Chemical Water Solution

Water Shut Off

Enhanced Oil Recovery
Eliminate Excess Water

Excess water production can present challenges for oilfield operators, in how to control the prob-
lem to ensure the economic viability of their assets. High water cut and water breakthrough can
occur under various production conditions, such as moving oil-water contacts causing water
coning and breakthrough, watered out layers, cross-flow in multi-layered reservoirs, altered rel-
ative permeability, or channeling behind a casing.
DOSAS offers specific chemicals to deal with the numerous challenges faced in dealing with ex-
cess water, in order to guarantee the most cost-effective solutions, while paying close attention
to reducing environmental impact.
 Correct Diagnosis for Cost-Effectiveness

For a successful implementation of polymer gels for water control, the key questions are:

• Where is the water coming from?

• What is the suitable solution for this challenge?

The critical factor is the type of water production mechanism, which strongly influences the best suited tech-
nique for reducing water cut. If the conformance problem is not correctly diagnosed or if an inappropriate
and ineffective conformance-improvment technology or technique is selected, the treatment can cause
damage to the formation, and have a detrimental effect on hydrocarbon production.

Our engineering support team is committed you match conformance problems to confor-
mance-improving technologies that help you with:

• Better sweep efficiency during oil-recovery flooding operations

• Increased and incremental oil recovery
• In some cases, accelerated oil-recovery rates
• Reduced costs in terms of both reduced hydrocarbon production expenses, and the associated lifting,
handling, treatment, environmental-related, and disposal costs of excess water
• Extended economic lives of certain oil reservoirs
• Reduced enviromental liabilities and increased environmental benefits

Chemical solutions and treatments for water shut off can be divided into two main
categories:

• Relative permeability modifiers, RPM (or disproportionate-permeability-reduction, DPR)

• Permeability blockers
Pushing out the Oil
with Conformance Control

Relative Permeability modifiers

Innovative Microgel

Relative Permeability Modifier (RPM) solution, WaterCurb™ RPM, is a microgel, consisting of a polymer and
internal crosslinking, to increase the rigidity of the microgel. RPM’s are used for excess water shut-off in
offshore and onshore oil and gas fields, and even has high sand control applications in certain candidates.
Once placed in the formation, the microgel adsorbs onto rock pore surface with a thickness equal to their
size and collapses under capillary pressure this size can be adjusted as desired during the manufacturing
process. The effect is that the relative permeability of water is reduced, with little impact on oil flow. Availabil-
ity in different sizes makes it possible to meet the requirements of the different possible candidate reservoirs.
WaterCurb™ RPM is not very sensitive to pH and to salinity variations and relative permeability changes are
stable over a long period of time.

WaterCurb™ RPM Microgel

Mechanical Properties Form Range of Formation Salinity Thermal Resistance

Permeability

20000 s-1 applied shear rates Solid powder Up to 5 darcy High Up to 165 °C
 Crosslinked Polymer

Crosslinkable Gels

Polymer gels, due to their versatile nature, are deemed suitable for reducing water production from oil and
gas fields. Treatments utilizing these materials are generally referred to as Conformance Improvement
Treatments (CITs).
DOSAS crosslinkable gels are conventional solutions to water shut off problems, consisting of polyacrylamide
(PAM) polymers or copolymers in powder, solution, or suspension form. They can be crosslinked with DOSAS
crosslinkers, to form stable gels with the strength and kinetic properties to control water conformance.

Depending on the polymer chain size, there are high and low molecular weight polymers. These are able
to treat water source mechanisms located both deep in the reservior, and near wellbore areas, by forming
stable gels to seal the water source.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Product Physical Form Molecular Weight Viscosity Salinity Gelation Time (80 °C) Suitable X-link Agent

WaterCurb™ HMW-1 Inorganic (Chromium

Powder High 500 Ps.s High 60-65 min
Polyacrylamide based) Organic

WaterCurb™ HMW-5 Inorganic (Chromium

Powder Low 10 Ps.s High 60-65 min
Polyacrylamide based) Organic

Crosslinking agents for polymer based chemical water shut off treatments have a direct effect on the char-
acteristics of the resulting gel, such as the gelling time, gel strength, the end application, and stability at
varying temperatures and salinities.
Typical crosslinkers used with conformance control polymers are chromium acetate (inorganic) and HMTA
(organic). An alternative organic crosslinker solution is polyethylene imine (PEI) with varying molecular
weights to refine gel properties.

Crosslinkers

Product Name Chemistry Temperature Stability Other Features

Some resistance to H2S and CO2

High stability in saline formation or mixed
WaterCurb™ CAX Chromium based 100 °C (212 °F) waters
Not sensitive to pH

Variable weights for further fine tuning of

WaterCurb™ PEI Organic (PEI) 150 °C (300 °F) gelling properties

WaterCurb™ OXL Organic (HMTA) 150 °C (300 °F) Capable >150 °C (300 °F) with correct formu-
lation
 Resins

Epoxy Resin

As an alternative to polymers, the resin has also been used to control certain water production mechanisms.
Conventional epoxy resin technologies and tremendously sensitive to water, and may be deactivated over
time.

Furthermore, resins may face thermal degradation in higher temperature environments, compromising the
water shut off treatment. These challenges are solved by the unique structural nature of WaterSeal™ 140
Epoxy Resin.

WaterSeal™ Epoxy Resin system is a durable and resilient solution that withstands stresses induced by hy-
draulic fracturing, high injection pressures, and temperature fluctuations.
Treatments designed using WaterSeal™ 140 can be placed downhole with ease tanks to its low flow-viscosity
characteristics, and control water and gas flow safely and effectively once set, with its outstanding mechan-
ical and adhesion properties.

WaterSeal™ Epoxy Resin

Form Initial Viscosity Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Cure Time Suitable
at 125 °C Hardener

Liquid 250 cP 560 Mpa 80 Mpa 1 hour Amine/Anhydride

CREATING VALUE
DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION