APPROACHES TO TOURISM

PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Learning Outcomes:

❖ Explain the different tourism platforms;

❖ Relate the different theories of tourism
development;
❖ Identify the key principles and strategies of
sustainable tourism development; and
❖ Compare the different approaches to tourism
planning.
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TOURISM PLATFORMS
JAFARI’S TOURISM PLATFORMS
✘ Advocacy Platform
✘ Cautionary Platform
✘ Adaptancy Platform
✘ Knowledge-based platform
✘ Social justice platform (cited by Todes2011)
 Advocacy Platfrom
✘ Sees tourism as good
✘ Celebrates tourism’s positive impacts
✘ Sees “tourism as an instrument for achieving
national development”
✘ Fosters mass tourism
✗ Theories:
■ Modernization theory
■ Trickle-down theory

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 ✘ Mass Tourism – has negative impacts but can
be minimized or avoided with “alternative
tourism” (Jafari 1999)
✗ Two sets of alternative tourism :
■ Oriented to the environment
■ Oriented to the society

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 Cautionary Platform
✘ Views tourism as bad
✘ Decries the negative impacts of mass tourism
✘ Creates dependency and economic leakages
based on critics

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 ✘ Theories:
✗ Dependency theory
✗ Irritation index
✗ Sees tourism as neither innately bad nor
good
✗ Supports critical analysis of tourism
✗ Holistic Perspective- impacts, forms,
underlying structures and functions of
tourism
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 Adaptancy Platform

✘ Acknowledge that mass tourism has negative

impacts but this can be minimized or avoided
with “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999), which
refers to low-volume, low impact forms of
tourism.

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 Knowledge – Based Platform
✘ Views tourism from a holistic perspective; not
just from the impacts and forms but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.

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 Social Justice Platform
✘ Embraces “participatory processes involving
open dialogue; inclusivity, resource
distribution, equity, equality, pro-poor
planning; gender sensitivity”(Todes 2011)
✘ Tourism planners with conscious roles as
“agents of social change” (Lew 2007)

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 Tourism Development
Theories

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Advocacy Theories
✘ Laissez Faire Theory – assumes that an industry will
function best when it is left solely to market forces a.k.a
liberal economic theory
✘ Modernization Theory – assumes that tourism
contributes to the economic progress and
transformation of “traditional” societies into modern
ones
✘ Assumes that tourism improves the standard of living
through technology transfer improvement of knowledge
and skills, and the adoption of “Western Culture”
 ✘ Trickle-down Theory – assumes that any form of
economic growth will lead to the improvement of
the living conditions of all. Related to the concept
of multiplier effect.
✘ Neoliberal Theory – posits that the economy
functions best when there is minimal government
intervention. Accepts government regulation but
rejects government competing with private sector
by being a business operator itself.
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 Cautionary Theories
✘ Dependency Theory – states that tourism can worsen the
plight of third World countries because First World countries
exploit and siphon off the resources of the former.
✘ Irridex Model (Doxey 1975) – states that residents’ attitudes
toward tourism will deteriorate over the destination life cycle as
follows:
✗ Introduction:euphoria;
✗ Growth: apathy
✗ Maturity: annoyance
✗ Decline: antagonism
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A System Approach
 Ludwig von Bertalanffy:

✘ General system theory

✘ Defined a system as a “set of elements standing in
interrelation among themselves and with
environments.”

✘ Clare Gunn:

✘ Functioning tourism system

✘ Consists of supply side of attractions, services,

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promotion, information, and transportation.
 Neil Leiper:

✘ Holistic approach

✘ The tourist

✘ People who plan and prepare a visit to another place

✘ Geographical regions

✘ Traveler-generating region

Transit route

✘ Tourist destination region

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 Approaches to TPD
1. No Planning

Sees planning unnecessary

2.Ad-hoc Planning

Planning as the need arises

Related to issue-based-planning

3.Integrated Tourism Planning

When tourism is developed and planned as an integrated system

within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and total
development patterns in an area (Chaisawat n.d)
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 4.Boosterism

✘ Sees tourism as a positive force for economic development

✘ Maximizes tourism revenues through mass tourism

✘ Maybe:

✘ Product-led

✘ Market-let

✘ State-led
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 5. Middle Path Path Approach (Model Bhutan Model)

✘ Strict controls are imposed on the types and volume of tourism to

maximize revenue but minimize the adverse effects of tourism on
religion, culture, and the environment.

6. Environmental Approaches

✘ Work best when the place is being considered for tourism

development is endowed with natural attractions of outstanding
beauty, remote, beyond the reach of commercial electric and water
services; or protected by laws, such as protected areas and ancestral
domains of indigenous peoples.

21 ✘ Carrying capacity
 7. Ecotourism Approach

✘ DOT(2002): “ecotourism is a form of sustainable

tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area
where community participation, protection and
management of natural resources, culture and
indigenous knowledge and practices, environmental
education and ethics, as well as economic benefits are
fostered and pursued for the enrichment of host
communities and satisfaction of visitors. Ecotourism
emphasizes the environmental and cultural dimensions
of sustainability”.
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 8. Social Approaches

✘ Emphasizes the role of stakeholders in the tourism

process

✘ Participatory/Stakeholder Approach

✘ Community – based Tourism (CBT)

✘ Pro-poor Approach

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✘ Fair Trade Tourism (FTT)
THANKS!
Any questions?

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