‭Name:‬ ‭Date:‬

‭Student‬‭Exploration:‬‭Carbon‬‭Cycle‬
‭ irections:‬‭Follow‬‭the‬‭instructions‬‭to‬‭go‬‭through‬‭the‬‭simulation.‬‭Respond‬‭to‬‭the‬‭questions‬‭and‬
D
‭prompts‬‭in‬‭the‬‭orange‬‭boxes.‬

‭ ocabulary‬‭:‬‭atmosphere,‬‭biomass,‬‭biosphere,‬‭carbon‬‭reservoir,‬‭carbon‬‭sink,‬‭fossil‬‭fuel,‬‭geosphere,‬
V
‭greenhouse‬‭gas,‬‭hydrosphere,‬‭lithosphere,‬‭photosynthesis‬

‭ rior‬‭Knowledge‬‭Questions‬‭(Do‬‭these‬‭BEFORE‬‭using‬‭the‬‭Gizmo.)‬
P
‭In‬‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭photosynthesis‬‭,‬‭plants‬‭take‬‭in‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭(CO‬‭2‭)‬ ‬‭from‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭and‬‭water‬‭(H‬‭2‭O ‬ )‬
‭from‬‭the‬‭soil.‬‭Using‬‭the‬‭energy‬‭of‬‭sunlight,‬‭plants‬‭build‬‭molecules‬‭of‬‭glucose‬‭(C‬‭6‭H ‬ O
‭ ‬ )
‭
‬ ‭12‬ ‭6‬ ‬‭
a nd‬‭
o xygen‬‭
( O‬ )
‭
‭2‬ .‬

‭1.‬ ‭How‬‭do‬‭plants‬‭on‬‭Earth‬‭affect‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭carbon‬‭in‬‭Earth’s‬‭atmosphere?‬

‭2.‬ A
‭ nimals‬‭eat‬‭plants‬‭and‬‭produce‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭and‬‭water.‬‭How‬‭do‬‭animals‬‭affect‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭carbon‬‭in‬
‭Earth’s‬‭atmosphere?‬

‭ izmo‬‭Warm-up‬
G
‭The‬‭Carbon‬‭Cycle‬‭Gizmo‬‭allows‬‭you‬‭to‬‭follow‬‭the‬‭many‬‭paths‬‭an‬‭atom‬‭of‬
‭carbon‬‭can‬‭take‬‭through‬‭Earth’s‬‭systems.‬‭To‬‭begin,‬‭notice‬‭the‬‭black‬‭carbon‬
‭atom‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭area,‬‭highlighted‬‭in‬‭yellow.‬‭The‬‭glowing‬‭blue‬
‭areas‬‭represent‬‭possible‬‭locations‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭could‬‭go‬‭next.‬

‭1.‬ ‭From‬‭Earth’s‬‭atmosphere,‬‭where‬‭can‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭go‬‭next?‬

‭2.‬ C
‭ lick‬‭on‬‭Land‬‭plants‬‭and‬‭read‬‭the‬‭description.‬‭How‬‭did‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭get‬‭from‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭to‬‭a‬
‭plant?‬

‭3.‬ ‭Select‬‭Land‬‭animals‬‭.‬‭How‬‭did‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭get‬‭from‬‭land‬‭plants‬‭into‬‭the‬‭animal?‬

‭4.‬ ‭Select‬‭Atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‭.‬ ‬‭How‬‭did‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭get‬‭from‬‭land‬‭animals‬‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭atmosphere?‬

‭Reproduction‬‭for‬‭educational‬‭use‬‭only.‬‭Public‬‭sharing‬‭or‬‭posting‬‭prohibited.‬‭©‬‭2020‬‭ExploreLearning™‬‭All‬‭rights‬‭reserved‬
 ‭Activity‬‭A:‬ ‭Get‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭ready‬‭:‬

‭Carbon‬‭pathways‬ ‭●‬ ‭Click‬‭Reset‬‭.‬

I‭ntroduction:‬‭Earth‬‭can‬‭be‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭four‬‭systems.‬ ‭The‬‭atmosphere‬‭is‬‭the‬‭air‬‭above‬‭Earth’s‬‭surface.‬‭The‬
‭hydrosphere‬‭is‬‭composed‬‭of‬‭all‬‭of‬‭Earth’s‬‭water.‬‭The‬‭geosphere‬‭is‬‭the‬‭rocky,‬‭non-living‬‭part‬‭of‬‭Earth.‬‭The‬
‭biosphere‬‭consists‬‭of‬‭all‬‭living‬‭things,‬‭including‬‭people.‬‭Some‬‭scientists‬‭use‬‭the‬‭term‬‭“anthroposphere”‬‭to‬
‭describe‬‭everything‬‭made‬‭or‬‭modified‬‭by‬‭humans.‬

‭Question:‬‭How‬‭does‬‭carbon‬‭move‬‭between‬‭the‬‭atmosphere,‬‭hydrosphere,‬‭biosphere,‬‭and‬‭geosphere?‬

‭1.‬ E
‭ xplore‬‭:‬‭Use‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭to‬‭create‬‭a‬‭path‬‭for‬‭carbon‬‭that‬‭begins‬‭and‬‭ends‬‭in‬‭the‬‭atmosphere.‬‭Fill‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭steps‬‭in‬‭the‬‭path‬‭below.‬‭Then,‬‭label‬‭each‬‭location‬‭with‬‭the‬‭system‬‭it‬‭represents.‬‭Finally,‬‭summarize‬‭very‬
‭briefly‬‭how‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭got‬‭to‬‭that‬‭location.‬

‭Carbon‬‭path‬ ‭System‬ ‭How‬‭it‬‭got‬‭there‬

‭Atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭Atmosphere‬ ‭Atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭comes‬‭from‬‭volcanoes,‬

‭burning‬‭fossil‬‭fuels,‬‭and‬‭other‬‭sources.‬

‭Reproduction‬‭for‬‭educational‬‭use‬‭only.‬‭Public‬‭sharing‬‭or‬‭posting‬‭prohibited.‬‭©‬‭2020‬‭ExploreLearning™‬‭All‬‭rights‬‭reserved‬
‭2.‬ C
‭ reate‬‭:‬‭Click‬‭Reset‬‭.‬‭Use‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭to‬‭create‬‭a‬‭path‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭goes‬‭from‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬
‭to‬‭the‬‭hydrosphere,‬‭biosphere‬‭and‬‭geosphere.‬‭Describe‬‭each‬‭transition‬‭briefly.‬

‭Atmosphere‬ ‭Hydrosphere‬ ‭Biosphere‬ ‭Geosphere‬

‭Atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬

‭ olcanoes,‬‭burning‬‭fossil‬
V
‭fuels,‬‭and‬‭other‬‭sources.‬

‭3.‬ E
‭ xplore‬‭:‬‭Use‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭to‬‭create‬‭three‬‭more‬‭carbon‬‭paths,‬‭each‬‭starting‬‭and‬‭ending‬‭in‬‭the‬‭atmosphere.‬
‭Label‬‭each‬‭location‬‭with‬‭A‬‭for‬‭atmosphere,‬‭B‬‭for‬‭biosphere,‬‭G‬‭for‬‭geosphere,‬‭or‬‭H‬‭for‬‭hydrosphere.‬‭(You‬
‭can‬‭also‬‭use‬‭P‬‭for‬‭the‬‭anthroposphere‬‭if‬‭you‬‭like,‬‭or‬‭just‬‭include‬‭it‬‭in‬‭the‬‭biosphere.)‬

‭Path‬‭1:‬

‭Path‬‭2:‬

‭Path‬‭3:‬

‭4.‬ ‭Explain‬‭:‬‭Based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Gizmo,‬‭explain‬‭how‬‭the‬‭following‬‭transitions‬‭might‬‭take‬‭place:‬

‭A.‬ ‭Describe‬‭at‬‭least‬‭two‬‭ways‬‭that‬‭carbon‬‭can‬‭get‬‭from‬‭a‬‭land‬‭plant‬‭to‬‭the‬‭atmosphere.‬

‭1.‬

‭2.‬

‭B.‬ ‭Describe‬‭at‬‭least‬‭two‬‭ways‬‭that‬‭carbon‬‭can‬‭get‬‭from‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭to‬‭the‬‭hydrosphere.‬

‭1.‬

‭2.‬

‭C.‬ C
‭ an‬‭you‬‭find‬‭two‬‭ways‬‭that‬‭carbon‬‭can‬‭get‬‭from‬‭the‬‭ocean‬‭to‬‭the‬‭lithosphere‬‭?‬‭(The‬‭lithosphere‬‭is‬
‭the‬‭rigid‬‭layer‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Earth,‬‭including‬‭the‬‭crust‬‭and‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭mantle.)‬

‭1.‬

‭2.‬

‭D.‬ ‭Describe‬‭at‬‭least‬‭two‬‭ways‬‭that‬‭carbon‬‭can‬‭get‬‭from‬‭seashells‬‭to‬‭the‬‭atmosphere.‬

‭1.‬

‭2.‬

‭Reproduction‬‭for‬‭educational‬‭use‬‭only.‬‭Public‬‭sharing‬‭or‬‭posting‬‭prohibited.‬‭©‬‭2020‬‭ExploreLearning™‬‭All‬‭rights‬‭reserved‬
 ‭Activity‬‭B:‬ ‭Get‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭ready‬‭:‬

‭Human‬‭activities‬ ‭●‬ ‭Click‬‭Reset‬‭.‬

I‭ntroduction:‬‭Fossil‬‭fuels‬‭,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭coal,‬‭oil,‬‭and‬‭natural‬‭gas,‬‭formed‬‭over‬‭millions‬‭of‬‭years‬‭from‬‭the‬‭remains‬
‭of‬‭ancient‬‭plants‬‭and‬‭animals.‬‭The‬‭burning‬‭of‬‭fossil‬‭fuels,‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭other‬‭human‬‭activities,‬‭increases‬‭the‬
‭amount‬‭of‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭in‬‭the‬‭atmosphere.‬

‭Question:‬‭How‬‭does‬‭human‬‭activity‬‭affect‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭cycle?‬

‭1.‬ D
‭ escribe‬‭:‬‭Using‬‭the‬‭Gizmo,‬‭determine‬‭how‬‭coal‬‭and‬‭petroleum‬‭(oil)‬‭are‬‭formed.‬‭Describe‬‭the‬‭steps‬
‭required‬‭to‬‭form‬‭each‬‭fuel‬‭from‬‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‭.‬ ‬

‭Coal:‬

‭Petroleum:‬

‭2.‬ E
‭ xplore‬‭:‬‭Natural‬‭gas‬‭is‬‭a‬‭mixture‬‭of‬‭methane‬‭(CH‬‭4‭)‬ ,‬‭ethane‬‭(C‬‭2‬‭H‭6‬ ‬‭),‬‭and‬‭other‬‭gases.‬‭Find‬‭two‬‭ways‬‭that‬
‭natural‬‭gas‬‭forms.‬‭List‬‭the‬‭steps‬‭of‬‭the‬‭two‬‭carbon‬‭pathways‬‭below:‬

‭Path‬‭1:‬

‭Path‬‭2:‬

‭How‬‭is‬‭the‬‭formation‬‭of‬‭natural‬‭gas‬‭related‬‭to‬‭the‬‭formation‬‭of‬‭coal‬‭and‬‭petroleum?‬

‭3.‬ ‭Describe‬‭:‬‭Fossil‬‭fuels‬‭are‬‭used‬‭in‬‭many‬‭ways.‬‭Using‬‭the‬‭Gizmo,‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭main‬‭use‬‭for‬‭each‬‭fuel.‬

‭Coal:‬

‭Petroleum:‬

‭Natural‬‭Gas:‬

‭In‬‭each‬‭case,‬‭what‬‭is‬‭the‬‭end‬‭product‬‭of‬‭burning‬‭the‬‭fossil‬‭fuel,‬‭and‬‭where‬‭does‬‭it‬‭go?‬

‭Reproduction‬‭for‬‭educational‬‭use‬‭only.‬‭Public‬‭sharing‬‭or‬‭posting‬‭prohibited.‬‭©‬‭2020‬‭ExploreLearning™‬‭All‬‭rights‬‭reserved‬
‭4.‬ E
‭ xplore‬‭:‬‭Another‬‭major‬‭contribution‬‭to‬‭atmospheric‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭is‬‭the‬‭cement‬‭industry.‬‭Using‬‭the‬‭Gizmo,‬
‭find‬‭a‬‭carbon‬‭atom‬‭path‬‭from‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭to‬‭the‬‭cement‬‭plant.‬‭(Hint:‬‭One‬‭of‬‭the‬‭ingredients‬‭in‬‭cement‬‭is‬
‭limestone.)‬

‭Path‬

‭How‬‭is‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭produced‬‭in‬‭a‬‭cement‬‭plant?‬

‭5.‬ ‭Analyze‬‭:‬‭Click‬‭Reset‬‭,‬‭then‬‭navigate‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Land‬‭animals‬‭.‬‭Select‬‭Atmospheric‬‭CH‬‭4‭.‬ ‬

‭A.‬ ‭How‬‭do‬‭land‬‭animals‬‭create‬‭methane?‬

‭B.‬ H
‭ umans‬‭raise‬‭large‬‭numbers‬‭of‬‭cattle‬‭for‬
‭food.‬‭How‬‭will‬‭these‬‭herds‬‭of‬‭cows‬‭affect‬
‭Earth’s‬‭atmosphere?‬

‭6.‬ A
‭ nalyze‬‭:‬‭In‬‭many‬‭tropical‬‭rainforests,‬‭people‬‭clear‬‭land‬‭by‬‭cutting‬‭down‬‭trees‬‭and‬‭burning‬‭them.‬‭After‬‭a‬‭few‬
‭years,‬‭the‬‭soil‬‭runs‬‭out‬‭of‬‭nutrients‬‭and‬‭cannot‬‭be‬‭farmed‬‭any‬‭longer.‬‭How‬‭does‬‭this‬‭practice‬‭of‬‭“slash‬‭and‬
‭burn‬‭agriculture”‬‭affect‬‭Earth’s‬‭atmosphere?‬

‭7.‬ ‭Draw‬‭conclusions‬‭:‬‭In‬‭general,‬‭how‬‭do‬‭many‬‭human‬‭activities‬‭influence‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭cycle?‬

‭Reproduction‬‭for‬‭educational‬‭use‬‭only.‬‭Public‬‭sharing‬‭or‬‭posting‬‭prohibited.‬‭©‬‭2020‬‭ExploreLearning™‬‭All‬‭rights‬‭reserved‬
 ‭Activity‬‭C:‬
‭Get‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭ready‬‭:‬
‭ odeling‬‭the‬
M ‭●‬ ‭Select‬‭the‬‭MODEL‬‭tab.‬
‭carbon‬‭cycle‬

I‭ntroduction:‬‭Humans‬‭have‬‭been‬‭burning‬‭fossil‬‭fuels‬‭rapidly‬‭for‬‭the‬‭past‬‭250‬‭years.‬‭As‬‭a‬‭result,‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬
‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭has‬‭increased‬‭by‬‭about‬‭40%‬‭since‬‭the‬‭year‬‭1800.‬‭By‬‭measuring‬‭how‬‭much‬‭carbon‬‭moves‬
‭into‬‭and‬‭out‬‭of‬‭the‬‭atmosphere,‬‭scientists‬‭can‬‭predict‬‭the‬‭change‬‭in‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭atmospheric‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬
‭every‬‭year.‬

‭Question:‬‭How‬‭can‬‭we‬‭model‬‭changes‬‭in‬‭atmospheric‬‭carbon‬‭over‬‭time?‬

‭1.‬ O
‭ bserve‬‭:‬‭The‬‭MODEL‬‭tab‬‭shows‬‭a‬‭simplified‬‭model‬‭of‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭cycle.‬‭The‬‭ovals‬‭represent‬‭carbon‬
‭reservoirs‬‭,‬‭where‬‭carbon‬‭is‬‭stored.‬‭The‬‭unit‬‭“GtC”‬‭stands‬‭for‬‭gigatonnes‬‭of‬‭carbon,‬‭where‬‭one‬‭GtC‬‭is‬
‭equal‬‭to‬‭one‬‭trillion‬‭kilograms‬‭of‬‭carbon.‬‭The‬‭arrows‬‭represent‬‭how‬‭much‬‭carbon‬‭moves‬‭from‬‭one‬‭reservoir‬
‭to‬‭another‬‭each‬‭year,‬‭in‬‭gigatonnes‬‭per‬‭year.‬

‭A.‬ L
‭ ook‬‭at‬‭the‬‭arrows‬‭pointing‬‭toward‬
‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‭.‬ ‬‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭two‬‭major‬
‭sources‬‭of‬‭atmospheric‬‭carbon?‬

‭B.‬ A
‭ ‬‭carbon‬‭sink‬‭is‬‭a‬‭location‬‭that‬‭stores‬
‭carbon‬‭for‬‭a‬‭long‬‭period‬‭of‬‭time.‬‭Which‬‭two‬
‭carbon‬‭sinks‬‭remove‬‭carbon‬‭from‬‭the‬
‭atmosphere?‬

‭C.‬ W
‭ ithout‬‭changing‬‭the‬‭Gizmo,‬‭list‬‭the‬‭carbon‬
‭reservoirs‬‭from‬‭largest‬‭to‬‭smallest.‬

‭Note:‬‭The‬‭largest‬‭carbon‬‭reservoir‬‭is‬‭actually‬‭Earth’s‬‭lithosphere,‬‭which‬‭contains‬‭about‬‭80,000‬‭GtC.‬
‭However,‬‭there‬‭is‬‭not‬‭much‬‭exchange‬‭between‬‭the‬‭lithosphere‬‭and‬‭the‬‭other‬‭reservoirs‬‭on‬‭short‬
‭time‬‭scales.‬

‭2.‬ E
‭ xperiment‬‭:‬‭If‬‭necessary,‬‭click‬‭Return‬‭to‬‭original‬‭settings‬‭.‬‭These‬‭settings‬‭approximate‬‭present-day‬
‭conditions,‬‭but‬‭should‬‭not‬‭be‬‭taken‬‭as‬‭exact‬‭values.‬

‭A.‬ W
‭ hat‬‭is‬‭the‬‭total‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭carbon‬‭removed‬
‭from‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭each‬‭year‬‭by‬‭the‬
‭ocean‬‭and‬‭land‬‭plants?‬

‭B.‬ W
‭ hat‬‭is‬‭the‬‭total‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭carbon‬‭added‬‭to‬
‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭from‬‭soil‬‭and‬‭the‬‭burning‬‭of‬
‭fossil‬‭fuels?‬

‭C.‬ H
‭ ow‬‭much‬‭will‬‭atmospheric‬‭carbon‬‭change‬ ‭ ‬‭year‬‭-‬
1
‭in‬‭one‬‭year?‬ ‭10‬‭years‬‭-‬
‭100‬‭years‬‭-‬

‭Reproduction‬‭for‬‭educational‬‭use‬‭only.‬‭Public‬‭sharing‬‭or‬‭posting‬‭prohibited.‬‭©‬‭2020‬‭ExploreLearning™‬‭All‬‭rights‬‭reserved‬
‭3.‬ C
‭ alculate‬‭:‬‭Carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭is‬‭a‬‭greenhouse‬‭gas‬‭that‬‭helps‬‭to‬‭trap‬‭heat‬‭in‬‭Earth’s‬‭atmosphere.‬‭We‬‭need‬
‭some‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭in‬‭the‬‭atmosphere‬‭to‬‭maintain‬‭a‬‭warm‬‭planet,‬‭but‬‭excess‬‭carbon‬‭can‬‭cause‬‭considerable‬
‭warming‬‭of‬‭the‬‭planet.‬

‭A.‬ W
‭ hat‬‭fossil‬‭fuel‬‭usage‬‭will‬‭result‬‭in‬‭no‬
‭change‬‭in‬‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭each‬‭year?‬

‭B.‬ W
‭ hat‬‭percentage‬‭decrease‬‭in‬‭fossil‬‭fuel‬
‭usage‬‭is‬‭required‬‭to‬‭achieve‬‭this‬‭goal?‬

‭4.‬ ‭Experiment‬‭:‬‭Using‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭model,‬‭explore‬‭the‬‭following‬‭questions:‬

‭A.‬ H
‭ ow‬‭does‬‭increasing‬‭plant‬‭biomass‬
‭(amount‬‭of‬‭plants)‬‭affect‬‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‭?
‬ ‬

‭B.‬ H
‭ ow‬‭does‬‭increasing‬‭oceanic‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭intake‬
‭affect‬‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭and‬‭oceanic‬‭CO‬‭2‬‭?‬

‭ s‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭is‬‭absorbed‬‭by‬‭the‬‭ocean,‬‭the‬‭ocean‬‭becomes‬‭slightly‬‭more‬‭acidic.‬‭This‬‭could‬‭make‬‭it‬
A
‭harder‬‭for‬‭many‬‭organisms‬‭to‬‭build‬‭their‬‭shells‬‭and‬‭skeletons.‬‭The‬‭consequences‬‭of‬‭ocean‬‭acidification‬‭are‬
‭not‬‭yet‬‭fully‬‭understood.‬

‭5.‬ I‭nfer‬‭:‬‭Click‬‭Reset‬‭and‬‭Return‬‭to‬‭original‬‭settings‬‭.‬‭Suppose‬‭we‬‭completely‬‭stopped‬‭burning‬‭fossil‬‭fuels‬
‭immediately.‬‭How‬‭many‬‭years‬‭would‬‭it‬‭take‬‭to‬‭return‬‭to‬‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭levels‬‭from‬‭the‬‭year‬‭1800,‬‭about‬
‭600‬‭GtC?‬‭Use‬‭the‬‭Gizmo‬‭to‬‭find‬‭the‬‭answer.‬

‭6.‬ T
‭ hink‬‭about‬‭it‬‭:‬‭Since‬‭hard-shelled‬‭organisms‬‭evolved‬‭about‬‭550‬‭million‬‭years‬‭ago,‬‭billions‬‭of‬‭tons‬‭of‬
‭limestone‬‭rock‬‭have‬‭been‬‭produced‬‭from‬‭their‬‭shells.‬‭Limestone‬‭is‬‭made‬‭of‬‭calcium‬‭carbonate,‬‭with‬‭the‬
‭formula‬‭CaCO‬‭3‭.‬ ‬

‭ ased‬‭on‬‭this,‬‭how‬‭do‬‭you‬‭think‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭atmospheric‬‭CO‬‭2‬ ‭has‬‭changed‬‭in‬‭the‬‭last‬‭550‬‭million‬‭years,‬
B
‭and‬‭how‬‭has‬‭this‬‭affected‬‭Earth’s‬‭climate?‬‭Explain‬‭your‬‭answer.‬

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