A REPORT OF THE STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

HONEY GOLD CLINIC AND MATERNITY

FELELE MARKET, NDAKO RD, FELELE 260102, LOKOJA
KOGI STATE

FROM SEPTEMBER 2023 TO JANUARY 2024

BY

KAFILAT IBRAHIM BAJEKOLI

2022/ND/SLT/040

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY

TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE, KOGI STATE
POLYTECHNIC, LOKOJA

JANUARY, 2024

i
 DECLARATION
I, KAFILAT IBRAHIM BAJEKOLI hereby declare that this technical report, as
presented is my original work of the little experience I got during my industrial
training and has not been presented elsewhere by another student for the fulfillment of
Industrial Training requirement.

……………………..… …………………….
NAME OF STUDENT SIGNATURE

……………………...
DATE

ii
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the technical report described in this report was fully carried out
and undertaken by KAFILAT IBRAHIM BAJEKOLI with the registration number
2022/ND/SLT/040 as meeting the requirement for students’ industrial experience
scheme (SIWES).

Mr. Philips Oricha ……………………

Supervisor Date/Sign

Mr. Esuga Mopah Mary Ninma ……………………

Head of Department Date/Sign

Mr. Lawal, F.K ……………………

Institution SIWES Coordinator Date/Sign

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I appreciate Almighty God for how He helped me
throughout my four months of industrial training. Since I started the training, I have
not recorded a single case of accident
First and foremost, I appreciate Almighty God for how He helped me
throughout my four months of industrial training. Since I started the training I have
not recorded a single case of accident
I also thank Daniel Samson, Honey Gold Clinic and Maternity. He has really
taken his time to teach me all the analyses that are carried out.
Moreover, I will like to appreciate my lovely family. There was no a day that I
failed to go to my place of SIWES because of transport fare issue. Equally also to my
Head of Department Mrs. Esuga Mopah Mary Ninma and institution-based
supervisors, Mr. Philip Oricha and Kogi State Polytechnic, SIWES Coordinator Mr.
Lawal, F.K.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Declaration Page ii
Approval Page iii
Certification vi
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) 1
1.1 Aims and Objectives of SIWES 1
1.2 SIWES Implementation 2
1.3 Importance of SIWES 2

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 A Brief Background of Honey Gold Clinic and Maternity 3
2.2 Honey Gold Clinic & Maternity Capacity 3
2.2 Departments 3
2.3 Organizational Structure 3

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Chemical Pathology Department 4
3.2 Personal Involvement with the Chemical Pathology Main laboratory 4

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Skills and Knowledge Acquired 20
4.1 Experiences gained during my industrial attachment 20

v
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Challenges, recommendations and conclusions 21
5.1 Challenges Encountered 21
5.2 Recommendations 21
5.3 Conclusions 21
5.4 References

vi
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established in
1973/1974 session. Prior to the establishment of the scheme, there was a
growing concern among our industrialists that graduates of our institutions
of higher learning lacked adequate practical background studies preparatory
for employment in the industries. It is against this background that the
rationale for initiating and designing the scheme was hinged. Consequently,
the scheme affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing
themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery
that are usually not available in their institutions. The growing concern led
to the formation of Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
by ITF in 1993/1994 (Information and Guideline for SIWES 2002). SIWES
in Nigeria is organized and coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund
(ITF) for a period of Three (3) months to One year, depending on the
Institution or Faculty involved. ITF’s mandate is to promote and encourage
the acquisition of skills in Commerce and Industry with the view of
generating numerously trained man power, which will gather basic practical
knowledge needed in the industrial world out there.
Here in the School of Applied Science, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, the
SIWES Program is expected to last a period of three (3) months each at the
end of ND 1 second semester for qualified candidates into the year two
classes. As a Semester Course, it is awarded two (2) Credit units in the
Department of Science and Laboratory Technology.
It is from the foregoing that I hence present this report – a summary of my
Work experience at Honey Gold Clinic and Maternity, Lokoja, the health
institution in which I gained Industrial Work Experience.
1.1 Aims and Objectives of SIWES
Students Industrial Work Scheme aims at the following:
i. Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to
acquire industrial skills and experience in their approved course of study.

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 ii. Prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to
meet after graduation.
iii. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery in their institutions.
iv. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real
work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical.
v. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire education
process and prepare students for employment in industry and commerce.
vi. Make transition from the various institutions to the world of work easier
and thus, enhance students contact for job placement.

1.2 SIWES Implementation

Various organs such as the Federal Government, the Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) in collaboration with agencies such as the National Universities
Commission (NUC), Employers of labour and institutions had roles assigned
to them in the management of SIWES for effective performance and
continued sustenance of the scheme.
1.3 Importance of SIWES
SIWES has a lot of importance amongst which are:
i. It exposes students to real life situation, thus supplementing the theoretical
lesson.
ii. It helps to improve the quality of skilled manpower of the students.
iii. It gives students practical knowledge of course of study.
iv. It provides a forum for industries to evaluate prospective employers and
gives feedback to institutions.
v. It establishes a close collaboration between institutions and industries, a
factor which is essential for preparing student for the workforce.

CHAPTER TWO

2
2.1 Brief Background of Honey Gold Clinic & Maternity
The Honey Gold Clinic And Maternity is a Private hospital, located at Oworo,
Lokoja Local Government, Kogi State. It was established on 7/12/2006, and
operates on 24 hours basis. The Honey Gold Clinic and Maternity is Licensed
hospital by the Nigeria Ministry of Health, with facility code 22/12/1/2/2/0009
and registered as Secondary Health Care Centre
2.2 Honey Gold Clinic & Maternity Capacity

Number of Beds: 16
Services Offered: Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Family Medicine, General
Surgery, Radiology, Antenatal Care (ANC), Immunization, HIV/ AIDS
Services, Family Planning, Accidents and Emergency, Nutrition, Health
Education and Community Mobilization, Scanning, Obstetrics, Gynecology,
Fertility/Assisted Reproductive Techniques.
Facility Level: Honey Gold Clinic And Maternity is a Secondary Health Care
Centre
2.3 Departments
There are basically two major groups of departments that constitute the main
workforce of the hospital for service delivery; these are administrative
departments and clinical departments.
2.4 Organizational structure
The hospital is basically divided two directorates namely directorate of
clinical services and directorate of administration with the medical director
as the superior head.
The laboratory section of the Directorate of clinical services is where I
received my industrial training.

3
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Chemical Pathology Department
Chemical Pathology is the branch of pathology dealing with the biochemical basis of
disease and the use of biochemical tests for screening, diagnosis, prognosis and
management. Chemical pathology (also known as clinical biochemistry) involves also
the biochemical investigation of bodily fluids such as blood, urine and cerebrospinal
fluid. By discovering how and where the body’s chemistry has changed, diseases can
be diagnosed and monitored.

The department which is an integral part of the four laboratory units is well equipped
with ultra modern equipments such as vitros 350/250/250AT, ISE 4000, Evolution
3000 spectrophotometer etc. The department which is headed by Professor Ogagbon
H.U is well staffed with five qualified medical laboratory scientists and four
technicians. All tests performed in this laboratory are done using blood plasma and
they include: Liver function test (LFT), Fasting Lipid Profile (FLP), Fasting Blood
Glucose/sugar (FBG/FBS), Random Blood Glucose/Sugar (RBG/RBS), Electrolytes
(Na+, K+, Ca2+, PO42-,), Urea, Creatinine, protein test, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
(OGTT), Two hours post prandia glucose (2HrPP), cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry.
3.2 Personal Involvement with the Chemical Pathology Main Laboratory
Liver function test (LFT), Fasting Lipid Profile (FLP), Fasting Blood Glucose/sugar
(FBG/FBS), Random Blood Glucose/Sugar (RBG/RBS), Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+,
PO42-,), Urea, Creatinine, protein test, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Two hours
post prandia glucose (2HrPP), cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry are the tests conducted in
this laboratory following standard scientific procedures.
GLUCOSE
Clinical significance
Glucose is a major carbohydrate present in the blood & serves as a primary source of
energy. It is usually obtained from ingested starch & sugar. The glucose concentration
is normally maintained at constant level. Excessive glucose is stored as a inactive
glycogen mainly in the liver & little in the muscles.
Elevated blood glucose levels are found in diabetes mellitus,
hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenalism & certain liver diseases.
Decreased levels are found in Insulinoma, hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism.
Principle
Enzymatic colorimetric determination of glucose according to the following reaction.
Glucose Oxidase
Glucose+ O2 + H2O -----------------------> Gluconic acid + H2O2
Peroxidase
2H2O2+phenol + 4-Aminoantipyrine -------------------> Quinonimine + 4H2O
Reagent composition
GLUCOSE (S.L) R1
Tris Buffer, (pH 7.40)
Phenol
Glucose Oxidase
4- Aminophenazone
5 x 100 mL / 1 x 1000 mL
92 mmol/L
0.3 mmol/L
15000 U/L
2.6 mmol/L
GLUCOSE STANDARD Glucose standard concentration
1 x 4 mL
100 mg/dL

Storage and stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored at
2 - 80C.

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 600 mg/dL
If the concentration is greater than linearity (600 mg/dL), dilute the sample with
normal saline and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.

Normal range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values.
The following value may be used as guide line.
Serum / Plasma: 70-105 mg/dL
C S F: 50 -70 mg/dL

Preparation and stability of working reagent

The Reagent is ready to use.

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Sample
Serum / plasma (free of haemolysis) / Cerebrospinal fluid

Laboratory procedure
Arrange three test tubes (this may depend on the number of intended test samples at
hand) in the order of blank, standard and sample and pipette the specified volume of
reagents as shown in the table below into each. The blank serve as to clear the memory
of the spectrophotometer, the standard is a known concentration of which the test
sample concentration is compared.
 Blank Standard Sample
Working reagent 1000µL 1000µL 1000µL
Standard - 10µL -
Sample - - 10µL

Mix and incubate for 1minute at 37˚c. Measure the absorbance of sample and standard against
reagent blank spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 630nm

Table 2.5 creatinine test procedure

Calculation
Absorbance of Sample
Glucose Conc. (mg/dL) = ------------------------------ x 100
Absorbance of standard

ALBUMIN
Clinical significance
Albumin which is synthesized in the liver constitutes a major part of the total proteins in
the body, the other part being globulin; they form the major portion of the dissolved
substances in the plasma. Functions of albumin includes distribution of extracellular fluids,
regulation of osmotic pressure, acts as transport agent for a wide variety of substances such
as hormone, lipids, vitamins etc. Increased levels are seen in dehydration.

Decreased levels are seen in liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), malnutrition, kidney
disorders, and increased fluid loss during extensive burns and malabsorbtion.

Principle
The reaction between albumin from serum or plasma and the dye bromocresol-green
produces a change in colour that is proportional to the albumin concentration.

Reagent composition
Albumin reagent 4˟ 50Ml, 1 * 500Ml, 1 * 1000Ml
Succinate buffer (pH 4.20) 75mmol/L
Bromocresol green 0.14g/L
Albumin standard 1*3Ml
Albumin standard concentration 3g/dL

Storage and stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored at
room temperature and standard at 2-8˚c.

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 6g/dL
If the concentration is greater than linearity (6g/dL) dilute the sample with normal saline
and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.
Normal range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The following
may be used as guideline.
Serum/plasma 3.5-5.5g/dL

Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Laboratory procedure
Arrange three test tubes (this may depend on the number of intended test samples at hand)
in the order of blank, standard and sample and pipette the specified volume of reagents as
shown in the table below into each. The blank serve as to clear the memory of the
spectrophotometer, the standard is a known concentration of which the test sample
concentration is compared.

Blank Standard Sample

Working reagent 1000µL 1000µL 1000µL
Standard - 10µL -
Sample - - 10µL
Mix and incubate for 1minute at 37˚c. Measure the absorbance of sample and standard
against reagent blank spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 630nm

Table 2.6 creatinine test procedure

Calculation
Cholesterol concentration (g/dL) = absorbance of sample/absorbance of standard * 3

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Clinical significance
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is widely distributed throughout the body, but clinically
important one for diagnostic reasons are in bone, liver, placenta and intestine. Growing
bone associated with the release of ALP and so in childhood the level of ALP is around
three times that of adult. During pregnancy in 2 nd and 3rd trimester the enzyme rises
considerably due to placenta releasing ALP. It can be used to examine placental function.
Elevated levels are seen in bone diseases, e.g. Pagets disease, rickets, osteoblastic
metastatic and in obstructive disease of biliary tract.
Decreased levels are rarely seen, e.g. in vitamin A resistant rickets.
Principle
Kinetic determination of ALP according to the following reaction
Para-nitrophenyl phosphate +H20--------ALP------> p-nitrophenol + inorganic phosphate
ALP= Alkaline phosphatase.

Reagent composition
Alkaline Phosphatase R1 2*24ml/2*40ml/2*100ml/4*100ml
Diethanolamine buffer (pH 10.2) 125mmol/L
Magnesium chloride 0.625mmol/L
Alkaline Phosphatase R2 2*6ml/2*10ml/2*25ml/4*25ml
P-nitrophenyl phosphate 50mmol/L

Storage and stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored at 2-
8˚C.
Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 200U/L
If the concentration is greater than linearity (200U/L), dilute the sample with normal saline
and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.

Normal Range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The following
may be used as guideline
Women 64-306U/L
Men 80-306U/L
160-
Children 1200U/L

Preparation and stability of working reagent

Mix 4 volume of reagent 1 (R1) with 1 volume of reagent 2 (R2). The working reagent is
stable for 30 days at 2-8˚c.
NOTE: Discard the working reagent if the absorbance exceeds 1.00 at 405nm
Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)
Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Laboratory Procedure
working reagent 1000µL

Sample 20µ

Mix and incubate at 37˚c for 1minute. Measure the change in absorbance per minute
( OD/min) during 3 minutes at 405nm wavelength.

Table 2.7 Alkaline pho sphatase test procedure

Calculation
ALP activity (U/L) = ( OD/min) * 2750
CHOLESTEROL
Clinical Significance
Cholesterol is the main lipid found in the blood, bile and brain tissues. It is also one of the
most important steroids of the body and is a precursor of many steroid hormones. Two
thirds of the steroid present in the blood is esterified. The liver metabolizes the cholesterol
and it is transported in the blood stream by lipoproteins.
Increased levels are found in hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism,
uncontrolled diabetes, nephritic syndrome and cirrhosis.
Decreased levels are found in malabsorption, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, anaemia and
liver diseases.

Test Principle
Enzymatic colorimetric determination of total cholesterol is according to the following
reactions
Cholesterol ester + H2O------------------------------------------> cholesterol + fatty acids
Cholesterol + O2-----------------------------------------------> 4-cholesten-3-one + H2O2

2H2O2 + phenol + 4-Aminoantipyrine------------------------------------>red quinine+

4H2O

Reagent Composition
Cholesterol R1 4 * 50Ml
Pipes buffer (pH 6.90) 50mmol/L
Phenol 24mmol/L
Sodium cholate 0.5mmol/L
Cholesterol R2 4*50Ml
Cholesterol esterase >200U/L
Cholesterol oxidase >250U/L
Peroxidase >1000U/L
4-Aminoantipyrine 0.5mmol/L
Cholesterol Standard 1 * 4Ml
Cholesterol standard reagent 200mg/dL

Storage and stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored at 2-
8˚C

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 500mg/dL
If the concentration is greater than linearity (500mg/dL), dilute the sample with normal
saline and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.

Normal Range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The following
may be used as guideline.
Serum/plasma 150-220mg/dL

Preparation and stability of working reagent

Dissolve contents of reagent 2 (R2) with the amount of reagent 1 (R1) indicated on the vial
label.
The working reagent is stable for 90 days at 2-8˚c.
NOTE: Discard the working reagent if the blank absorbance exceeds 0.08

Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Laboratory Procedure
Blank Standard Sample
Working reagent 1000µL 1000µL 1000µL
Standard - 10µL -
Sample - - 10µL
Mix and incubate for 5 minutes at 37˚c. Measure the absorbance of sample and standard
against reagent blank spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 505 (492-540) nm.

Table 2.8 Cholesterol test procedure

Calculation
Cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) = absorbance of sample/absorbance of standard * 200

SERUM GLUTAMATE PYRUVATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (SGPT)/ALANINE

AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT)
Clinical Significance
It is found in most of the tissues, but mainly found in the liver. Increase levels are found in
hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice and other hepatic disease. SGPT activity is
markedly elevated even before clinical signs of jaundice become apparent in disease
associated with hepatic necrosis. Slight elevations are also found in myocardial infraction.

Principle
Kinetic determination of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is based upon the following
reactions.
L-Alanine + alpha- ALT--------------- > pyruvate + L-
ketoglutarate------ --- glutamate
Pyruvate + NADH + ------------- LDH-------------
H+ -- --> L-Lactate + NAD+
ALT= Alanine aminotransferase
LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase
Reagent
Composition
SGPT R1 4*50Ml
Tris buffer (pH 7.5) 110mmol/L
L-Alanine 550mmol/L
SGPT R2 4*50Ml
LDH >200U/L
NADH 0.20mmol/L
Alpha-ketoglutarate 16mmol/L

Storage and Stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored at 2-
8˚C.

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 350U/L
If the concentration is greater than linearity (350U/L), dilute the sample with normal saline
and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.
Reference range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The
following may be used as guideline
Serum -up to 49U/L

Preparation and stability of working reagent

Reconstitute the reagent 2 (R2) with the volume of reagent 1 (R1) mentioned on the
vial label. The reconstituted reagent is stable for 50 days at 2-8˚c.
NOTE: Discard the working reagent if the blank absorbance is less than 1.00 at 340nm
Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Laboratory procedure
working reagent 1000µL
Sample 100µL
Mix and incubate at 37˚c for 1minute. Measure the change in absorbance per
minute ( OD/min) during 3 minutes at 340nm wavelength.

Table 2.9 SGPT test procedure

Calculation
SGPT activity (U/L) = ( OD/min) * 1768

SERUM GLUTAMATE OXALATE TRANSFERASE (SGOT)/ASPARTATE

AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST)
Clinical Significance
SGOT is present in most of the tissues. Especially in cardiac muscle, liver cells,
skeletal muscle and kidneys. Injury to these tissues results in the release of the
enzymes in blood stream.
Increased levels are found in myocardial infarction. The duration and extent of
increase is related to the infract. SGOT determination is of considerable value to
differentiate myocardial infraction from other cardiac disorders.
Increased levels are also found in various types of liver disease, skeletal muscle
trauma and in renal diseases.
Decreased levels may be found in pregnancy, Beriberi and diabetic ketoacidosis.

Principle
Kinetic determination of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is based upon the
following reaction.
L-Aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate-----AST/SGOT----------> oxaloacetate + L-glutamate
Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+---------MDH------------>L-malate + NAD+
AST= Aspartate aminotransferase
MDH= Malate dehydrogenase

Reagent Composition
SGOT R1 4*50Ml
Tris buffer (pH 7.8) 88mmol/L
L-Aspartate 260mmol/L
SGOT R2 4*50Ml
MDH >600U/L
LDH >900U/L
NADH 0.20mmol/L
Alpha-ketoglutarate 12mmol/L

Storage and Stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored
at 2-8˚C

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 350U/L
If the concentration is greater than linearity (350U/L), dilute the sample with
normal saline and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.

Reference range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The
following may be used as guideline
Serum -up to 46U/L

Preparation and stability of working reagent

Reconstitute the reagent 2 (R2) with the volume of reagent 1 (R1) mentioned on the
vial label. The reconstituted reagent is stable for 30 days at 2-8˚c.
NOTE: Discard the working reagent if the blank absorbance is less than 1.00 at 340nm

Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Laboratory procedure
working reagent 1000µL
Sample 100µL

Mix and incubate at 37˚c for 1minute. Measure the change in absorbance per minute
( OD/min) during 3 minutes at 340nm wavelength.

Table 3.0: SGOT test procedure

Calculation
SGOT activity (U/L) = (OD/min) * 1768

TRIGLYCERIDES
Clinical Significance
Triglycerides are simple lipids, formed in the liver by glycerol and fatty acids. They are
transported by VLDL, LDL and constitute about 95% of fat, stored as a source of energy in
the tissue and plasma.
Increased levels are found in hyperlipidemia, diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and
hypothyroidism. Increased levels are risk factor for arteriosclerotic coronary disease,
peripheral vascular disease, acute pancreatic and hyperlipoproteinaemia. Decreased levels
are found in malnutrition and hyperthyroidism.
Principle
Enzymatic determination of triglyceride is based on the following equations:
TGL+H2O----------- > Glycerol + fatty
--- acid
Glycerol +
ATP------------------ >Glycerol-3-phosphate + ADP
Glycerol-3-phosphate + >Dihydroxyacetone phosphate +
O2------------ H2O2
2H2O2 + 4-Aminoantipyrine +
TOPS---------- >Violet coloured complex
GPO= Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
LPL= lipoprotein lipase
GK= glycerol
kinase

Reagent Composition
5*25ml/4*50ml/
Triglycerides Reagent 5*100ml
Pipes-buffer (pH
7.00) 5mmol/L
TOPS 5.3mmol/L
Potassium ferrocyanate 10mmol/L
Magnesium salt 17mmol/L
4-aminoantipyrine 0.9mmol/L
ATP 3.15mmol/L
Lipoprotein lipase >1800U/L
Glycerol kinase >450U/L
Glycerol-3-phosphate
oxidase >3500U/L
Peroxidase >450U/L
Triglycerides Standard 1 * 4Ml
Triglycerides standard concentration 200mg/dL

Storage and Stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when stored at 2-
8oC

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 1000mg/dL
If the concentration is greater than linearity (1000mg/dL), dilute the sample with normal
saline and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.

Normal range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The following
may be used as guideline
Male 60-165mg/dL
Female 40-140mg/dL

Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.
Laboratory Procedure
Blank Standard Sample
Working reagent 1000µL 1000µL 1000µL

Standard - 10µL -

Sample - - 10µL
Mix and incubate for 1minute at 37˚c. Measure the absorbance of sample and standard
against reagent blank spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 630nm

Table 3.1: Triglycerides test procedure

Calculation
Cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) = absorbance of sample/absorbance of standard * 200

HDL CHOLESTEROL
Clinical Significance
Lipoproteins are the proteins which mainly transport lipids in the blood stream. They are:
high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low density
lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons. LDL carries cholesterol to the peripheral tissues
where it can be deposited and increase the risk of atherosclerotic heart and peripheral
vascular disease. Hence high levels of LDL are artherogenic. HDL transports cholesterol
from peripheral tissues to the live and then for excretion, hence HDL has a protective
effect. Hence the determination of serum HDL cholesterol is a useful tool to identify
patients at risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Principle
The chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density
lipoproteins (LDL) of serum are precipitated by phosphotungstic acid and
magnesium ions.
After centrifugation, high density lipoproteins (HDL) are in the supernatant.
HDL content of supernatant is measured by an enzymatic method.

Reagent Composition
HDL Cholesterol
Phosphotungstate
Magnesium chloride
4*25Ml
14mmol/L
1mmol/L
Preservative
HDL Cholesterol Standard HDL cholesterol concentration
1*4Ml
50mg/dL

Storage and Stability

The sealed reagents are stable up to the expiry date stated on the label, when
stored at 2-8oC

Linearity
This reagent is linear up to 125mg/dL
If the concentration is greater than linearity (125mg/dL), dilute the sample with
normal saline and repeat the assay. Multiply the result with dilution factor.

Normal Range
It is recommended that each laboratory establish its own reference values. The
following may be used as guideline.
HDL cholesterol
Men
Women
35-55mg/dL
45-65mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
Suspicious
Elevated
150mg/dL
190mg/dL
 Sample
Serum/plasma (free of haemolysis)

Precaution
To avoid contamination, use clean laboratory wares.
Avoid direct exposure of reagent to light.

Laboratory Procedure
1. Precipitation
sample 300µL
HDL reagent 300µL

Mix well, allow to stand for 10 minutes at room temperature, mix again and
centrifuge for 10 minutes at 4000rpm.
After centrifugation separate the clear supernatant from the precipitate within 1
hour and determine the HDL cholesterol concentration using the cholesterol
reagent.

Table 3.2: HDL Cholesterol precipitation

2. HDL cholesterol determination

Blank Standard Sample
cholesterol reagent 1000µL 1000µL 1000µL
Standard (HDL) - 50µL -
HDL supernatant - - 50µL
Mix and incubate for 5 minutes at 37˚c. Measure the absorbance of sample and
standard against reagent blank spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 505
(500-532) nm.

Table 3.3: HDL Cholesterol test procedure

Calculation
HDL cholesterol conc. in mg/DL = absorbance of sample/absorbance of standard *
N* 2
Where 2= dilution factor of the sample
N=standard concentration
(50mg/DL)
LDL cholesterol conc. in mg/DL= total cholesterol-(HDL
cholesterol+triglcerides/5)
 Automatic Micropipette

Evolution 3000 Spectrophotometer machine

 The effect of pipetting position

Ion Separation electrode (ISE)

 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Skills and knowledge acquired
In the course of my industrial attachment I benefited elaborately in the
following activities, even though I was involved only in the pathology
laboratory, I was in different units on so many occasions to get a firsthand
view and experience of medical laboratory practices that I have heard about
in and outside the classroom. I also participated in separating and analyzing
samples of patients, a classical and memorable one being the venepuncture
of patients of different age group up as well as giving them instructions on
how to collect their samples personally, I also participated in gainful analysis
of pregnancy testing, blood sample separation and a bit on documentation of
patients’ results and dispatch.

4.1 Experiences gained during my industrial attachment

i. Medical laboratory test procedures, result interpretation and
prescription/advice.
ii. How to perform venepuncture, collect samples as well as guide patients
on what to do.
iii. How to operate different laboratory equipments such as
spectrophotometer, ion separation electrode (ISE), automatic
micropipette, mix reagents for different assays etc.
iv. Character and Friendship building
v. I experienced how to establish a working relationship with colleagues
and bosses and I was able to build on my confidence and humility .
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CHALLENGES, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Challenges Encountered
i. Inadequate provision of medical laboratory hand gloves. Students are
compelled to use just two hand gloves each day and this may pose
serious biohazard risks as no one knows the content of the samples being
handled.
ii. Transportation; the location of the hospital is far from my residential area
in Makurdi which was usually stressful and very expensive.
iii. Some laboratory scientists not enlightening students when questions are
put to them, this dampens the confidence of students when they are asked
to walk alone.
5.2 Recommendations
i. It is recommended that in the spirit of thorough industrial development,
students should be placed in departments, relevant to their course of
study.
ii. A comprehensive report from the organizations or establishments
where students do their SIWES program be forwarded to both the
school and the ITF.
iii. On the part of the government, they should educate the various
establishments in the country on the needs to admit students for
industrial training. This will solve the problem of securing a place for
the training on time.

5.3 Conclusions
At the end of my industrial training (3 months), the aims and
objectives of SIWES was achieved because the training has really broaden
my scope of higher learning by acquiring industrial skills, and experience in
biochemistry as the training also exposed me to work methods and how to
run various kinds of laboratory tests. I was also opportune to apply my
knowledge in real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory
and practical.
 REFERENCES

1. https://thehospitalbook.com/honey-gold-clinic-and-maternity/

2. http://agappeswiss.com/reagents

3. http://labtestsonline.com/pregnancy-test/

4. http://www.labtestsonline.org.au/understanding/how-samples-are-collected

5. www.labtestsonline.com