Lines and Planes

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 • Line Appearances
• TL of a line
LINES • PV of a line
• Bearing and slope
• Point location in a line

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TRUE LENGTH LINES
• a true length line is the

actual straight-line

distance between two

points.

• in orthographic projection, a

true-length line must be

parallel to a projection

plane in an adjacent view. Department of Communications and Technologies

• true length lines are always parallel to

the reference plane in all adjacent

views.

• to find the true length of a line, draw

a view of the line where the reference

plane is parallel to an adjacent view

of the line.

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If a line is positioned parallel to a projection plane and the

line of sight is perpendicular to that projection plane, then

the line will appear as

True length

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 Department of Communications and Technologies
POINT VIEW OF A LINE

• What you see when you

look down the length of a
line.

• Experiment:

– Take a pencil and

look at it from various
directions, keeping in
mind the rotations
between line of sight
directions.
LOCATING A POINT IN A LINE

• If a point is on a line, it

will appear on the line in

all views and be at the

same location and

proportion on the line.

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 Not All Points that APPEAR to be on a Line actually
are!

• Two orthographic views

are required to see

where any given point

lies on the line.

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 BEARING AND SLOPE OF A LINE

Bearing is a term used to describe the direction on

course of a line on the earth’s surface.

BEARING OF A LINE

THE BEARING OF A LINE is the angular relationship of

the top view of the line respect to due north or south,

expressed in degrees.

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 North is assumed to be directed toward the top of the
drawing unless specifically given otherwise.

In this method, it is customary to make the specified

angles less than 90 deg., selecting north or south
accordingly as the base direction.

Bearing of a line

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 Bearing of a line specifies the direction of its top view

and is in no way affected by the angle between the line

and the horizontal plane.

Bearing of a line

Another method of specifying the direction of the top

view of a line is azimuth bearing

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 THE AZIMUTH BEARING of line is the clockwise

departure in degrees of the top view of the line from a

base direction, usually north.

Bearing of a line

The azimuth bearing has greatest use in navigation, civil

engineering and when bearing data are computerized.

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 -THE SLOPE :-of a line may be defined as the angle in

degrees that the line makes with the horizontal plane.

-The angle must be measured in that particular view

Slope of a line

which shows both the horizontal plane in edge view and

the line in true length.

% grade= Vertical rise

x100
Horizontal rise

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 FIND SLOPE OF LINE AB???

slope of a line

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solution

TL

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FIND SLOPE AND BEARING OF LINE AB???

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SOLUTION

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 Studio Exercise
#1. Locate apoint which is 3cm below the horizontal view,1cm
behind the frontal plane and 3cm left of the profile plane.
Complete all the principal view(Check).

#2.find the true length of line GL and point view and complete
the profile view. 1.5 1

1.5

1.5

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#3.find the true length of line GL and point View and complete the profile view.

1.5 1

2.5

1.5

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#4.find the true length of line AB and show all the principal planes(Check).

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#5. Line AB bears N45°E,is 5cm long and has downward grade of
30% from A to B. Construct the plan and front elevation view of the
line (check). 6

1 A
H
F 1.5

AF
F P
PLANES
 Definition of a plane
 Appearances of a plane in space,
• EV[Edge View]
• TS[True shape and size of a plane]
 Locating a point in a plane
 Locating a line in a plane

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PLANE

•If it is not specified, a plane may extend

indefinitely.

•Any two lines in a plane must either

intersect or be parallel.

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Definition of a PLANE

A flat plane may also be Defined in a

space:-

1-two parallel lines,

2- two intersecting lines

3. three points not in a straight line, or

4- a point and a line.

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Definition of a PLANE

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APPEARANCE of a PLANE

•A plane will appear as an edge view

for which the line of sight is parallel to the
plane.

• If the line of sight is to be parallel to the

plane, it must be parallel to a line in the
plane.

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Department of Communications and Technologies
Department of Communications and Technologies
APPEARANCE of a PLANE

•A normal or true-size and shape view

of a plane is obtained in any view for which the
line of sight is perpendicular to the plane.

• And are used:- to produce true size and shape

so that they may be properly
dimensioned and clearly described.

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Department of Communications and Technologies
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•WHAT IS THE RELATION B/N EV and TS?

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•If EV is parallel to Auxiliary view
created then the true shape/size
comes in the next image plane.
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LOCATING A POINT IN A PLANE

•If a line is to be in a plane, then any

point on that line is in the plane.

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LOCATING A POINT IN A PLANE ….

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LOCATING A LINE IN A PLANE

•A line may also be located in a plane by

drawing the line through a known point in
the plane and parallel to a line in the
plane.

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LOCATING A LINE IN A PLANE ….

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LOCATING A LINE IN A PLANE ….

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 LOCATING A LINE IN A PLANE ….

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•EN
Thank you for your patience and Time.

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