2nd Quarter

Reviewer

Sub: English

Topics and Scope:

1. Test I: Merry Go Round (10 points) - VERBALS

2. Test II: Modified True or False (15 points) – (ELEMENTS OF POETRY, FIGURES
OF SPEECH, POEMS)
3. Test III: Identification (10 points) – (SENTENCE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE)
4. Test IV: Reading Comprehension (10 points) (CLAUSES)
5. Test IV: Poem Construction (10 points)

Verbals

 Is a word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part of speech

 A verbal is a verb from that is NOT used as a verb, but rather as a noun, adjective
or adverb

3 Kinds of Verbals

Gerund

 A gerund is a verbal in-ing that functions as a NOUN. Like nouns, gerunds can be
used subjects, direct objects, object of the prepositions, predicate nominatives
and appositives.
 FORMAT = Verb + ing = gerund

Examples:

 Subject - Smoking is dangerous to our health.

 Direct Object - Parents do not stop loving their children.
 Object of the Preposition - Erza should appreciate school by attending classes
 Predicate Nominative – My biggest regret is trusting you.

Identify the Use and Verb

1. Reading allows me to relax and escape from reality

2. I can’t seem to give reading my full attention these days
3. My favorite pastime is reading
4. Do you like reading too?
5. In terms of reading, I normally prefer nonfiction
Infinitive

 A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE or ADVERB. Like nouns, infinitives can be
used as subjects, direct objects, object of the prepositions, predicate nominatives
and appositives.
 It begins with to followed by the base/simple form of the verb.
 To + base form = infinitive

Ex: to sneeze, to smash, to cry, to drink, to jump. To cry

Infinitive as NOUNS

 Subject – To learn honestly should be everyone’s goal.

 Direct Object – Audrey loves to dance with other.
 Object of the Preposition – Hailee did everything but to join beauty contests.
 Appositive – My plan, to exercise, was never executed.
 Predicate Nominative – Victor’s dreams is to become a superhero.

Two Uses of Infinitive

1. Infinitive as an AJECTIVE
 Is always placed after the noun it modifies/describes.

Example:

 A pair of uniform to check disappeared ****Which uniform disappeared? ** A

pair of uniform to check.
 Analytical questions to solve must be planned.
 Melissa prepared the food to cook. **what food to cook**

2. Infinitives as an Adverb
 answers the question “Why did the action happen?”

Examples:

 Each Man has a plan of killing the others to have all the gold coins.
 Club members portrayed each character to expose their talent.
 Damian bought vegetables to cook for dinner.
 Students come to school to learn and discover new things.
 The teacher wrote to the state to renew his license.
Participle

 Two types of participles

 ONLY MODIFIES AN ADJECTIVE

Present Participle – verbs end with “ing”

Examples:

 They have been walking.

 Coloring Materials are needed for our class.
 The Crying Girl left her bag on the street.
 Cloe visited the starving dog.

Past Participle = verbs end with “d, ed, or change the spelling for irregular verbs”

Examples:

 The children played with the excited dog

 The injured cyclist was helped by a passerby.
 The train will have left by the time you arrive
 I had expected more people to come to the party.
 Prita has bought me a gift
 Let us review the tackled lessons.

Differences

 Less detail in the song

 Actions he was doing

Phrase vs Clause

Phrase – a collection of words that may have nouns or verbal’s, but it DOES NOT HAVE a
subject doing a verb

Clause – a collection of words that HAS A SUBJECT that is actively doing a verb.

Types of Clauses

Independent clause – can stand by itself as a complete sentence has a clearer thought.

Ex:

 Teacher constructs the items.

 The soprano sang the aria perfectly.
 Hiking and biking are my favorite summertime activities
 We can hardly wait to see the movie.
Dependent clause – CANNOT stand by itself, can be at the beginning, middle, end. Started
by subordinating conjunctions.

 Whoever you are.

 For the sake of the school
 After I leave work, I will stop at the grocery store.
 The guitar that I like.
 What the decision will be remains to be seen.

Dependent clauses are usually introduced by a conjunction, relative pronoun, or W-ever

Function of Dependent Clause

1. Noun Clause
 A Dependent clause that acts as a noun such as subject, direct object, indirect object,
predicate nominative, object of a preposition, appositive

USSUALLY BEGINS WITH:

 Introductory words: Whatever, what, wherever, where, whichever. Which, whoever,

who, whomever, however, how, whose, when, why, if, that, whether

Examples:

 The senator will give whoever asks an interview.

 A new story should begin with whatever gets the reader’s attention.
 The question, how you should choose college, is a difficult one.
 Whoever wins the election will speak

2. Adjective Clause
 A dependent clause that MODIFIES a noun or a pronoun

Examples:

 Magazines that inform and entertain are my favorite (what)

 Several Writers whom I admire contribute to magazines (Which among the
writers)
 The store where I buy magazines sponsors readings by contributors (where)
 James Dashner, who wrote the maze runner series, received the Young Reader’s
choice award 2012.

USSUALLY BEGINS WITH:

 Introductory words: Who, whom, whose, that, which,

 And answers the question: “what kind?” “which?’ at some cases, “who is?” “what is?”
 3. Adverb Clause
 It answers the question when, where, how, why, to what extent, under what
condition
 Introductory words: Before, because, as long as, until, if, since, was.
 Modifies a verb, adjective or an adverb

USSUALLY BEGINS WITH:

 It answers the question when, where, how, why, to what extent, under what
condition

Examples:

 Before I took the test, I studied for an hour.

 I was happy because I passed the test.
 She can swim faster than the coach.
 You treat her like she is your own child.

Sentences according to Structure

1. Simple
 Can only consist of ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Simple Sentence clause can have:

 simple subject + simple predicate

 simple subject + compound predicate
 compound subject + simple predicate
 compound subject + compound predicate

Examples:

 Gina and Rick will conduct the experiment in chemistry class today.
 Sara worked last summer and saved enough money for a computer.
 In history class, our group is writing and presenting a report about the culture and
history of Philippines.
 A large yellow dog bounded across the yard.

2. Compound Sentence
 It consists of TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
 CAN BE JOINED BY FANBOYS + COMPARING TWO DIFF TOPICS

Examples:
  Stories about the Old west is entertaining, and stories set in foreign countries are
interesting.
 Stories entertain me but poems are my favorite.
 I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.
 The entire crowed waited quietly, and Nikki walked to the line and made free throw.
 She did not cheat on the test, for it was not the right thing to do.

3. Complex Sentence
 Consist of 1 independent clause + dependent clause/s

Examples:

 The runners who completed the marathon celebrated at the finish line.
 Although the lead actor had flu, we presented the play.
 The pool where we usually swim is too small for swim team practice.
 Anna and Luis will buy tickets, which go on sale tomorrow.

4. Compound – Complex Sentence

 Consist of 2 independent clauses + dependent clause/s

Examples:

 After we paint the scenery, we will set it up on the stage, but the cast will not
rehearse in stage until Monday.
 Because our history class, will be at the museum, I will miss Spanish quiz, but I will
take it after school.
 When we ride on trains, the ties supporting the tracks are made of wood, and when
doctors examine us, the tongue depressors they use are wooden ones.
 Tonight, we will just eat whatever is left from lunch, and tomorrow we will order
pizza
 The assembly, which will be in the gym, won’t last very long; however, everyone
must attend.

Poetry

 Poetry is an art in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities. Poems
are used to convey emotion or ideas to the readers or listeners

3 Types of Poetry

1. Narrative
2. Dramatic
3. Lyrical

Poetry
  Poems convey emotions/ideas to the readers.
 Poetry is an art in which Human language is used for its aesthetic qualities.
 Poems are used to convey emotion and ideas to the readers or listeners.

Narrative Poetry

 To tell a story
 Plot, setting, characters, form, meter, rhyme, poetic devices (elements)
1. Epic – is a long narrative poem about the fears of Gods or heroes.
2. Ballad – a type of poem that tells a story and was traditionally set to music.
3. Metrical Romance – is a type of narrative poem which typically centers on courtly
love, knights, and chivalric deeds.

Lyrical Poetry

 typically focuses on presenting the thoughts, feelings, and emotions of an individual,

it is often presented from the first-person view of the speaker of the poem or from
the pov of another character.

6 Types of Lyrical Poetry

1. Ode – a poem expressing the writer’s thoughts and feelings about a particular
person.
2. Haiku – is a short, unrhymed poem that adheres to a specific three- line nature –
themed poem following 5-7-5 syllable pattern.
3. Elegy – is a form of poetry in which the poet or speaker expresses grief, sadness or
loss.
4. Sonnet – a 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme
5. Cinquain – is a stanza composed of five lines.
6. Diamante – is a poem made of seven lines of words that are arranged in a special
diamond- like form.

Dramatic Poetry

 Character’s own thought or spoken statement.

 Two classes of tragedy, comedy
 Dialogue, monologue, soliloquy

7 types of dramatic poetry

 Farce – an exaggerated comedy-themed theater genre

 Comedy – an act to give causal humor to audience.
 Tragedy - a type of dramatic poetry that contains tragic endings.
  Fantasy Play – involves pretense that invokes one’s imagination meaning it is not
realistic.
 Soap and Stage Play – long running stage play.
 Historical Play – is a genre of theater also a play wherein the plot and characters
are inspired historical events
 Opera – an opera is a theatrical piece that tells a story totally through the music

Elements of Poetry

1. Persona – refers to a character or role that a poet adopts to convey a particular

perspective, voice of point of view in a poem.
2. Mood and Theme – MOOD (Reader) – is the emotional atmosphere or overall
feeling that the poem evokes in the reader, TONE – the tone of the poem reflects the
poet’s attitude or feelings toward the subject (Writer)
3. Symbolism – in poetry is a literary device where symbols, which are objects,
images, words, or concepts are used to represent deeper, often abstract, ideas,
themes or emotions.
4. Theme – is the central idea, message, or concept that the poem conveys or explores.
5. Line - In poetry, a “line” refers to a single row of text in a poem.
6. Stanza – A stanza is a grouped set of lines within a poem, often separated by spaces.
7. Rhyme – is the repetition of identical or similar sounds, typically at the end of lines.
8. Rhyme Scheme – is the pattern of rhyming words or sounds that occurs at the end
of lines in a poem.

Figures of Speech

1. Irony – is the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of what is actually
said.
Example: Your explanation is as clear as mud. / She’s a great singer who sings like a
frog
2. Hyperbole – is a figure of speech you use when you want to exaggerate what you
mean or emphasize a point.
Example: I nearly died laughing/It’s raining cats and dogs/ I’ll get the starts and
moon for you.
3. Anaphora - is a figure of speech in which words repeat at the beginning of
successive clauses, phrases of sentences.
Example: s “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of
wisdom”
 4. Oxymoron – is a figure of speech that combines contradictory words with opposite
meanings.
Example: Deafening Silence, Pretty Ugly
5. Anastrophe – refers to the inversion of the typical words order in a sentence.
Example: Strong in the force, you are." Yoda, Star Wars

Richard Cory

 Is basically an ironic poem, it deals with the irony that rich people are not happy
with their lives and the poor think that wealth guarantee the happiness in life.
 It reveals that despite seeming to have everything he could want; it was never
enough to make him happy therefore he put a bullet into his head
 “Suicide is never an option rather we must seek help.”

Writer backstory

Edwin Arlington

 Won the Pulitzer price (3)

 His family struggled with financial problems
 He likes to write about the complexity of life

Similarities

 Showcases admiration to Richard Cory

 Talks about his life and characteristics
 Both wanted to be Richard cory
 Has the same ending
 Both showcases to not judge the book by its cover, same messages in the end