settings check box for 1D Plot Group, input the Journal Position.

3 Find the Plot Settings. click the x-axis.

4 Select associated field , type parameters

5 click the y-axis

6 Select associated field, type parameters

Initial Thickness Profile

1 Select extensions toolbar, click Add Plot

2 Select Settings check box for Polar Plot Group, type Initial Thickness Profile select Label text
field.

3 Find the Data check box. In the Parameter (W) list

4 Find Axis section. Select the Manual limits section.

29
5 Select r minimum field, type corresponding values.

6 Select r maximum field, type corresponding values.

Line graph Nodes

1 Edit the existing Line Graph nodes under Polar: Current Thickness Profile using the
information in modelling definition’s.
2 Modelling check box, expand the Current Thickness Profile node, then click Results>Current
Thickness Profile.
3 Find the Data section. From the Parameter (W) list, choose Manual feeding.

4 Select Parameter text field, type values.

5 Find the Axis section. Select r minimum text field, type values.

6 Select r maximum field, type values.

7 Select Current Thickness Profile toolbar, click Plot.

8 Select Modelling check box, collapse the Results>Current Thickness Profile node.

30
 CHAPTER 4
4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Journal Eccentricity vs Load

Generally, the journals that exhibit lower eccentricities are the better ones. So from
the plot we can conclude that at lower loads the split-halves and 3-lobe bearing have
optimum eccentricities. For load greater than 6000 N, the 2-lobe bearing has the
lowest eccentricity. For the 3-lobe (LOP) configuration we can see a absurd trend
that after 3000N load the journal eccentricity almost became constant .for elliptic
bearing the same trend can be observed in but at lower loads around 2000N

Fig 17. Relative eccentricity v/s load

4.2 Journal position

Fig.2 shows the position of journal with increasing load. The x-coordinate of the
journal position is plotted on the x-axis and the y – coordinate is plotted on the y-
axis. When the value of load W is very small, all journals tend to move more in
the y-direction, while the motion in the z-direction is very small. But as the load
increases they significantly move in z-direction and touch the bottom part of
bearing which creates frictional losses. While rotating there are two types of
31
forces acting on the journal, the first one is tangential drag force which arises due
to shear forces in the film, the second force acting is the radial force which occurs
due to variation of pressure distribution in the film, the resultant of these forces
determines the relative position of the journal. If the drag forces are dominant
than the equilibrium position is more towards the horizontal direction. When the
journal weight increases, the journal position moves towards the vertical plane.

Fig 18.. Journal Position

4.3 Initial film thickness profile

This figure shows initial thickness profile of the film with each degree of rotation,
the maximum and minimum clearance is almost same for all the bearings except
for bearing that is kept at mean position.

32
 Fig 19. Initial thickness profile

4.4 Steady state thickness profile

During the steady state, the film thickness profile is maximum for 4-lobe LBP
(Load Between pads) configuration and the film thickness is minimum in 4-lobe
LOP (Load on Pads) configuration.

Fig 20. Steady State thickness profile

33
4.5 Altitude Angle vs Load

In curve we can observe that as the load is increasing the altitude angle decreases
for all the cases but the way of decreasing is different for every bearing. if we see
the curve of plane,2-lobe, elliptic,3-lobe (LBP),4-lobe (LBP) bearing there is a
consistent decrement in altitude angle with increasing load. In the 3-lobe (LOP)
bearing there is sudden increase of attitude angle at load 2700N and after that it
keep on decreasing .in 4-lobe (LOP) bearing the load became almost constant
between 2500 -5000N then it started decreasing like others. The least amount of
change in altitude angle is found in in 4-lobe (LOP) bearing.

4.

Fig 21. Altitude angle vs Load

34
 CHAPTER 5
5.CONCLUSIONS

1) It can be concluded that at lower loads the split-halves and 3-lobe bearing have
optimum eccentricities at lower loads at higher loads 2 lobe bearing have
lowest eccentricities in multi-lobe bearing a trend is noticed that the changes in
eccentricity first increases with increase of load but after a point the relative
eccentricity is almost stagnant.

2) From journal position graph, we can see that the shift in journal bearing is
maximum for elliptical bearing with increasing load. the bearing which shows
the least deviation at higher loads is the 3-lobe bearing LBP configuration.

3) The maximum and minimum thickness is almost same for all the bearings
except for plain bearing which is kept at mean position.

4) During steady state of rotation, the film thickness profile is maximum for 4-
lobe LBP (Load Between pads) configuration. The film thickness is minimum
in 4-lobe LOP (Load on Pads) configuration.

5) In the 3-lobe (LOP) bearing there is sudden increase of attitude angle at load
2700N and after that it keep on decreasing .in 4-lobe (LOP) bearing the load
became almost constant between 2500 -5000N then it started decreasing like
others.

6) The least amount of change in altitude angle is found in 4-lobe (LOP) bearing.

35
6. REFERENCES

[1]E.A. Memmott and O. De Santiago, “A classical sleeve bearing instability in an

overhung compressor”,Proceedings of the 25th Machinery Dynamics Seminar (CMVA,
2007)10-15.
[2]F.A Martin and A.V. Ruddy, “The effect of manufacturing tolerances on the stability of
profile bore bearings,” in Proceedings of the conference (IMechE, 1984) 494-499,
[3]Dj. Boukhelef, A. Bounif, Dj. A. Bouzid, Dynamic characterization and stability analysis of
hydrodynamic journal bearing using the FEM, ISSN 1392 - 1207. MECHANIKA. 2011. 17(5)
503–509
[4]E. Saber, H.A. El-Gamal, Stability analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearings of variable
axial geometrical configurations, in: EGTRIB7, the 7th Inter-Conf. of the Egyptian soc. of
Tribology, Fac. Eng., cairouniv. Egypt, Dec. 27–28, 2006.
5] D. Gropper, L. Wang, T. Harvey, Hydrodynamic lubrication of textured surfaces: a review of
modeling techniques and key findings, Tribol. Int. 94 (2016) 509–529
[6]Hashimoto, H., Wada, S., and Nojima, K., 1986, “Performance Characteristics of Worn
Journal Bearings in both Laminar and Turbulent Regime. Part1: Steady-State Characteristics,”
ASLE Trans., 29, pp. 565–571.
7] S.U. Bhaskar, M.M. Hussain, Md Y. Ali, Stability analysis on plain journal bearing with
effect of surface roughness, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 4 (3) (2013) 1–8.
[8] Ram Turaga, A.S Sekhar and B.C Majumdar, “The effect of roughness parameter on the
performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing with rough surfaces”, Vol.32, 1999, pp. 231-236.
9] J Ramesh and B C Majumdar, “Stability of rough journal bearing using nonlinear transient
method” ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol.117, 1995, pp. 691- 695.
[10] J. Ramesh, B.C Majumdar, and N.S Rao, “Stability characteristics of rough submerged oil
elliptical bearing under dynamic load”, Tribology International, Vol.30, 1998, pp. 857-863.
[11]Performance & Stability Analysis of a Three Lobe JournalBearing With Varying
Parameters: Experiments and Analysis, Nabarun Biswas1, a), Dr. Prasun Chakraborti2, b),
Ankuran Saha3, c), Srijit Biswas4, d),1, 4 Department of Production Engineering, National Institute
of Technology, Jirania, Barjala, Agartala, Tripura- 799046, India.2,3 Department of Mechanical
Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jirania, Barjala, Agartala, Tripura- 799046,
India.
[12] K. Raghunandana, and B.C Majumdar, “Stability of journal bearing system using non-
Newtonian lubricants: a non-linear transient analysis” Tribology International, Vol.32, 1999,
pp. 179-184.

36
[13] O.Pinkus, “Power loss in elliptical and three lobe bearings”, Transactions of the ASME,
vol. 78, 1956, pp. 894- 904.
[14] O.Pinkus, “Experimental investigation of resonant whip” Transactions of the ASME, Vol.
78. 1956, pp. 975-983.
[15] O.Pinkus2, “Analysis and characteristics of threelobe bearings” Transactions of the
ASME, Vol. 81, 1959, pp. 49-55.
[16] G. L. Falkenhangen, E. J Gunter, and F.T. Schuller, “Stability and transient motion of
vertical three lobe bearing system” Journal of engineering for industry, May 1972, pp. 665-677.
[17] D.F Li, K.C Choy, and P. Allaire, “Stability and transient characteristics of four multi lobe
journal bearing configurations”, Journal of lubrication technology, Vol. 102, 1980, pp. 291-299.
[18] M. C. Majumder and B. C. Majumdar, Int.J. Wear, 139-150, 13(1989).
[19] The "Effect of fluid inertia on the stability of oil journal bearings" was investigated by
S.K.Kakoty and B.C. Majumdar.
[20] S.T.N Swamy, B.S Prabhu and B.V.A Rao, Stiffness and damping characteristics of finite
width journal bearing with non-Newtonian film and their application to instability prediction,
Wear, Vol.32, 1975, pp. 379-390.

37
SIMILARITY INDEX

Drive link For the detailed Report - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XSee-

Q4bRlbVl7iyOnI1I0n4OhbcV_8_/view?usp=sharing

38
SUBMISSION TO RAMMTE - 2022

We submitted our paper to RAMMTE on 31 March, 2022.

We got our first review on 4th May, 2022.

39
REVIEW - 1

We have revised our paper and submitted it for review.

We are waiting for the acceptance response.

40