Trigonometric Integrals and

Trigonometric Substitution

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Integrals Example 1
U sefu l id en tities :
Even powers of 1 1
sin x   1  co s  2 x   ; co s x  1  co s  2 x  
2 2
sine and cosine. 2 2

1
 77 cos  55 x  dx  7 7 
2
1  co s 1 1 0 x   d x
2
77

2
 1  co s 1 1 0 x   d x
77  1 
  x  sin  110 x  C
2  110 

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Integrals Example 2
Odd powers of U sefu l id en titi es :
sin x  1  cos x ; cos x  1  sin x ;
2 2 2 2
sine and cosine.

 21 cos
3
 38 x  dx

 21 1  sin  38 x   cos  38 x  dx u  38 x du  38dx

2

21

38
  1  sin  u   cos( u ) d u
2
w  sin( u ) dw  cos( u ) du

21

38
  1  w  dw
2

21  w 
3

  w  C
38  3 
21  sin  u   21  sin  38 x  
3 3

  sin  u   C   sin  38 x   C

38  3  38  3 
Copyright ASU 7/18/2012
 Trigonometric Integrals Example 3
Even powers of U sefu l id en tit i e s:
tan x  sec x  1; sec x  1  tan x ;
2 2 2 2
tangent and secant.

  3 x  dx  sec x dx  t an x  C
2 2
tan R ecall:

   sec  3 x   1  dx u  3x
2

du  3dx
  sec  3 x  dx   dx
2

1
du  dx
3

1
 se c
2
3 x  dx   se c
2
u  du
1 3
 tan  3 x   x  C
3

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Integrals Example 4
Odd powers of U sefu l id en tit i e s:
tan x  sec x  1; sec x  1  tan x ;
2 2 2 2
tangent and secant.

 tan
3
 2 x  sec 5  2 x  dx

  tan
2
 2 x  sec 4  2 x   sec  2 x  tan  2 x   dx u  sec  2 x 

du  2 sec  2 x  tan  2 x  dx
   sec 2
 2 x   1  se c 4
 2 x   sec  2 x  tan  2 x   dx
1
d u  sec  2 x  tan  2 x  d x
1

2
  u
2
 1 u d u
4 2

1

2
  u
6
u
4
 du
11 7 1 5 11 1 
  u  u C   sec
7
 2 x   sec
5
 2 x  C
27 5  27 5 

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Substitution
Trigonometric Substitutions correspond to the Pythagorean Identities.

 64  x dx
2 2
Consider the indefinite integral: x

Expression Substitution Identity Simplified Expression

a x
2 2
x  a sin  1  sin   cos 
2 2
a  a sin   a cos 
2 2 2

x  a tan  1  tan   sec 

2 2
a x a  a tan   a sec 
2 2 2 2 2

x a
2 2
x  a sec  sec   1  tan 
2 2
a sec   a  a tan 
2 2 2

To ensure the function that defines the substitution is 1 to 1:

x  a sin   x  a tan  x  a sec 
     3
        0  or    
2 2 2 2 2 2

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Substitution
Choose the correct substitution:

 64  x dx x  8 tan 
2 2
x

 x  121 dx x  1 1 sec 
2

dx
 3 x  3 sin 
9  x  2 2

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Substitution Example 1
3
x
Evaluate:  49  x
2
dx
Create a reference triangle:
x
 sin 
7

x  7 sin 
3 3 3
x  7 sin 

dx  7 cos  d 

7 sin 
3 3

  4 9  4 9 sin 
2
 7 co s  d 

 7
3
1  cos   sin  d 
2

7 sin 
3 3

  49(1  sin 
2
 7 cos  d 
 cos  
3

 7   cos   C
3

 3 
7 sin 
3 3

  7 cos 
 7 cos  d  
49  x
2
1 49  x 
2
3

3  C
7    
 7 3 7  
 
  7 sin  d   
3 3
Odd power of sine
Copyright ASU 7/18/2012
 Trigonometric Substitution Example 2
1
Evaluate: dx
400 x  144
2 2
x

2 0 x  1 2 sec 

x   3 5  sec  x   9 25  sec 
2 2

dx   3 5  sec  tan  d 

 3 5  sec  tan 
  d
9 25 sec 
2
 400  9 25  sec   144
2

tan  5 tan 
  d   d
3 5 sec   144 sec   144
2
3 sec  144  sec   1 
2

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Substitution Example 2
1 20 x
Evaluate: dx  sec 
x
2
400 x  144
2 Create a reference triangle: 12

Recall:

5 tan 
  d
3 sec  144  sec   1 
2
5 1
  sin   C
3 12
5 1 tan 


3
 
12 sec  tan 
d

400 x  144
2

sin  
5 1 20 x

3 12
  cos  d 
400 x  144
2

 C
144 x

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Substitution Example 3
7
Evaluate:
 x  49 dx
3 2
x
0
1 7 
x  7    tan  
x  7 tan  x 7 4
tan  
dx  7 sec  d 
2
7
1 0
x  0    tan  0
x  49 tan  7
2 2

x  7 tan 
3 3 3

 

49 tan   49  7 sec  d    7 tan  49  tan   1   7 sec  d 

 7 tan 
3 3 2 2
 4 3 3 2 2 4
0 0

  7 tan   7 sec   7 sec  d 

4 3 3 2 2

  7 tan  sec  d 
4 5 3 3

Copyright ASU 7/18/2012

 Trigonometric Substitution Example 3
7
Evaluate:
 x  49 dx
3 2
x
0
u  sec 

du  sec  tan  d 
  7 tan  sec  d 
4 5 3 3
Recall: 0


 
7  tan  sec   sec  tan   d  u  sec   
5 4 2 2
2
0
 4

u  sec  0   1
7
5

4
0
 sec   1  se c   sec  t a n   d 
2 2

2
5  1 1 3
 u  1  u du  7 u  u 
2 2
7    
5 2 2 5 4 2 5
du 7  u u 
1 1
5 3 1

5  1
3 
1 5  1 1 3
5
7   2   2   7  1  1 
5

5 3  5 3 
 1 5 1 3  2 
 7  2  2 
5

 5 3   15  
Copyright ASU 7/18/2012