Lesson 3

Cultural Variations and

Social Differences in
Ethnicity and Religion

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Being part of a culture in a way, makes us
integrated with other people whom we share
the same culture. However, identification in
one also determines our differences from other
cultures. In this lesson, we will analyze how
culture sharing makes us the same, but also
different from one another
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In this lesson, you should be able to describe the
cultural variations and social differences in
Ethnicity and Religion.

DepEd Competency:
The learners are able to articulate observations
on human cultural variation, social differences,
social change, and political identities.
UCSP11/12SPUIa-1
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VALUES AND ATTITUDES

In this unit, the learners should be able to do the

following:

Appreciate Comprehend Treat

Appreciate the Comprehend Treat others with

diversity that exists differences with an kindness and love.
among individuals open mind.
and groups.

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Starting Out

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1. What makes your cultural group unique from
other cultural groups in the Philippines?
2. Do you share some similar characteristics with
other cultural groups? What are they?
3. How does your being a member of a specific
cultural group affect your life in general?

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 Ethnic Group
❖ refers to a specific group of
people with similar
characteristics and a distinct
cultural identity, which
distinguish them from other
groups in the community or
society.
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Learn about It!

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 Ethnicity
❖ the shared culture of these
groups, which includes cultural
heritage, language or dialect,
religion, traditions and rituals,
norms, values, beliefs, and
other practices.

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Learn about It!

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Learn about It!

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 RACE
❖is a socially constructed
category attributed to
people with the same
biological traits or
attributes.
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 RACE
❖ People’s classification of
race are usually based on
physical characteristics
like skin color, facial
features, and hair texture
and color.
Some of the commonly known racial
attributes are black, white, or Asian. 13
Learn about It!

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Learn about It!

ASIAN

FILIPINO JAPANESE
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LEARNING TARGET
• At the end of this unit, you
should be able to articulate
observations on human
cultural variation, social
differences, social change,
and political identities.
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Learn about It!

✓ It is important to remember that even though race

is based on biological characteristics, the concept
is still socially constructed.

✓ Meaning, it is still society that decides whether

which physical characteristics are significant
enough to get a label or name.

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Learn about It!

Differentiating race and ethnicity is

actually not that difficult since they have
different bases. Race is constructed from
biological characteristics while ethnicity is
constructed from cultural traits.

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Learn about It!

Another difference between the two is that race tends to be

more unitary or singular, while ethnicities tend to be diverse.

RUSSIAN ITLIAN IRISH

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Learn about It!

Another difference
between the two is
that race tends to be
more unitary or
singular, while
ethnicities tend to be
diverse.
FRENCH
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Learn about It!

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 Differentiating Ethnicity and Race

Ethnicity Both
Race
ethnicity and
race are ● constructed based
● constructed on biological
socially
based on constructed. characteristics
cultural traits
● more unitary or
singular
● diverse

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Ethnic and Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

Ethnolinguistic groups are ethnic groups with their own

language.

Ifugao Itneg Kalinga

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Lesson 3

Cultural Variations and Social

Differences in Ethnicity and
Religion

Unit 1| Introduction: The Understanding of Culture,

Society, and Politics
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

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Religion is a system
of beliefs, worldviews,
and practices related
to humanity and Religion
spirituality. in
Ethnicity
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A religion is a set of beliefs and ritual
practices related to symbols, which are
considered as sacred. Ethnic groups may Religion in
have different symbols, which they Ethnicity
consider sacred; and the differences of
these symbols also entail differences in
how these symbols are expressed in a
cultural group’s belief system and rituals.
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These belief systems influenced how

people would interpret and interact with
the world in which they live.
 Religion in
Ethnicity
•Animism is the
belief that spiritual
forces reside in natural
elements of the physical
world (e.g., trees,
oceans, wind).
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 Religion in
Ethnicity
• One of the earliest recorded religions
in society is animism among hunting
and gathering societies in the pre-
industrial world. Animism is the belief
that spiritual forces reside in natural
elements of the physical world (e.g.
trees, oceans, wind). As result, such
elements were considered sacred,
which invoked veneration and respect
for nature.
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The concept of ‘God’ and ‘gods’
eventually developed in horticultural and
agricultural societies. In the Religion in
contemporary world we live in now, Ethnicity
innumerable religions are already
established across the world, having
different sets of beliefs, rituals, gods,
and sacred symbols. Among the religions29

of today are: Christianity, Islam, Judaism,

Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism,
Taoism, and Shintoism.
Learn about It!

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 Social Implications of Diverse Ethnicities

Prejudices Stereotypes Minority Groups

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Learn about It!
Social Implications of Diverse Ethnicities
▪ As much as the concept of ethnicity propagates the idea of being one
and the same with people whom you share cultural traits, it also
strengthens differences among ethnic and cultural groups.
▪ In some cases, these differences may lead to conflict and issues. Each
ethnic groups may develop prejudice and stereotypes about other
ethnic groups.
▪ Prejudices are faulty generalizations about an entire group of people
that is based on little or no evidence.
▪ Stereotypes are oversimplified assumptions that describe a whole
ethnic group.
▪ Prejudices and stereotypes can either be positive or negative, although
most are created to condemn members of other ethnic groups.
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Learn about It!

Social Implications of Diverse Ethnicities

▪ such prejudice is created because terrorism and armed

rebellion is associated with people living in Mindanao,
which are mostly practice the Islam religion. These types
of false judgments may instigate more intense conflict
among different ethnic groups.

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Learn about It!
Social Implications of Diverse Ethnicities
▪ Differences among ethnic groups may also lead to minority groups,
collective groups of people who are singled out, distinguished, and
treated as subordinates or inferior by the dominant or majority group,
because of their physical or cultural characteristics.
▪ Minority groups often experience different degrees of discrimination
from the society in which they are a part of.
▪ Such discriminations and maltreatment are present in the Philippine
society, as some business corporations evade the law in order to acquire
ancestral lands of some ethnic tribes in the Philippines, to be
transformed into business investments

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Religious Conflicts,
BARMM, and the
COVID-19 Pandemic
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LET’S PUT IT THIS WAY

Learn about It!

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Learn about It!
Check Your Understanding
A. Identify each statement if it is TRUE or FALSE.

1. Ethnicity is constructed from biological traits while race is

constructed from cultural characteristics.
2. Ethnicity solidifies the cultural identity of ethnic groups.
3. Ethnic groups are collections of people sharing the same
cultural identity.
4. There are more than a hundred ethnic and ethnolinguistic
groups in the Philippines.
5. Minority groups are usually subject to discrimination in
societies. 37
Putting Value!
Appreciate your own cultural or ethnic group.
What are you most thankful about being a part of such group?
Why are you thankful about them?
List down your answers and provide an explanation for each.
Reflect on the following questions below:

● What is the significance of ethnicity in your life?

● Do you have any ethnic differences among your classmates?
● How will you preserve your ethnicity and at the same time respect the
ethnicity of others?

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 PHOTO CREDITS

Slide 6: Notice Article Copy Cover Daily by Mahesh Patel is free for commercial use under the Pixabay license via Pixabay.

Slide 8: Conclusion Reason Finale End Logically Last Term Of by Simon is free for commercial use under the Pixabay license via Pixabay.

Slide 10: Peoples of the Philippines by Le Loi is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Slide 11: Bali Tradition Indonesien Balinesisch Musical by Christopher Jayanata, Mehrsprachig Sprachen Sprechen Sich Unterhalten by
ryantbarnettusu, and Tänzer Hinduismus Tradition Religion Religiös by Paul Horsley are free for commercial use under the
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Slide 12: Circle Hands Cooperation Community Diversity by Clker Free Vector Images is free for commercial use under the Pixabay
license via Pixabay.

Slide 14: Banaue Philippines Ifugao-Tribesman by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

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Stoplight

STOP CONTINUE START

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PHOTO CREDITS

Slide 14: Whang-od tattooing by Mawg64 is licensed under CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Slide 15: Religion Question Mark Analysis Magnifying Glass by Gerd Altmann is free for commercial use under the
Pixabay license via Pixabay.

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REFERENCES
Abuza, Zachary and Luke Lischin. “The Challenges Facing the Philippines’ Bangsamoro Autonomous Region at One
Year.” United States Institute of Peace. Updated June 10, 2020.
https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/06/challenges-facing-philippines-bangsamoro-autonomous-region-
one-year.

“Ethnic Groups in the Philippines”. Ethnic Groups of the Philippines. Accessed March 8, 2018.
http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/people/ethnic-groups-in-the-philippines/.

Gollnick, Donna and Philip Chinn. Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society. 9th ed. USA: Pearson Education, Inc.,
2016.

Kottak, Conrad Philip. Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity. 14th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.

Leguro, Myla J. “Peacebuilding in Mindanao, Philippines, During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Berkeley Center for Religion,
Peace and World Affairs. Updated June 15, 2020.
https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/peacebuilding-in-mindanao-philippines-during-the-covid-19-
pandemic.

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REFERENCES
The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential. “Religious Conflict.” Encyclopedia.uia.org/. Accessed
October 6, 2022. http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/142081.

“Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups”. Lumen: Introduction to Sociology. Accessed March 8, 2018.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/racial-ethnic-and-minority-groups/.

The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential. “Religious Conflict.” Encyclopedia.uia.org/. Accessed
October 6, 2022. http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/142081.

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