Chemistry of Smart Materials

Introduction to conductor, semi conductor, insulator.

 band structure of solids
Role of doping on band structures.
 Valence Band?
The valence band is simply the electron present
in the outermost orbital of an atom of any
specific material.
 Conduction Band?
The conduction band is the band of electron
orbitals that electrons can jump up into from
the valence band when excited. These electrons
have tendency to move freely and are
responsible for electrical conductivity.
Band gap energy?
Band gap energy
 Band gap energy of Materials

Copper, Steel,
Glass, Mica, Silicon and Gold, Al, Silver,
Wood, Quartz Germanium Brass, Mercury
 Doping of Semiconductor:

Pure Si and Ge can be made semiconducting of

n-type or p-type in a controlled way by adding
dopants which act as charge carriers.
 n-type semiconductor:

As or P (pentavalent atom) is added deliberately added

to the Si or Ge-crystal. The 5th electron is localized on
the As or P atom. Since the current is carried by excess
electrons, it is n-type semiconductor.
 p-type semiconductor

In or B (trivalent atom) is added deliberately to the Si or

Ge -crystal. Here, B is doped, one electron is missing in
Si-crystal. Missing electron is called positive hole. Here
current is carried by the positive hole, it is p-type
semiconductor.
Energy Profile of Bands