ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Fo Chapter_at a Glance serial installation deals with proper safety of personnel and the protection of electrical Ane rent from electrical fault such as short circuit, over voltage / current, overheating etc. For eqiment om out bearing may cause overloading of a motor. A tree flling or touching an amo’ ine may cause a faut. A lightning strike can cause insulation failure, Pollution may ove in degradation in performance of insulators which may lead to breakdown. Under frequency real frequency of & generator may result in mechanical damage of turbine. To avoid these al operating regions for safety of the equipment, itis necessary to isolate and de-energize domeuipment from fault region. So the apparatus and system must be protected. Te most popular methods of protection are « Earthing or grounding of equipment 5 Use of fuses or circuit breakers (such as the Miniature Circuit Breaker ~ MCB) + Use of earth leakage and residual current circuit breakers. Wiring is necessary for distribution of electrical energy from supply meter board to home appliances such as lamp, fan and other purposes. It can be done using two ways- «Joint Box/Tee system © Loop-in system, Allelectrical wiring systems and all electrical apparatus associated with wiring must be protected to: «Prevent damage by fire or shock © Maintain continuity of the supply * Disconnect faulty apparatus from the remainder of the system © Prevent damage to wiring and equipment * Minimize the system interruptions under fault conditions. Protection must be provided against excess currents and earth leakage. Protective equipment must possess the following features: ‘© Certainty and reliability of operation under fault conditions and non-operation under normal conditions. * Discrimination ‘© Rapidity of operation * Simplicity, low initial and maintenance cost (e) Easy adjustment and testing. Daily electricity consumption can be calculated in the following way- Meter reading end-Meter reading start ‘Days in period Electricity consumption year = Electricity consumption day (kWh/day) = 365 Electricity savings (kWh/yr) =365 »{ Beste consumption previous year — Electricity consumption current st) Days in period Electricity consumption day (kWh/day) = * BEE-201ikal ron cele made up of ©) Late peroxide SP en Nm 42. To ke o> RRR win th a the critical value of rcistanne rant # Cui brash for eit lige tig oT ohne oe ea Answer: (6) oar 41.3. Which of the following circu Cru breakers Is ot sulfa ng Purpose? 3) Alrblast circuit breaker 1 ol creat ater | SN €) SF eitcut breaker {3 Vaccum at ir Answer: () le 4.4.The stability of arc in vacuum depends on (mooe. uesroq 3) the contact material only 4 b) the contact material andthe vapour pres 6) the circ parameters only 4) the combination ofa) and (c) Answer:(@) (wooe. axes 4.8. The are voltage in a elrcult breaker ie 2) in phase withthe are current B)lagging the are current by 20° ding the are current by 0° 4) in phase opposition ofthe are current Answer: (3) 41.6. Use of high speed clrout breakers improves transient tail BihaS'noettect on te oyster Answer: (3) Sinone other BEE-202 |BASICELECTRICAL ENGINEERING et avesom aE ma 47.0 port iru current 1) Ye atte of short circuit current ty suetroetate of short crcult current oeoticee wir ao a tn te an vin he PR ast breaker ») oi ereut breaker Sera 6) Vacuum crea breaker se) Tempe te reviralefase HC Tue has [wove avesTiOM 18S etpnroturig abet high speed o operation ote: ato teoe Sino agig fet ae) tyes cut bate. hetine of eran PPI oy )ameromconds 6)3 milieconds «) seconds) cyclen asses) < [pHoDeL. QUESTION) {A RARY of rl breker means ‘rte of een restricting voltage {jit of ee in restricting current swore) Lh fe oving ct rath te lowest opeatg vlan -* " [MODEL QUESTION] 1 rate of ain recovering vllage 6) rate of fasin recombining charges )sFsgoe oy Arroreak 9) Aiblast ‘3 Minimum ane 1. compared to the braking capscy of ccut breaker te making capacty eadnamany oe" manna cacy ‘oot question oir 1) tna wo ar urate to sac ther nove) 114 Resale use nas ‘move. auesTioN Stine tine cure’ characterise. _)inartinecurent charactree Savarese tine curentcharectriatc 6) none of twee Anon) 18. Hc tnes provide best protection sat ope. auesTion, Aovedond Saher create’ c)opancireuts 6) reverse curent amen) ‘BEE-203POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 146, Capacity of ci 3) 1.55 times the apres Breaker 2) age mes the aymmetncal treat ies the ey ©) 285 men we somata : Sh 28s crnes a S8yT Metal brealsg ee, Annee me the peak ermmatnca nea Refer to Question No, 3.2, 2.4. Explain the two met 2: Explain the two method of wing system, ‘The wiring system for domestic ') Foint box system or Tee 1) Loopsin system (MODEL Eo Purpose canbe done by two method System Joint Box or Tee or Jointing Sytem: In this method of wiring, connections to ep ce : ances ae made tough ins Tse fre made in ont bones by meas often ec Teel wiring doesn't consume too much ees size This mead male taeeg Jnsalations and is cheap. Seer Seca el ection ne conn erin an hen caring i wae 8 2 aga re aie round tcc sti of Me Tight f nd he cre igh tel [BASICHLECTRICAL ENGINEERING seach. The phase or ine conductor ae looped a nc te i pe cern vn oa Sess Fo Na ee ed wove. avesTion] FEIN princi tne ‘Di ise device tat pens a crt with fusible pa which s heated and severed Fyn owing though Te urible pars alo called the "Element ‘Te fi operation nels ovo phases 1) Ming ra 2} Cant iterupton, ‘We caret ows ina fie, het is generated and Senet temperature ves, te care iin (exe palo) cis red ween he | te emperatrei aich thatthe fie des nat ac ek However if the cument tar Urge enough St ‘inde wl lad to the ise element to melt before the steady sate temperature to we achieved. After melng, an a may be stack, Fuse provides economy in scion a well a Meni in ating and ie cure! character sued fOr ‘erearet precio of rarsormers capacitors td lateral tape in istibuton systems. ‘eleene ine characterises ffs are shown in Fi a i, fat do you mean by eicut breaker? ‘mloDeL aUESTION, "nate sevimager ot mistreeeatbreata (met over une? coms) BEE-208of eurent = SAEFEU the circus rey SUPPY system a stil have ‘echnical ew me a ion, holds. © Shorter ripping ti imes under moderate over 2 emi indication of fay cei” STE aR with fs be effected at once red - Can be easly Reclosing can fuses are eau ihe he Fl has ten sed as cuit conta scat “a 24, Define “a oe eis a Fae at il cane he a ne a ') Fusing factors the ratio oF he fusing ©) Current rating of the fase i th period without undue deteriora 4) Electie Shock i cUrTent 10 curentating 3 maxima cure, which il ay ea {f an electric current passes through the human body, the effec coud bean de shock or even death The degree of danger of elect shock depen on hela ee body current andthe time for which the euent flows ro Ter anys peat ghia oft ‘moDeL queso BEE-206 -BASICELECTRICAL ENINEERISG rites: Due tothe presence of inductive element in power ja ae ‘he eens lng of ing elements ot att teri CE ee eee ae See ee cece ae rchead gives the total clearing time, ‘For lower currents, nats ie ee if arcing time small because of lower ‘stored energy it ae oe {for large currents, melting time is small but the arcing, a Pee aergs Tine, [MODEL QUESTION] ako) Wate power factor? Ble Gncrantages of fon power factor ance se cirst is known as dar ine age bevern volage and caren of an power se ot at : Fcminieve rut as shown in Fig, current I is lagging behind a supply voltage Iarang # whichis inown ae power factor angle PonerinaTiee Phase AC Creit= P=V3V x cos Aoki Te Pe AC Crest TP Ie a a ‘Ais, poner in Single Phase AC Circuits P= Vx feos fadmens These AC Cretan aE ws @ From Eqs) and 2) its sen that Cumeat “Ji inversely peoporions 0 cosy ‘laws Factor. This implis that when Powe Factor increaten, Caren Decreases, nd Power For decrees Curent cen. 2st of Low Power Factor, Cureat will be increased, and this high eurent ‘iene te folowing disadvantages BEE207PR ie, 5 dirocty pro niga 8 te gem ‘ower factors inven tney Ean eli ihe mace A cosy = KW WOtheRVA Te SMChgars Theret kva Pea, or, the Lo wrt Powe fh etn he ge Ineae of a nau Sle ana the abr the Ct oss ME for which the lrges see CATED Wl be needy Increased Comte Altace A a, {) Poor Voltage Regulation and L ie oem Voluge Drop = sree Voliag Drop: or low Power factor, Curent. Dr Curent wil ben mp 5 ce pte ag kin asa Past) I of Low Pr a incase of Law Power Factor (aging Powe ftw "Sse ow oi en ne ae i we ned tonal Ere egulatinequpecar eae apt 5) Low Efficiency: a ag in creo low Pore Fac, thr wal ens flaps this il cao he tem or equines elicit tom a St fio ere etd ge he nes ef rr sro eta generation efficiency would be low. 2.7, Describe the sitferent methods of improvement o omer ac Also Voltage Regulation = Answer: ‘The following deviees and i) Static Capacitor fi), Synchronous Condenser beers i wraceceee =a See equipment are wed for Power Fact Ingo Sapcton pro ive component of si inductive componsM gad current) tus P 1 ASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS sors and transformers and improve sn tnason mtr a eae sled ost rove he system or dvi ct ctr 0 PONE wie te event advrages ove ter cas Of POWST A insti capacitors jo in a erefre ned Low aera a conditions) ismmovin ne dnzy smepericontio) Kea emda orl 5 onto canbe ey sl ce Boscom pr tk wih cm Dee cr cae ert _ feettoe ae Starr ona Se ouinta nicea ele rsa cs ee ge ee a re oor Se a a spre Coder We Mr ieiveet acco Salton poesia Abate: ng if amos 25 yeas). Higa Relat Spies adjustment of power factor. + Kogenraion ofharmonics of maintenance. + Thetis canbe removed easily, Ismet by harmonics Requte Low maintenance (ony periodic bearing greasing is necessary) Daa "aig mitra oil igh) an hfe most ed by lage * tiny decease ed rhs option Bsa herons or om posits oie aePOPULAR PUBLICATIONS 1 ne a Me fan tas pn use oa ne of induction motor ma ae cede {actor of indton meg oaeee Ampere-tums are ec en at what we, then ther wow teat ‘ in Te be dec ne by Mhase advancer. Po E tompone of Pew en ed et Moe ein ip tomeney cr mt hone am The phase adv aneer cn be easily used where the hee the we of syn ey Unacceptable Disudvantage ah) 50 eons fr moon bm 200, ag factor improvement in three 8) Dela conection an) Str Come See rc 2.8. The cur Previous nt reading of Reidenal Consumption mata 29 ing wae 1480), What lathe amount ef aecrgett nme (OODeL QvesTON “Meter reading = electricity consumption» (20803 14803) = 6000KWh For unit Answer: 0 3000 kWh (0.01 Rs,AWh Amount 3000.00 Ra3h= 3001 = $000 kWh 015 Rs/AWh Amount 2000x005 8- S001 - 6000 kWh 0.02 Rs/KWh — Amount 1000x002 R= Total auount of electricity bill» (R830 RS.30 RS-20)= RS8/= a suc wit sort pote on Mathed of powertcorimpovenet. MR ‘wwe question No. 2.7 of hort Answer Te Qventt ‘BEE-210 ASCELECTICAL ENGANEEEDSGE ening deen, OPEN st ar wai nt Limiting ype fuse eet c oy ad Limiting Fuses Neer yee fe sion type fuse is used where expulsion gases cause no ad imaerials located in close proximity to fuse element rapidly create gases. Heri np oe ae a Sates eg tere a we come Fig () Cure VolageTine lca of expan ype se ase: Vacs ies a explivefe but il ete ating ‘The ds, operation and ccrene-atageie rlaoship ofthis fe closely ‘Scie it tha of an expson fe. The ain ference sta isa coopltely it ano expulsion action, nerrpion acu because of rap dilecri ulld platocirina vcwum ar curet zeros each. BEE-21of ime (9pially hairdo ss atey Eee ——t 0) pee 7 one lave nar tp Oe pate Ses ce a compas erp caer on Ce medium. This leads speeding in fuse action. Thus nea bao ae ee oe 3.2. Describe the operation of diferent circult breaker Answer: ‘A Circuit Breaker (CB) is basically switch used to interop the flow ofc. pos relay command. The relay command initiates mechanical spar ft ec Be eataplex clement because ifs to handle large og (ew anes oft Aa oar GI LA’): Interrupting capacity ofthe cit breaker i theo ea TOMA. tis able to provide a more accurate depres of ove come normally provided by different se. (moe. queso Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB seastporate most ofthe featres of the cic incorpo place of fuses in consumer units the Bart of fse replacement and may She automatic operation is bY ma the uterities ts «© have proper opera ‘conditions. Tome oa, An MCB Sen owich for isoaing ass enermal reas. Te 8 of rm scream arewemt su nomen sn can: eran $e eine Isms stanly. "When the circuit eS re fi acd arenes voc teen Pe 2 ‘Green of — fie saris a shown in Fig. (0) uses eat sensitive am pee determined temperate, te ot ice to het the elment to this se he Sat Nahe cae and pois he cee me eee eect arestmee Ww. Wer ssmul ssined overload occurs the thermal wip wil ome into operation afer & Perret ices However, when a bevier overload occur, the magnetic Br Ser Li a ocomec te fuky ecu Tis time delay characteris is Seite tteanc! ierupton during he starting of motos and similar instances (ier tena caret may be igh but not an oerond contin. I cn rar re ronan BR ni tgp Goon lace ra eent ch me ire i otc a icone acest ectneat rare hen nee ees xce ceo BEE2I3‘wtich causes the swnch to open Under sormal opecaing Seiten fe Hae ‘windings. m and. will carry he maia caren See he cues se egal al pat ‘rough the two wings, thre mmf tance ad here wil be on nen (Seccer winaing. Than te operating col wll nt be Suge Hower, ee dt ‘ult te Ine and neural cares wl nor opal me tip cl wl ecm the induced caress inthe Sctr winding both be ECB ate RCCB TU Tiestswsch 7 owed wo creme an fica nu fre pepe ui the eas cause danger. But I he ing cil nd wil Ca on a Se wich passed ae i pa ofthe TS rng TRB ae id wt Se ee erent Saree Se re cx. 5 wets atened Oe Be re preety eens vine of ie Paset raring: Tos refers 1 ground all metal work of equipment other than i ra Tee eee a eee cee aI Seana oat nae me eres se ee es a fee cos en eet e a pec pes coos tee Se alegre eee ea ihe voce ouply stony network) and of (HTX cxting of he isaiations done to hat spit by the supply authority 8) eatery cash ad the alison car indepen, (8) -ppyaahory has eecincly 2 clad nel se te tallation hasan See ere sowen te ine scrangement atthe supply shorty side and ems ee, dems te resionsap of tne exponed comic pas of he Tei, roan tren cnt Shira ce in se diet conection of one or Seles eae ca ne ld mcd a SeppASICELECTRICAL ENGINEERING cL ta ig mB tags ry cit ng srsem =n 8 1 Sree senate _ Seems ba Se Sin 1s Ingen isesy an simole sm eg, alteration and rca : Se fr pemunent se tee, Sag may be occ af x cats und wig is in open ae, therefore, ol eam, + Sate ong hema ade lect ray damage the cables and 4 Tctlasng wre stem bese ofthe weather effet, isk ffir and wear & 1» Renn ony ued on 250/440 Vots on low temperature. 1 Thetsaterys ik offre and elec shock 1 eset te wed in mporart and sestive location and places. 1 Wiss lesing cll and susinable wiring sytem, 1 Casing ad Capping wiring Casing ad Capping wiring system was famous wiring ‘purine pest tis coniered otlete hs day because of Conduit nd sheathed ‘Rist ayuen Te ales wedi ths kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any Seesmic nr cari hgh the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is made up of See ret pale poe et gh we soa to commode VIR caon. Beer sre ade sen oppose play. The capping (alo ade of wood) ad abe inland ited inthe casing Ateneo Cing Capping Wir i: Radepetig sacs igo ee eet the nd cont wing systems & Fe i i i joe rine Ca . a high risk, p Nemhe ar . 'y Fepairing and + Miele deat oe ay ane ©) Daten Wr with a cir ing (CTS or TRs) cabl eular oval shape cable The cables ae fe lip) already fixed ond rh tnd on te ba ‘horizontal runs and Sem for tea ‘Advantages of Baten Wiring *Wicingisallaton simple andcny heap as compare ther etd wig seme Praaphrses pod and bens Repairing is ewy song and long lasing Customization can be ely done in tis wing em, less chance of stage curentinbaten wing sem Disadvantages of Batten Wiring ‘© Can't be instal inthe humiity, Chemical effets, open andor wat + High isk of ire ‘Not safe fom extemal wear & ter and weather ef (Cease, wet ‘openly visible to heat, dst, steam and smoke. © Hleavy wires can’t be wed in bate wiring system. Only suitable below then 250V. Need more ables and wire. ri 4) Lead heated Wiring: The ie twits cn gas ie and covered whan ctr set fed ain ley ou aan Vr petrol sheath given protection to cables fom menial == fd aes rings made erica connie Te hl ea re apt i i cae ie shea eos i Be rin listenin TRS WME BEES aed yom teste of Wa Siew ecns srt the bel ee) rte wall unde eae genom et inibe ont wing systems ( mike sho ne bow MAE aac oat 1 Neeelecouit eae made of tel which re very svong but oy a wel Terese ofmeaiiecenis. +s Aco Lon ps cot (Thin er sel sheet cont) {Gt cack High aug conat (Tuck shew of tes cont (oth concealed and surface ——— Pe ts mac oa, wich tela ae eto Sr we wale ines gy, 13, 162,187 AMBedGmm(Gancehor 90.3 1 LS wen naa boa Vy + Hite ncn Ctedcndt wing to aa cas ofcad Novotel we & evan tence chee no as doneaccoting tothe future need, ingendmaitrane ies), BEEa9: i ti 2 Recent et 2 Reheat estes ° iss shock (In case of proper woe ry ‘earthing and ground ing RES Felible and popular wiring a Sstaiabl nd lone ating wig sem wemeresytins is Se item ey SSIS! Me meta ee Peet oan Veena octal (ie i Pies without po conection inti, = ‘3.8, Describe the eiffrent types of batter Answer: aga (MODEL QUESTION A ‘battery is @ combination of one or more elctrochemial cls ht we i cel at eee converting stored chemical enersy ino eletical energy. Depending pn be et principle batteries may be divided into two ours: {) Primary batteries: Primary batteries are disposable bocase thr eee ‘eaction cannot be reversed. Once these batteries are used they cannot be hel ‘active materials may not return to their orignal forms. Baer) manufares eam against recharge of primary cells, Some of the examples forthe dspatePiny tettis are the nocmal AA, AAA tates which re ed fn al os a Pn sche, Sat ses Seanay rnin eel Sanaa Secondary ati Stored ty ami 8 ny bra Sec econ Mf the dischange. Chargers are dew io fe aiion of wc as i the ope eon roe eer a vole Sp aes Deven Se BEE-220 csi seein ae Saas Mies an =a ie o 9 se i ace pve fr UPS St ee pe apo see Tatar mites onl oO — ree | enc man ei jes we wit wed in aonb invert, Misiones gsc Unie bar and maitnsce free bates, Lead Acid Petraes eteemces oprg fe To Lad hd tary Sac pias mens nar si sluon The plats have Giesihte acerca wach Tepes din rte and ered Mepis pend a wiv macaw nd ose adore nepaiveps, Semotaines tert cml j 0; soi ' ny Tesi wea en SO} MPso§ yr MS 1 ec i ge SO ‘ Fi Laci atey BEE-221—- Ff POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ‘A comply charg btery can discharge scent when conete 0 od, Dering the process of dcarge, te sulphre sed embins ith the achve mater one Pstive and nepaive pes resting inte formation of Lan ulphte Wace oe ‘Snge most important pin miatnng« Lead Acid tater. The equeny sf sane depends on usage charge mead and opening tempera ‘Duing process ies Fdrogen toms fromthe uphric aci react wit oxygen 0 frm water Ths ress the rele of elects fom the posi plnes wich wll be aioe! by the nest Plates This lads tothe formation of an clic pestial sos te bates Ine ‘eto inthe Lead Acid batery sa mur of Sulphur and water wc ha specie avity. Specific gavity i the weght ofthe acl-waermisture corpares ip ‘Sul volume of water The aperific pay of pu ons ee wats 1 The Gade “ates provide the best vale fr power and erry pr klowat- how; have te ngs tite yee aod a lage envronnenial advange in at they Me rected Mag ‘errr high ae ©) Lithium (Li) Battery: Well set in portable devices Sch a cel phone laptop campuser 1 power tol The lita taney as been one ofthe genet hives fpoable power in the lat decade’ wth we of lain [steric we hve bom able to thi fom black and ite ‘mobile wo colour mobiles with additonal etre ike GPS, ‘elles ee These ae the high energy ems) pote] ip tirana, ‘evices for higher capcies And renvey low sc ‘discharge bane. Also Speci cls can provide very high cent o aplication such ‘power tols Lithium-ion bates ae now popular in majority of electronic portable devices ke ‘Matile phone, Laptop, Digial Camera, ec de to thi ong lating power eficiny. These ae the mont popular Fecareabe beret ith ‘averages like best energy Sensi, egligitie charge los and no memory effect Liton tater ares Lithium ions as the charge carer hich move from the negative decode to the poslve elecrade uring discharge and Teck when charging. During charging, the external ‘arent fom the charger applies an over voltage han hat inthe baer. This fore the curert fo pas inthe ary revese direction fom the postive to. tee negative . slesrode where te litium ins get embeded Be siege porous lctode material tough x process called 6 Lvenbatery Teterealation. The Lilo pass ough the non aqueous eletyte and a separate daptvagy. The eetrode materials inteclae ihn compound, ‘The negative electrode ofthe Lion baer is made up of carbon and the pose ‘losode fs mca oxide. The most commonly ded material in the naive else Graphite while ht in the postive electrode may be Lithium cobs exe, Lith om homphte or Litiven manganese oxide. Lit sli an organic solvent i used a the BEEZ The shag supe «ines ope Sal kez, Dic carbone ting isu en ele ae hitos mae har howe Likin es Ree ae oan ecm eo he bney votes Pat Mona 2 ih wae pe ‘ie'gasie and magn lm Se eae el aaa ies Meccan eof he dete soe ee ae SS oe cen foes i ee SS cae lion om Degg eee Fis acs. Dn the ret pe Caled ee Sevicc Dune cckeone Ge pelle ies ea eee See = : eect rn ene Advantage of Lihlum-on Battery: {Eth fon ateresoiperform NIG bare and other ccondiry bates. Some of eadveringe are 7" Light weak compare othe bates of sina sae “Avalabe in iferent shape incating Fla shape High open circu voltage ht terete the power afer alow cue Ye ow el dca a of 10% er month Se ar aa cosendy bstery without any fe ium met But slong with he advanags, ike other bate, Lion bt al fs fm ame ‘iedvanapes, Disadvantage of Lifon +The deposits inside the cectelye ove time wl it te low oh Ti increases te internal resistance ofthe bay andthe e's capa let Current gradually decreases igh charging and high temperate may ede capac ss ‘When overheated, Liston batery may sur heal a eva and eal ie Deep discharge may shoe eel the Lon tae. of pete is some makes have ‘ntl shut down cel that shot dow he Bb ‘voltage is above the safe level of 3 t 42 vos Ins at when te a no sing for fong time, the internal ety wl consume por and ein asc below it shut down vag, Soto ure sch bes noma ES Meno ef BEEaIBEE-224