Chapter 5:Fluid Kinematics

Prepared by:
Er.Binu Karki
M. sc. iWRM

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Fluid Kinematics

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How do you define fluid flow?

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 Lagrangian method
• In this method, a single fluid particle is chosen and followed during its
motion.
• Its velocity, acceleration, density etc. is described with respect to its
location in space and time from a fixed position at the start of the
motion.
• The position of the fluid particle (x,y,z) at any time t with respect to
its position (a,b,c) at time t=0 is given as,
x=f1(a,b,c,t); y=f2(a,b,c,t); z=f3(a,b,c,t)
Then, velocity is given by
u=dx/dt ;v=dy/dt; w=dz/dt
ax =du/dt =d2x/dt2 ;ay= d2y/dt2 ; az= d2z/dt2
Resultant velocity=?
Resultant acceleration=? 6
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 Eulerian method
• In this method, a point or section is chosen in the flow field
• Its velocity, acceleration, density etc. are observed at that point
• It is a commonly used method because of mathematical simplicity
• Let u, v, and w be the components of resultant velocity in x, y and z
axis respectively. The velocity components vary along space and time.

u=f1(x,y,z,t);v=f2(x,y,z,t);w=f3(x,y,z,t)
Then, resultant velocity is given by
Resultant velocity=?

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Steady and Unsteady flow

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Steady and Unsteady flow

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Laminar and turbulent flow
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Laminar and turbulent flow

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Rotational and irrotational flow

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 Rotational and irrotational flow
• Rotational Flows :-
In which the fluid particles while flowing
along stream lines, rotate about their
own axis.
• Irrotational Flows:-
In which the fluid particles while flowing
along stream lines, do not rotate about their own
axis.
To test whether a flow has a rotational component,
you can put a small object in the flow and let the
flow carry it. If the small object spins, the flow is
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rotational else the flow is irrotational
One , Two & Three
Dimensional Flows

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 One , Two & Three
Dimensional Flows
• One Dimensional Flow:-

In which the flow parameter

such as velocity is a function of
time and one space co-ordinate only

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• Two Dimensional Flows:-
In which the velocity is a function of time
and two rectangular space co-ordinates.

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 Three Dimensional Flows:-

• In which the velocity is the function of time

and three mutually perpendicular
directions.

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 Description of flow pattern

 Types of flow lines:

1. Path lines
2. Streamlines
3. Streak lines

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Pathline

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 Streamlines
• A streamline is a imaginary line drawn in
a flow field such that tangent drawn at
any point on it indicates the direction of
the velocity vector at that point.

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Streakline

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Equation of continuity

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Continued…

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Continued…

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 Continuity equation in
Cylindrical Polar Co-ordinates

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Video!!

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Continued…

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Continued…

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Continued…

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Flow through stream tube

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Continued…

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Continued…

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