Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE

8 MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4
The Periodic Table of Elements as an
Organizing Tool to Determine the
Chemical Properties of Elements

Armila D. Esparrago

City of Good Character 0

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the Periodic Table of Elements. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.

This module will enable you to utilize the periodic table predict the chemical
behavior of an element. S8MT-IIIi-j-12
Specifically, you are expected to:
 write the electron configuration of elements and relate it to their
classifications in the periodic table; and
 describe and predict the elements’ trend in the periodic table.

What I Know
Read each question carefully and encircle only the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following describes the systematic arrangement of elements

based on their atomic numbers and unique chemical and physical
properties?
A. electron configuration C. periodic table
B. orbital diagram D. quantum numbers

2. Which of the following refers to the 7 horizontal rows in the periodic table?
A. Atomic Mass C. Period
B. Group D. Oxidation Number

3. Which pertains to the 18 vertical columns in the periodic table?

A. Atomic Mass C. Group
B. Atomic Number D. Period

4. Which of the following statement describes this: “the lowest orbital energy is
reached when the number of electrons with the same spin is maximized”?
A. Aufbau’s Principle C. Hund’s Rule
B. de Broglie’s hypothesis D. Pauli Exclusion Principle C

5. The word Aufbau means “building up” in German. Which of the following
describes the Aufbau principle?
A. Electrons with the same spin cannot occupy the same orbital.
B. Since electrons repel each other, electrons will occupy single orbitals
within and energy level before doubling up.

City of Good Character 1

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 C. Electrons fill lower energy levels first before occupying higher energy
levels.
D. It is impossible to predict the exact location of electrons in an atom.

6. The ground state electron configuration of 23V is __________.

A. 1s2 2s2 3s2 3p6 3d3
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4d3

7. Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius?

A. fluorine B. neon C. nitrogen D. oxygen

8. Which has the lowest ionization energy?

A. beryllium B. calcium C. magnesium D. strontium

9. Metallic property is the tendency of an atom to lose electrons. Which of the

following is a metal?
A. calcium B. carbon C. nitrogen D. sulfur

10. Overall, the group with the lowest ionization energy on the periodic table is
the
A. alkali metals. C. alkaline earth metals.
B. halogens. D. noble gases.

Lesson

1 Electron Configuration

The electron configuration is very important in providing insights in

determining the valence electrons or outermost electrons of an atom. If you will
examine the periodic table, the elements are classified into various blocks (s-block
elements, the p-block elements, the d-block elements and of course the f-block
elements). This enables you to understand the important properties and
characteristics of elements.

City of Good Character 2

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s In

Test your Vocabulary. Match the definition with the correct word it is referring to
by writing the corresponding letter on the beaker.

A. This refers to the horizontal row in the periodic table.

B. An abbreviation of the name of elements in the periodic table.
C. A term used to describe the vertical columns in the periodic table.
D. A type of element characterized by malleability, ductility, conductivity and luster.
E. A substance that can longer be decomposed into simple form by chemical means.

What’s New
Fact or Bluff. Write FACT if the statement is correct and BLUFF if it is not.
__________1. The elements in the periodic table are arranged randomly.
__________2. There are 118 elements in the periodic table.
__________3. All the elements in the periodic table are found in nature.
__________4. You can determine an element’s atomic number by just referring to
the periodic table.
__________5. The periodic table was developed by only one chemist.

What Is It

Electrons are distributed in its atomic orbital around the nucleus of an atom but
it follows a standard notation which is called ELECTRON CONFIGURATION. All the
electrons for each subshell are denoted by superscript. For instance, the electron
configuration of fluorine having 9 electrons is

City of Good Character 3

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 The number of electrons that must be accommodated in a shell is based on the
orbital or principal quantum number (n). The total number of electrons for each
shell is equal to 2n2 .

Shell and n Maximum number of

values electrons (2n )
2

K shell n=1 2 electrons

L shell n=2 8 electrons
M shell n=3 18 electrons
N shell n=4 32 electrons

In writing the electron configuration of an atom, there are certain rules or

principles that must be applied:
1. Aufbau Principle: This principle originates from the German word Aufbau
which means “building-up”. Electrons must occupy the lowest energy level first
before occupying higher energy levels. Electrons are distributed in the following
order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p,8s.

2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: This principle states that there are ONLY two
electrons that can occupy an orbital and they are moving in opposite spins,
denoted by two arrows. Therefore, no two electrons can have the same set of
quantum numbers if we will follow this principle.
Example:
1s2

City of Good Character 4

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
3. Hund’s Rule: This rule states that electrons must be distributed singly first
before pairing up with electrons. It describes the order in which electrons are filled
in all the orbitals belonging to a subshell.
The orbital notation of carbon or 6C is represented in B.
A. INCORRECT

B. CORRECT

In order to fully grasp the concept of electron configuration, examples are given
here.
Electron Configuration of Helium
The atomic number of Helium is 2, so it has two electrons since it is a
neutral atom. Two electrons will be placed in the s subshell of the first orbital
following the Aufbau principle. The electron configuration of He having two
electrons is 1s2, as shown below.

K shell-2 electrons

City of Good Character 5

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Electron Configuration of Nitrogen
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, which implies that nitrogen has 7
electrons around its nucleus. Since it is a non-metal, it has the tendency to accept
electrons to gain stability. Its electrons are filled in the following order:

K shell – 2 electrons
L shell – 5 electrons
Total no. of electrons= 7e-
Therefore, the electron configuration of oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p3, as shown above.
There is also another way of writing the electron configuration, by simply using
the electron configuration of noble gases.
Helium (He) – 1s2 Krypton (Kr) – [Ar]3d104s24p6
Neon (Ne) – [He]2s22p6 Xenon (Xe) – [Kr]4d105s25p6
Argon (Ar) – [Ne]3s23p6 Radon (Rn) – [Xe]4f145d106s26p6

For example, the electron configuration of magnesium is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2.

Instead of writing the long notation, you can use the symbol of neon as inner
configuration and just add the succeeding notation which is 3s2.
12 Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 - the usual electron configuration

12 Mg = [Ne] 3s2 - condensed electron configuration using Noble Gas

What’s More
Activity 1.1 “Rock and Rule”

Let’s recall whether you really understood the rules and principles in
writing the electron configuration of an atom. Determine the principle being
described below.
1._________________ Electrons must occupy the lowest possible energy level first
before occupying higher energy levels.
2. ________________ Electrons must be distributed single first before pairing up
with other electrons.
3. _________________No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.

City of Good Character 6

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Activity 1.2 Electron Configuration and Orbital Notation of Metals and
Non-Metals
Write the orbital notation and electron configuration of the following
elements.
Example:
1. Boron (5B)

a. orbital notation
b. electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p1
c. condensed electron notation [He] 2s2 2p1

2. Sodium (11Na)
a. orbital notation_____________________________________________________
b. electron configuration_______________________________________________
c. condensed electron notation_________________________________________

Activity 1.3 Predicting Periods and Groups of Metals and Non-Metals

I. Objective: Predict the period and group of an element from its electron
configuration.
II. Procedure:
1. Write the electron configuration of the element. It belongs to Group A if the
outermost configuration ends in s or p.
Group Outermost configuration
IA ns1
IIA ns2
IIIA ns2 np1
IVA ns2 np2
VA ns2 np3
VIA ns2 np4
VIIA ns2 np5
VIII A ns2 np6
2. The outermost energy level of the element corresponds to its period.
3. The group number of an element belonging to Family B (as long as the electron
configuration does not end in f), is equal to the total number of electrons in the
outermost shell and incomplete inner sublevel except for the following:

Total Number of e- in the outermost Group

energy level and the incomplete sublevel
9 VIII B
10 VIII B
11 IB

City of Good Character 7

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Examples:
1.

Number of outermost
electrons = 2
Ends in s (Family A)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Group IIA

Outermost energy level =3

Period = 3

2. Number of outermost
electrons = 2
Ends in s (Family A)
Group IIA

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10

Outermost energy level =4

Period = 4

Predict the period and group of each of the following elements.

1. 2.

Electron Configuration: Electron Configuration:

______________________ ______________________
Period:_______________ Period:_______________
Group:_______________ Group:_______________

City of Good Character 8

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 3. 4.

Electron Configuration: Electron Configuration:

______________________ ______________________
Period:_______________ Period:_______________
Group:_______________ Group:_______________

What I Have Learned

Answer the questions below:
1. Why do electrons need to occupy the lowest possible energy level first?

2. How many electrons can occupy an orbital based on Pauli’s Exclusion Principle?

3. What is the importance of Hund’s rule?

What I Can Do
Electron Configuration Message Decoder
Given are the electron configurations of five elements. Guess the element and
match the electron configuration with the corresponding word to decode the riddle.

Assessment
Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. How many electrons are there in the “p’ orbitals of the last shell (principal
energy
level) of Argon, if its electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p6?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6

City of Good Character 9

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
2. The total number of electrons that can fill the "p" sublevel is ____.
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 14

3. What is the period and group of 9F, if its electron configuration is 1s22s22p5 ?
A. period 2, G VIIA B. period 1, G VIIA C. period 7, G IIIA D. period 2, G IVA

4. Which of the following has the electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p64s1?

A. 20Ca B. 17Cl C. 19 K D. 11Na

5. A lithium atom has an atomic number of 3 and a mass of 7 a.m.u. The number
of electrons which it has in the second shell (principal energy level) is ______.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D.5

Lesson

2 The Periodic Table of Elements

The Periodic Table is an indispensable tool in studying the properties of

elements. Basically, there are two numbers that identify an element: the ATOMIC
NUMBER which is equal to the number of positively-charged particles and the
ATOMIC MASS corresponds to the number of protons and neutrons.

What’s In
Unscramble the letters in the flask to reveal the words based on the given
clues. Write your answer on the space provided.

This refers to the systematic arrangement of

elements based on increasing atomic numbers.

Answer: ___________________________________________

This corresponds to the number of protons

in an atom.

Answer: __________________________________________

City of Good Character 10

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 This refers to the total number of protons
and neutrons in an atom.

Answer: __________________________________________

What’s New

The elements belonging to the same group have the same physical and chemical
properties. Each group is given a distinct name.
Activity 2.1 “Label Me “
I. Objective:
II. Procedure:
Label the parts of the periodic table by using the words from the word pool.

Actinide Alkaline Inner Transition

Earth Metals Metals
Alkali Noble Gases
Metals Halogens Lanthanide
Series

City of Good Character 11

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What Is It
Activity 2.2” Where Do I Belong?”
Objective: Locate the period and group of elements in the periodic table.

The elements in the periodic table are organized in such a way that
information about the elements can easily be determined. The vertical columns are
the GROUPS or FAMILIES. Elements belonging to Group A are called
REPRESENTATIVE elements while those that belong to Group B are called
TRANSITION elements. PERIOD refers to the seven horizontal rows in the periodic
table.
Procedure: Answer the table by determining the group and period of the following
elements by referring to the periodic table. Number 1 is done for you.

Element Group Period

1. krypton (Kr) VIII A 4

2. lithium (Li)
3. hafnium (Hf)
4. oxygen (O)
5. carbon (C)
Periodic trends provide an important insight in understanding the properties
of elements in predicting their chemical behavior.

The blocks in the PERIODIC TABLE are The periodic trends or properties of
labeled as s-block, p-block d-block, and elements in the periodic table are
f-block. periodic functions of their atomic
numbers.

City of Good Character 12

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Ionization energy is the energy needed Ionization energy increases from left to
to remove the valence electrons from a right and from bottom to top of the
neutral atom. periodic table.

Metallic Property refers to the ability of

an atom to lose electrons while Metallic Property decreases across a
nonmetallic property relates to the period and increases down the group.
tendency of an atom to gain electrons.

Electron affinity is the amount of

energy released when an electron is Electron affinity increases from left
attached to a neutral atom or molecule to right and from bottom to top of the
in the gaseous state to form a negative periodic table.
ion.

City of Good Character 13

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Electronegativity is the ability of an Electronegativity increases from left
atom to attract electrons towards to right and from top to bottom of the
itself. periodic table.

Below is the summary of the periodic trends.

City of Good Character 14

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s More
Activity No. 2. 3 “Now Trending: Periodic Trends”

I. Objective: Use the periodic table to predict the trends or chemical behavior of
elements.
II. Procedure:
Analyze the general periodic properties and underline the correct element being
described by referring to the given trends.

Na Al Cl
1. smallest ionization energy

2. metal O F Cu

3. highest electron affinity C As Cl

Be Cl Zn
4. nonmetal

5. greatest electronegativity M Sn F
g

What I Have Learned

Matching-Type: Match Column A with Column B. Choose only the letter of the
correct answer by writing it on the space provided before the number.

Column A Column B
_____1. These elements have seven valence electrons A. Actinide
belonging to group VIIA in the periodic table. B. Alkali Metals
_____2. The seven horizontal rows in the periodic table C. Electron Affinity
_____3. The vertical columns in the periodic table which D. Groups
correspond to the number of valence electrons of an E. Halogens
element. F. Ionization Energy
_____ 4. These radioactive elements are found on the G. Noble gases
bottom row of the inner transition metals. H. Period
_____ 5. The energy needed to remove the valence electrons

City of Good Character 15

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Assessment

Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius?

A. fluorine B. neon C. nitrogen D. oxygen

2. Which has the lowest ionization energy?

A. beryllium B. calcium C. magnesium D. strontium

3. Metallic property is the tendency of an atom to lose electrons. Which of the

following is a metal?
A. calcium B. carbon C. nitrogen D. sulfur

4. Which group has the lowest ionization energy on the periodic table?
A. alkali metals C. alkaline earth metals
B. halogens D. noble gases

5. Which has the highest electronegativity?

A. Al B. C C. Cl D. S

What I Can Do

Draw a periodic table village on a short bond paper by placing emphasis on the
periodic properties of the elements. Use crayons and other coloring materials. You
will be rated based on the rubric below.
Rubric for evaluating the Periodic Table Village

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5
Effort No effort Little effort Half-way Well done Exceptional effort
made made done
Neatness Not neat Not neat Somewhat Neat Neatness is fully
neat evident
Periods Does not Contain at Contains at Contains more Complete periods
and contain at least 4 least 4 than 4 periods and groups
Groups least 4 periods and periods and and groups
Included periods and groups in groups in
8 Groups the village the village
Properly No period 3 or less 4 to 7 All groups and Groups and
labeled and Group groups and groups periods are periods are
names periods names found in the properly labeled
included in included in periodic village in the periodic
the village the village table village
Creativity Lacks Slightly Half- Creativity is Very creative
creativity creative evidence of evident through (numerous
creativity the use of some graphics are
graphics evident)

City of Good Character 16

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Posttest

Read each question carefully and encircle only the letter of the correct answer.

1. The word Aufbau means “building up” in German. Which of the following
describes the Aufbau principle?
A. Electrons with the same spin cannot occupy the same orbital.
B. Since electrons repel each other, electrons will occupy single orbitals within
and energy level before doubling up.
C. Electrons fill lower energy levels first before occupying higher energy levels.
D. It is impossible to predict the exact location of electrons in an atom.

2. How many electrons are there in an s-orbital?

A. 2 electrons B. 6 electrons C. 10 electrons D. 14 electrons

3. Which of the following statement describes this: “the lowest orbital energy is
reached when the number of electrons with the same spin is maximized”?
A. Pauli Exclusion Principle C. Hund’s Rule
B. de Broglie’s hypothesis D. Aufbau’s Principle

4. Which of the following describes the systematic arrangement of elements based

on their atomic numbers and unique chemical and physical properties?
A. electron configuration C. periodic table
B. quantum numbers D. orbital diagram

5. Which of the following refers to the 7 horizontal rows in the periodic table?
A. Group C. Period
B. Oxidation Number D. Atomic Mass

6. Which pertains to the 18 vertical columns in the periodic table?

A. Group C. Atomic Number
B. Period D. Atomic Mass

7. The ground state electron configuration of V is __________.

23

A. 1s2 2s2 3s2 3p6 3d3 C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4d3

8. Metallic property is the tendency of an atom to lose electrons. Which of the

following is a metal?
A. calcium B. carbon C. nitrogen D. sulfur

City of Good Character 17

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
9. Overall, the group with the lowest ionization energy on the periodic table is the
A. alkali metals C. alkaline earth metals
B. halogens D. noble gases

10. Which has the highest electronegativity?

A. Al B. C C. Cl D. F

Science 9 Learner’s Module. Department of Education-Instructional Materials

Council Secretariat.
https://chemistry.princeton.edu/(Retrieved: July 19, 2020)
https://www.simply.science/images/content/chemistry/structure_of_matter/dev_
of_periodic_table/conceptmap/Newlands_Law.html (Retrieved: July 13,2020)

Photo Credits:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_trends#/media/File:Periodic_trends.svg
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
https://www.shmoop.com/atoms-molecules-ions/currency.html
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
https://www.thoughtco.com/metallic-character-periodic-table-trends-608790
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
https://schooltutoring.com/help/periodic-trends-electron-affinity/
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
https://sciencetrends.com/electron-affinity-trend/
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
https://www.slideshare.net/TannuSaini4/electronegativity-93707199
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
https://chemistrytalk.org/periodic-trends-made-easy/
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)
http://www.sliderbase.com/spitem-152-1.html
(Retrieved: July 14, 2020)

City of Good Character 18

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
19
City of Good Character
LESSON 2
What’s In
1. Periodic Table
What’s More 2. Atomic Number
1. Na 3. Atomic mass
2. Cu What’s New
3. Cl 1. Alkali metals
4. Cl 2. Alkaline Earth Metals
5. F 3. Inner Transition Metals
What I Have 4. halogens
Learned? 5. Noble Gas
1. E 6. Lanthanide
2. A 7. Actinide
3. D Element Group Period
4. A
5. F
Examples:
What I have Learned 6. B
1. krypton (Kr) VIII A 4
1. According to Aufbau’s 7. C
Principle electrons must Assessment
occupy the lowest 1. B 2. lithium (Li) IA 2
possible energy level first 2. D 3. hafnium (Hf) IVB 6
before occupying higher 3. A 4. oxygen (O) VIA 2
energy level. 4. A
5. carbon (C) IVA 2
2. There are only two 5. C
electrons moving in
opposite spin that can 1. Lesson 1
occupy an orbital based What’s In
on Pauli’s Exclusion A. Period
Principle. B. Symbol
3. Hund’s rule is very C. Group
important in distributing D. Metal
the electrons in an 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
E. Element
orbital. [Ne] 3s1
What’s New
What I Can DoRiddle: To Activity 1.2
1. Bluff
reduce his carbon 1. Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
2. Fact
footprint. Period: 4 Group: IIB
3. Bluff
Assessment: 2. Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
4. Fact
1. D. Period: 4 Group: VIIIB
5. Bluff
2. A 3. Kr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
What’s More
3. A Period: 4 Group: VIIIA
1. Aufbau’s Principle
4. C 4. F 1s2 2s2 2p6
2. Hund’s Rule
5. B Period 2 Group VIIA
3. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
Answer Key
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Armila D. Esparrago

Content Editors: Imelda N. Del Rosario
Jessica S. Mateo

Language Editor: Kristine Joyce G. Montejo

Illustrator: Arriane Joy Isorena

Layout Artist: Jemwel Dela Paz
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

City of Good Character 20

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE