d.

)How are the participants selected

Prince Matthew D. Francisco Practical Research
11 - Fermat

Authors: Joao Dinis and Miguel Braganca

Year Published: 2018

Title of Book or Journal: Thieme Journals - Sleep Science

Institution/Publisher: Brazilian Sleep Association

DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20180045

Title of Article: Quality of Sleep and Depression in College Students: A Systematic Review

URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6361309/

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Journal Article

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the questions that the research questions answered or the goal of the
study?
The study aims to evaluate existing literature that investigates the relationship of the
effect of sleep and depression on university students. In addition the study also wants
to identify what were the instruments used to address the subject and how it has been
studied

2. Methodology
a.)What is the research design/type of research?
The methods of the study were based on PRISMA’s guidelines, a 27-item checklist
used in systematic reviews. From their search they found that from all the articles; 22
cross-sectional studies, 7 longitudinal studies, 1 experimental study, 1 pilot study and
1 quasi-experimental study were used.

b.)Who are the participants?

University Students around the world

c.)Where was the study conducted?

Globally (USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan, China, Thailand, Nepal, Australia, Austria,
Poland, Turkey, Lebanon, Nigeria, and Ethiopia)
 d.)How are the participants selected
A two-phase selection process was used in the data collection. Repeated articles were
eliminated in the first phase, and the remaining articles were chosen according to the
criteria and title. Meanwhile in the second phase, the chosen articles from the first
phase were read and evaluated one at a time based on the five criterias that they set. In
the end the researchers of the study ended up with 32 articles to review.

e.)How did they collect the data from the participants?

The study stated that most of the articles followed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Score
(PSQI) on determining the sleep/sleep quality, while the Center for Epidemiologic
Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) used depression/depressive symptoms.

f.)What are the important findings of the study?

The study highlighted that there is a strong association between sleep quality, or sleep
hygiene, and depression or depressive symptoms. In addition the authors stated that,
students who are depressed are less likely to use adaptive coping strategies, therefore
may experience diminished sleep quality or greater sleep start time variability. They
also concluded that as depression increases, the odds or risk of poor sleep quality also
increase. Lastly the authors presented possible factors that influences sleep quality
and depression like Sex, Genetic Factors and the Use of Technology

3. What questions were the researchers not able to answer/address?

Even though all of the questions that the researchers aimed to find out were
answered, they stated that the research still has challenges concerning the
measurements and there is a lack of evidence in how the different grades of
depression affect sleep quality and vice versa.

4. How can you apply what you learned from this study to your own research?
Based on the study's conclusion, one thing I learned is to remember factoring in all
the possible gaps that the research might have since it can affect how we interpret our
results. In the study, the researchers stated that in their study socioeconomic and
cultural factors were not explored hence, affecting and limiting their interpretation to
the results.