TITLE TYPHOID FEVER Q-FEVER BRUCELLOSIS

ETIOL Salmonella enterica Coxiella burnetti Brucella is

OGY serotype typhi and zooontdisease
salmonella enterica
serotype paratyphi
SOUR -Person to person -Cattle,sheeps and goats -In ruminants (brucella
CE OF contact -Raw milk melitensis),In cattle
INFEC -Contaminated food (brucella
TION and water abortus),brucells in pigs
(brucella suis),brucella
canis for dogs
TRANS Fecal-oral -Direct infection -Sick animals,meat,milk
MISSI -vector transmission
ON
INCUB 5-30 days (most -Acute=2-6 weeks -From 2-4 weeks
ATION commonly 7-14 days) -Chronic=months to years
PERIO
D
SYMP -Week 1 =rise in -Acute=Flu-like -Acute/subacute=
TOMS temperature,bradyca symptoms(fever,chills,malaise,myalgia,hea Fever,chiills,sweating(
rdia,headache,consti dache,photopphobia,rhinitis,laryngitis,phar more at
pation or diarrhea yngitis),Atypical pneumonia,hepatitis night),osteoartciular,po
-Week 2=Persistent -Chronic=low-grade fever,night lyarthroneuromyalgia,li
fever,Rose-coloured sweats,weight loss,sweeling,Endocarditis mitation of movements
spots,typhoid of affected
tongue(greyish- joints,weaknesss
yellow -Chronic=
tongue),yellow-green Sufebrile
diarrhea temperature,weakness,
-Week limitation of
3=hepatosplenomeg movements,neurobruc
aly,git bleeding ellosis
DIAG Anemia,leukopenia -Serology -elisa
NOSIS or -PCR -pcr
leukocytosis,eosinop -Liver test -wright reaction
enia,lymphocytosis,a -Isolation of culture of
bnormal liver brucella
function test,bllod
cultures,
TREAT -Fluroquinoloes -Acute -First line=Doxycycline
MENT (ciprofloxacin) First=Doxycycline and rifampin
-Azithromycin Second=azithromycin
-Severe =third- -Chronic=Doxycycline and
generation hydroxychloroquine
cephalosporins(ceftri
axone)
PREV Food,vaccines Avoid unpasteurized milk products Be careful with animals
TITLE TYPHUS YERSINOSIS LISTERIOS
IS
ETIOLOGY -Endemic typhus:-ricketsia typhi (8-16 days) -yersinia entercolitica It is caused
-Epidemic typhus is caused by:-ricketsia -yersinia by listeria
prowazekii pseudotuberculosis monocytoge
-Scrub typhus is caused by orientia nes
tsutsugamush (7-10)days
SOURCE Rats and cats Dogs,pigs,rodents,milk,un -Animals
OF dercooked (domestic
INFECTION and wild),
birds, fish,
insects and
ticks
TRANSMIS Through vector Food-bourne inhalation of
SION -contaminated waters dust
-animals contaminate
d with the
pathogen,
intrauterine
transmission
of the
pathogen
through the
placenta or
by contact of
the newborn
INCUBATIO Endemic typhi (8-16) days 1-14 days on average 3-7 The
N PERIOD -Scrub typhus (7-10) days days incubation
period
usually lasts
one to two
weeks, but
can vary
from a few
days up to
90 days

SYMPTOM Fever,headache,malaise,bradycardia,noescha - Abdominal pain, nausea, - increase in

S r,maculopapular rash on trunks vomiting, general body
weakness, decreased temperature
ability to work, muscle ,
pain, fever, chills, headache,
diarrhea, joint pain, rash general
on the palms and soles weakness,
lack of
 appetite,
pain in
bones,
muscles,
tendons,
joints, etc
DIAGNOSIS Positive weil-felix test,immunoflorescence -Cbc -cbc
-urine analysis -elisa
-elisa -pcr
-bacteriological culture -
-pcr
TREATMEN Doxycycline / chloramphenicol -Trimethoprim-
T sulfamethazole -First
-Fluroquinoles line=ampicilli
(ciprofloxacin) n
-Second-
line=azithro
mycin
PREVENTIO vaccinations -It is necessary to beware It is
N of eating raw or necessary to
undercooked dairy and beware of
meat products, as well as eating raw
unwashed and rotting or
vegetables, and keep raw undercooke
meat separate from ready- d dairy and
to-eat culinary products. meat
Remember that Listeria is products, as
able to multiply at well as
temperatures from 1 to 45 unwashed
*C and rotting
vegetables,
and keep
raw meat
separate
from ready-
to-eat
culinary
products.
Remember
that Listeria
is able to
multiply at
temperature
s from 1 to
45 * C.-
TITLE LEPTOSPIROSIS TOXOPLASMOSIS LEISHMANIASIS
ETIOLOGY Leptospra interrogans Toxoplasma gondii Leishmania donovani
SOURCE OF Soil,food,water,urine of Animals,unpasteurized Animals like
INFECTION animals milk,blood transfusion dogs,rodents,humans
TRANSMISSIO Contact with animals -Oral ingestion -Vector=sandflies
N -cat feces -Reservoir=mammals
-raw meat
-Transplacental transmission
INCUBATION 2-30 days 5 days to 3 weeks -Cutaneous can vary
-Visceral 2-6 months
SYMPTOMS -Mild=high -Mainly asymptomatic -Cutaneous=reddish
fever,headache,conjuctival -Symptomatic=bilateral macules with central
effusion,photophobia cervical ulceration
-Severe=fever,hepatitis,aki adenopathy,encephalitis,vis -Mucosal (mucosal
ual imapirment bleeding,nasal
blocakage)
DIAGNOSIS -urine and blood samples -Serology(igM,igG) -
-serological -PCR Microscopy=macrophag
tests(igM,microscopic -Ct/mri es having amastigotes
agglutination test) -Pcr
-pcr -Culture
-cbc
Kidney function test
-liver function test
TREATMENT - Pyrimethamine and Amphotericin b
Mild=doxycycline,azithromyc sulfadiazine and leucovorin
in
-Severe=3 gen
cephalosporins
PREVENTION Vaccination,pest control Avoid contact with Cover your skin,apply
garden ,avoid untreated insect repellent mosepel
water
TITLE SALMONELLOSIS SHIGELLOSIS CHOLERA
ETIOLOGY -salmonella enteric serotype -Bacillary Vibrio cholera
enteritidis dysentery=Shigella
-salmonella enterica serotype dysentriae
typhimurium
-salmonella enteric serotype
heidelberg
SOURCE OF -Poultry,raw eggs,milk,turtles,snakes Food and water Undercooked
INFECTION seafood
TRANSMISSION -food-bourne -fecal-oral route -fecal-oral
-reptiles -sexual contact

INCUBATION 0-3 days 0-2 0-2 days

PERIOD
SYMPTOMS -Fever which resolves in 2 -Last till 7 days -Low grade
days,myalgia,headache,chills,vomiting, -high fever fever,vomiting,rice-
abdominal pain,bloody diarrhea -tenesmus and water stools
bloody diarrhea
DIAGNOSIS -Stool analysis -Stool analysis -Stool culture
-Fluid analysis -pcr -dipstick
TREATMENT -Supportive treatment (bland -Supportive -Symptomatic
diet,oral-rehydration therapy) treatment treatment (fluids for
-AB for 7-10 days -ab therapy dehydration and
Ciprofloxacin or Ciprofloxacin or hypovolemia
trimethoprim/sulfamethaxazole azithromycin -doxyxycyline or
azithromycin
PREVENTION No vaccines available Personal hygiene Use proper water
TITLE BOTULINUM TOXINS CRYTOSPORID ENTEROVIRUSES
IOSIS
ETIOLOGY CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM Crytosporidium Norovirus,rotavirus,adenovirus(adenivir
-c.hominis idae,adenoviridae)
-c.parvum
-c.meleagridis
SOURCES Honey,juice,sand,food,can -Contaminated -vomiting
OF ned foods water
INFECTIO
N
TRANSMIS Food-bourne,wound -contact with Norvirus=fecal-oral route
SION animals and
already sick
person
INCUBATI -food-bourne (12-36) 5-7 days Norvirus=0-2 days
ON -infant (days to 4 weeks) Rotavirus=1-3 days
PERIOD -wound (10 days) Adenovirus =4-5 days
SYMPTOM - -chronic watery -fever,malaise,abdominal
S dysarhthria,diplopia,dysph diarrhea,nausea,a pain,vomiting,watery diarrhea mild to
agia,dyspnea bdominal pain severe dehydration
-adeno=febrile
pharyngitis,gastroenteritis,myocarditis,
conjunctivitis
DIAGNOSI -stool -stool analysis -elisa
S -serum -pcr
-vomit
TREATME -Horse derived botulism -symtomatic=oral -Supportive treatment(fluid,electrolyte)
NT antitoxins and antimotility -iv fluid resuscitation
-Removing toxins through agrnts
medication from bowel -antiparasitic
(nitazoxanide)
PREVENTI Boil food,iv drug avoid Personal hygene vaccines
ON

TITLE AMEBIC DYSENTRY HEPATITS A HEPATITS B

ETIOLOGY Entamoeba histolytica Hepatotropic hepatitis a virus Hepatitis b virus
SOURCE OF Sexual contact, water, sometimes The source of infection is a
INFECTION contact,contaminated alimentary person
food and waterand
endemic regions
travelling
TRANSMISSIO Fecal-oral fecal-oral parenteral, sexual, from
N mother to baby.
SYMPTOMS Loose stools with -Prodomal= -Prodomal=
 mucous and bright red . Flu-like variant (fever,
blood,tenesmus,weigh catarrhal syndrome)
t lossabdominal pain • 2. Dyspeptic variant
(nausea, vomiting, decreased
or lack of appetite,
sometimes – loose
-peak(icteric phase)
The feature of viral hepatitis
A is that the patient's
condition improves (this is
important!!!!): nausea is less,
vomiting stops, the
temperature normalizes. •
But • Jaundice appears •
Darkening of urine • Aholic
stool • Hepatomegaly,
sometimes splenomegaly
INCUBATION 1-4 weeks 14 – 50 days
PERIOD
DIAGNOSIS -Stool analysis -elisa(igM)
-elisa -pcr(hepatitis a virus rna)
-pcr -biochemical (increased
-colonoscopy alt,ast)
- s
cbc=leucopenia,lymphocytosi
s alt,ast)
TREATMENT -Symtomatic Diet No. 5, bed rest • Copious
=metronidazole then drinking • Detoxification
luminal agents therapy (intravenous
(paramomycin) infusions - glucose solution,
saline solution)
PREVENTION Food and water Vaccination • Hygiene
1. Arthralgic variant (joint
pain) • 2. Dyspeptic variant
(nausea, vomiting,
decreased or lack of
appetite, sometimes – loose
stools) • 3.
Asthenovegetative variant
(weakness, dizziness, sleep
disturbance) • 4. Mixed
variant
-Peak(icteric phase)
Jaundice appears,
sometimes pronounced •
Darkening of urine • Aholic
stool • Hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly • Symptoms
of hepatic intoxication
(pronounced weakness,
adynamia, dizziness, lack of
appetite, nausea, vomiting,
irritability, poor sleep at
night, drowsiness during the
day) • In severe cases –
hemorrhagic syndrome
(nasal, gingival bleeding,
hemorrhages at injection
sites etc
60-120 days
-biochemical (increased
alt,ast)
-
cbc=leucopenia,lymphocyte
- biochemical (increased
-Elisa (hbsAG and hbeAG
=positive)
-pcr (hepatitis b virus dna
found)
- Diet No. 5, bed rest •
Copious drinking •
Detoxification therapy
(intravenous infusions -
glucose solution, saline
solution
Vaccination • Anti-epidemic
 hygiene measures measures

TITLE HEPATITIS C HEPATITIS D HEPATITIS E

ETIOLOGY Hepatituc c virus Hepatitis d Hepatitis e
SOURCE OF INFECTION The source of infection Broken skin,blood -Humans and animals
is a person products contact -water and food
TRANSMISSION - parenteral, sexual Sexual.parenteral.perinatal Fecal-oral
INCUBATION PERIOD 2 weeks to 6 months -Coinfection=1-6 months 2-8 weeks
-Superinfection=2-8 weeks
SYMPTOMS Its symptoms are -Similar to acute hbv Similar to hepatitis a
similar as hepatitis b infection
DIAGNOSIS -Elisa(anti-hcv igM -elisa -Self-remiting
=positive),antihcv igG -pcr Labs are same as
positive hepatitis a
-Pcr (detection of -ELISA
hepatitis c virus rna) -pcr
TREATMENT Antiviral Pegylated interferon alpha Supportive care
agents=sofosbuvir and
velpatasvir
PRECAUTIONS Educate and screening Lifestyle modification No vaccines available
keeping hygiene in mind