EMM3453 Fluid Mechanics I

CHAPTER 8
INTERNAL FLOW (FLOW IN PIPE)

• PROF. DR. MEGAT MOHAMAD HAMDAN

• LT KOL ASSOC. PROF. IR. NURULHASNAN BIN
ABDUL MAJID (RETIRED)
 CHAPTER 8 - PIPE FLOW

• APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI EQUATION

• LAMINAR OR TURBULENT FLOW
• MAJOR & MINOR LOSSES
• DARCY FORMULA
• ENERGY ADDED OR TAKEN FROM THE
FLOWING FLUID
• POTENTIAL & KINETIC ENERGY
 INTRODUCTION
• USE TO TRANSFER FLUID
• COMMONLY ROUND C/SECTION ELSE CALLED
DUCT
• WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS: FROM 800
MILES ALASKAN PIPELINE, HOME WATER PIPES
& TO THE BLOOD/AIR CIRCULATION SYSTEM IN
OUR BODY
• TYPICAL PIPE SYSTEM SHOWN IN FIG. 8.1
 NOTE:
THE FLOW WOULD BE REVERSE
DUE TO GRAVITY & PUMP COULD
BE WORKING AS TURBINE IN
Figure 8.1
MOST CASES.
Typical pipe system components.
Figure 8.2
(a) Pipe flow. (b) Open-channel flow.
Figure 8.3
(a) Experiment to illustrate type of flow. (b) Typical dye streaks.
.
(Done by Osborne Reynolds (1842 – 1912))
Figure 8.4
Time dependence of fluid velocity at a point.
Figure 8.5 (p. 406)
Entrance region, developing flow, and fully developed flow in a pipe system
-.

le
= 0.06 Re for laminar flow
D
le
= 4.4(Re)1/ 6 for turbulent flow
D
Engineering problems mostly 104  Re  105
so that 20D  le  30D
Figure 8.17
Exponent, n, for power-law velocity profiles. (Adapted from Ref. 1.)
 Figure 8.18
Typical laminar flow and turbulent flow velocity profiles.

The empiricalpower - law

velocityprofile is give by;
 1/ n
u  r
= 1 − 
Vc  R 
The one - seventh power - law
mostly used in practice.
Bernoulli equation between point 1 and 2 with assumptions;

Is ;
 MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPELINE (hLmajor)

• Major losses are losses due friction in

pipeline.
• Friction is directly proportional to
roughness of the pipe.
• Can not be neglected at all
• Using Darcy-Weisbach formula:
Derivation of Darcy-Weisbach Formula
For Laminar
Flow only
FRICTION FACTOR FOR TURBULENT FLOW REGION

So, for turbulent flow in pipe, friction factors for varies value of Re
and /D are given by Moody Chart (used Eq. (22)) on the next page.
Figure 8.20 – the Moody chart.
Figure 8.19
Flow in the viscous sublayer near rough and smooth walls.
MINOR LOSSES IN PIPELINE (hL minor)

Minor losses are the head

losses in pipeline other than
friction, i.e. by fittings such as
valves or bends, tees, elbows
and etc. Sometimes neglected
especially for long pipeline.
Normally express in term of loss
coefficient KL . Typical values of
KL are given in Table 8.2 and
Table 8.2(a). The minor losses
may also be given as equivalent
pipe length ( leq ) as shown in
Table 8.2(a).
 (24)

Related to Darcy
equation as:

(25)
 Continue Table 8.2

Component KL
Figure 8.32
Internal structure of various values: (a) globe valve, (b) gate valve, (c) swing
check valve, (d) stop check valve. (Courtesy of Crane Co., Valve Division.
KL
 KL FOR OTHER SHAPES

Figure 8.22
Entrance flow conditions and loss coefficient (Refs. 28, 29). (a) Reentrant, KL =
0.8, (b) sharp-edged, KL = 0.5, (c) slightly rounded, KL = 0.2 (see Fig. 8.24), (d)
well-rounded, KL = 0.04 (see Fig. 8.24).
Figure 8.24 (p. 439)
Entrance loss coefficient as a function of rounding of the inlet edge (Ref. 9).
Figure 8.25
Exit flow conditions and loss coefficient. (a) Reentrant, KL = 1.0, (b) sharp-
edged, KL = 1.0, (c) slightly rounded, KL = 1.0, (d) well-rounded, KL = 1.0.
 2
 1 
Figure 8.26 KL =  − 1
Loss coefficient for a sudden contraction (Ref. 10).  Cc 
 Table of Cc for sudden contraction

A2/A1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0

Cc 0.586 0.61 0.632 0.673 0.73 1.0

KL 0.5 0.41 0.34 0.24 0.14 0

 2
 A1 
Figure 8.27
Loss coefficient for a sudden expansion (Ref. 10).
K L = 1 − 
 A2 
Figure 8.29
Loss coefficient for a typical conical diffuser (Ref. 5).
Figure 8.30 - Character of the flow in a 90 bend and the associated loss
coefficient (Ref. 5).
Figure 8.31 -
Character of the flow in a 90 mitered bend and the associated loss coefficient: (a)
without guide vanes, (b) with guide vanes.
APPLICATION OF BE FOR PIPES IN SERIES
WITHOUT ENERGY ADDED
(b) Now apply BE between A and B;
p A VA2 pB VB2
+ + z A − all losses+ added energy = + + zB
g 2 g g 2 g
 z A − z B = h1 + h f 1 + h2 + h f 2 + h3 (Since other terms = 0)
V12 fl1 V12 V12 − V22 fl2 V22 V22
9 = 0.5 + + + + .........( i)
2 g d1 2 g 2g d2 2g 2g
(Frictionfactor in both pipes are given the same = 0.04)
but from continuityequation;
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2
A1
and V2 = V1 .......... .......... .......... .......... ......(ii)
A2
Subtitute (ii)into (i) and put in all given parameters, then V1
could be obtained.
but Q = V1 A1 , so Q = 0.158 m 3 /s
 NOTE
MOSTLY, THE CALCULATION IN THE PIPE PROBLEMS ARE
ASKING TO FING FLOW RATE Q. SO DARCY – WEISBACH
FORMULA COULD BE WRITTEN AS;
2
 4Q 
 2
fl V 2
fl  D  flQ 2
hL = = =
d 2g d 2g (12.1) d 5
 d 2  Q 4Q
Since Q = V A = V    V = = 2
 4   d  d
2
 
 4 
So Darcy - Wiesbach Formula also could be writtenas
flQ 2
hL =
(12.1) d 5
APPLICATION BE WITH ENERGY ADDED FROM PUMP
APPLICATION BE WITH ENERGY TAKEN BY TURBINE
Apply BE between A and B;
p A VA2 pB VB2
+ + z A − all losses( hL ) - hT = + + zB
g 2 g g 2 g
But VA = VB = 0 (assumed)  hT = z A − z B -  hL
2
fl V V2
So hT = 50 - − K
d 2g 2g
2
(0.05)(100) V V2
= 50 - − (0.5 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 5 + 5 + 1)
2 2g 2g
= 50- 0.7441 V 2
2 2
 Q   Q 
= 50- 0.7441  
2 
= 50- 0.7441 
 ( / 4)(2) 2 
 ( / 4) d   
= 50- 0.07539Q 2 = 50- 0.07539(6) 2 = 47.286 m

Therefore input power : Pi = gQhT = 9810(6)(47.286) = 2783245W = 2.783 MW

and output power : P0 = 0 Pi = 0.85(2.783) = 2.366 MW
APPLICATION BE WITH UNKNOWN FRICTION FACTOR
example
Apply BE between A and B;
p A V A2 p B VB2
+ + z A − all losses( hL ) = + + zB
g 2 g g 2 g
But V A = VB = 0 (aasumed)
p A − pB 150 x 103
 hL = z A − z B + =5 + = 20.3m
g 9810
For parallel pipes; h1 = h2 = h3 = hL
fl1 V12 fl2 V22 fl3 V32
So = = = 20.3 m
d1 2 g d 2 2 g d 3 2 g
For pipe 1;
ε 0.32
= = 0.004 guess from Moody chart f = 0.03
D 80
fl1 V12 0.03(100) V12
= = 20.3 m  V1 = 3.259 m/s
d1 2 g 0.08 2 g
VD 3.259 x 0.008
then Re 1 = = = 2.55 x 10 5

 1.02 x 10-6
 ε
with Re1 = 2.55 x 105 & = 0.004 from Moody chart f1 ' = 0.0258
D
f1 ' l1 V12 0.0258(100) V12
= = 20.3 m  V1 = 3.51 m/s
d1 2 g + 0.08 2g
VD 3.259 x 0.008 ε
then Re1 ' = = = 2.74 x 105
& = 0.004 we get;
 1.02 x 10-6 D
f1" = 0.0258 ( from Moody chart )
So f1" = f1 ' and therefore f1 = 0.0258 is the correctanswer with V1 = 3.51 m/s
Do the same thing for pipe No. 2 and 3 and the resultsas below;
For pipe 2 ;
f 2 = 0.025 and V2 = 2.524 m/s
For pipe 3;
f 3 = 0.0325 and V3 = 2.475 m/s
From continuityequation;

Q1 = V1 A1 = 3.52 x (0.08) 2 = 0.01764 m 3 /s
4

Q2 = V2 A2 = 2.524 x (0.06) 2 = 0.007136 m 3 /s
4

Q3 = V3 A3 = 2.475 x (0.04) 2 = 0.00311 m 3 /s
4
For parallel pipes Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0.0279m 3 /s
Example
Assumed the flow directionsa shown in the diagram. If can be solved,
then the assumption are correct.
So Q3 = Q1 + Q2 .......... .......... .......... ....... (i)
Major lossesin pipes, from Darcy - Wiesbach Formula,
flQ 2
hL = .......... .......... .......... ........(i i)
(12.1) d 5
Therefore;
 flQ 2  0.012(50)Q12
hL1 =  5  = 5
= 651 x 103
Q1
2
.......... ..... (iii)
 (12.1) d  1 (12.1)(0.04)
 flQ 2  0.012(100)Q22
hL 2 =  5
= 5
= 427 x 103 Q22 .......... ... (iv)
 (12.1) d  2 (12.1)(0.05)
 flQ 2  0.012(100)Q32
hL 3 =  5  = 5
= 171 x 103
Q3
2
.......... ..... (v)
 (12.1) d  3 (12.1)(0.06)
Apply BE between A & C and then reduce to;
30 = hL1 + hL 3 = 651 x 103 Q12 + 171 x 103 Q32 .......... ..... (vi)
Apply BE between B & C and then reduce to;
60 = hL 2 + hL 3 = 427 x 103 Q22 + 171 x 103 Q32 .......... ..... (vii)
Three equations (i.e. (i),(vi) and (viii)with three unknowns,
thereforecould be solved.
The easiest way is by using  - method as below.
Set Q1 =  Q3 and from (i) we get Q2 = (1 −  )Q3 .....(viii)
Devide Eq. (vi) by Eq. (vii) we get;
30 651 x 103 Q12 + 171 x 103 Q32 651 x 103 ( Q3 ) 2 + 171 x 103 Q32
= =
60 427 x 10 Q2 + 171 x 10 Q3 427 x 103 ((1 −  )Q3 ) 2 + 171 x 103 Q32
3 2 3 2

then reduce to : 2.052 2 + 2 − 0.5981 = 0

and therefore   = 0.24 .......... .......... .......... .. (ix)
Q
So Q1 = 0.24 Q3 or Q3 = 1 .......... .......... ....(x)
0.24
Q
and Q2 = (1 − 0.24) Q3 or Q3 = 2 .......... .......... ...(xi)
0.76
Substitute Eq. (x) into Eq.(vi), then we get;
2
 Q 
30 = 651 x 103 Q12 + 171 x 103  1  gives Q1 = 2.88 x 10−3 m 3 /s
 0.24 
Substitute Eq. (xi) into Eq.(vii), then we get;
2
 Q 
60 = 427 x 103 Q22 + 171 x 103  2  gives Q2 = 9.11 x 10−3 m 3 /s
 0.76 
From Eq.(x) or (xi) we get Q3 = 11.98 x 10−3 m 3 /s
and finally, the assumed flow directionsare correct.
Figure 8.38 (p. 463)
A general pipe network.

NOTE: COULD BE SOLVED BY HARDY CROSS METHOD AND THIS

IS NOT INCLUDED IN FLUID1 SYLLABUS
Thank you
 EXAMPLE
• QUIZ & HW